Control Population Growth Research Articles

Effects of Urban Land Use/Cover Dynamics on Peri-urban Natural Environmentin Nekemte City, Oromia, Ethiopia

The urbanization process has led to the steady growth of cityat the expense of peri-urban natural environment. This study was conducted in the Nekemte city, Oromia Region at Western part of Ethiopia. The research was aimed to assess the effects of urban land use/ cover dynamics on natural environment through the interpretation of three years’ time series images and psycho-chemical analysis of surface water quality of the study site. Land use classification maps were developed by using geos patial methods, remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS). Study area land use/ cover mapping and change detection analysis was conducted by Arc-GIS software. Urban land use and cover dynamic analysis revealed that built-up areas have been increased during 1996 to 2016 resulting in substantial reduction of forest area, cultivated land, grazing land, wetland and riparian forest. Forest and wetland, which are the focuses of this research, have been continuously decreased from 17%, and 14% in 1996 to 5.1% and 2.7% in 2016, respectively, with an average annual urban growth rate of 3.65% within 20 years, resulted in an increased mean annual local temperature, variability of rainfall and relative humidity and surface water quality reduction. Projected values indicated that built up areas will be increased continuously for the coming 10 years. Continuous conversion of forest, wetl and land and other land cover type to urban land had resulted into varied and extensive natural ecosystem disturbances; local climate change biodiversity loss and surface water quality reduction. Population growth, migration and economic development are the main identified factors contributing for urban land expansion. Impacts of urban expansion on peri-urban environment can be reduced through controlling population growth and incorporating environmental issues in any urban and economic development program.

The Population Growth and Carrying Capacity in Semarang City

Population growth and development of city activities take some lands to carry them. As a result, land use competition happens among persons, society or sector. Land necessity for settlement, industry, or sector has taken over farm land, therefore farm land has been converted intensively and massively. Chronologically, population growth will cause land necessity increase. Unproductive land, especially farm land will be converted. Furthermore, farm land conversion will cause carrying capacity change. Carrying capacity has certain bio capacity. With the population growth, it will increase resource consumption; on the other side, farm land conversion will decrease carrying capacity. The objective of the study is to know about the influence of population growth towards carrying capacity (bio capacity) in Semarang city. Land consumption per capita is indeed influenced by city population, the higher the population is, the lower the land consumption per capita. With the population growth, it will influence carrying capacity. Carrying capacity here is the ratio of area to population. Analytical descriptive method is applied in the study with all sub-districts in Semarang city as the analysis unit. Population here is sub-district area and population per sub-district in Semarang city. Population growth data period is from 2000 until 2015. Main variables of the study are area per sub-district, population, population growth, carrying capacity. Result of the study shows significant influence of carrying capacity decrease, especially some outskirts in Semarang city. This condition happens because the outskirts in Semarang city tend to have dense population growth. Range of carrying capacity in Semarang city is from 0,007 to 0,117 of 0 to 1. Almost all sub-districts in Semarang city show miserable condition, except Mijen and Tugu. The conclusion of the study is that population will decrease carrying capacity. Therefore, the government should control population growth by paying attention to its distribution.

Married Men and Vasectomy: A Focused Group Study in an Urban Community in Ghana.

An effective method of birth control in men yet least accepted and patronized is vasectomy. Vasectomy provides health benefits to the user, his direct family, and the entire population as it helps to control population growth. This article explored the beliefs and attitudes of commercial drivers on vasectomy in an urban community in Ghana. The study employed qualitative exploratory design using focus group discussion. Data were collected from 12 married men between the ages of 45 to 60 years who were selected through purposive sampling method. The focus group discussions were audiotaped, handwritten, and recorded. Recorded data were then transcribed verbatim, and the current version of the NVivo software for analyzing qualitative data was used to manage the data. Three major themes emerged from the study: knowledge of respondents on vasectomy, beliefs, and attitudes of married men toward vasectomy. Each of the themes had three subthemes. The study revealed that vasectomy was perceived by some of the respondents to be synonymous to castration which comes with negative effects. Inadequate knowledge, negative perceptions, future uncertainty, and the irreversible nature of vasectomy emerged as contributing to the low patronage and some of the reasons why most of the respondents had no intentions of opting for vasectomy. In view of these findings, it is imperative for all stakeholders to give urgent attention to behavior change strategies that can be put in action to ameliorate the effects of these negative attitudes and misbeliefs. Ultimately, the tide can be turned around and vasectomy will be a preferred alternative when it comes to family planning in Ghana.

Analisis Dampak Laju Pertumbuhan Penduduk Terhadap Aspek Kependudukan Berwawasan Gender Pada Urban Area Di Kota Serang

In the short term the purpose of this study is to: (1) analyze the trend of population growth rate in Serang City, (2) to analyze the impact of population growth rate on gender aspect of population in urban area in Serang City, (3) to analyze the increasing of environmental pollution and deforestation of the environment, such as flooding in Serang City, (4) identifying strategic steps that need to be done to prevent and control population growth rate toward aspect of population with gender insight on urban area in Serang City. Data obtained in this study were analyzed using 4 methods, namely tabulation analysis, descriptive, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and Root Case Analysis (RCA). The result of this research are: (1) population growth rate in Serang City shows decreasing trend. In the period 2010-2020, the population growth rate of Serang City dropped from 2.20 percent to 1.52 percent, (2) the increasing number of residents in Serang City currently demands the management of population and good resources in order to avoid problems in the future. The efforts in the management of the population, among others, controlling the population, improving the quality and quality of the population, and utilizing appropriate human and natural resources will make the large population in Serang City become a strong development capital, (3) ideal capacity of an area, namely Serang City to be able to accommodate the maximum rainfall, the current city of Serang gets overloaded capacity of rainfall greater than ideal capacity. Or in other words, high rainfall makes Serang City unable to withstand the volume of rainfall, which is an average of 5.87 m3 / ha, and (4) there are several strategic steps that need to be done to prevent and control population growth rate (2) Improving education and skills, (3) Conserving the environment, (4) Keeping public facilities, and (5) ordering the aspects of population-oriented gender in urban areas in Serang City.

Examining urban land-cover characteristics and ecological regulation during the construction of Xiong’an New District, Hebei Province, China

Development of Xiong'an New District (XND) is integral to the implementation of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) Integration Initiative. It is intended to ease the non-capital functions of Beijing, optimize regional spatial patterns, and enhance ecosystem services and living environment in this urban agglomeration. Applying multi-stage remote sensing (RS) images, land use/cover change (LUCC) data, ecosystem services assessment data, and high-precision urban land-cover information, we reveal the regional land-cover characteristics of this new district as well as across the planned area of the entire BTH urban agglomeration. Corresponding ecological protection and management strategies are also proposed. Results indicated that built-up areas were rapidly expanding, leading to a continuous impervious surface at high density. Urban and impervious surface areas (ISAs) grew at rates 1.27 and 1.43 times higher than that in the 2000s, respectively, seriously affecting about 15% area of the sub-basins. Construction of XND mainly encompasses Xiongxian, Rongcheng, and Anxin counties, areas which predominantly comprise farmland, townships and rural settlements, water, and wetland ecosystems. The development and construction of XND should ease the non-capital functions of Beijing, as well as moderately control population and industrial growth. Thus, this development should be included within the national ‘sponge city’ construction pilot area in early planning stages, and reference should be made to international low-impact development modes in order to strengthen urban green infrastructural construction. Early stage planning based on the existing characteristics of the underlying surface should consider the construction of green ecological patches and ecological corridors between XND and the cities of Baoding, Beijing, and Tianjin. The proportion of impervious surfaces should not exceed 60%, while that of the core area should not exceed 70%. The development of XND needs to initiate the concept of ‘planning a city according to water resource amount’ and incorporate rainwater collection and recycling.

Unmet need for contraception among urban women: a cross sectional study in Puducherry

Background: Providing universal family planning services is an important strategy to reduce maternal morbidity and to control population growth. Worldwide, when contraception is used properly and effectively to avoid unwanted pregnancy it can reduce 25–35% of maternal deaths. The present study aimed at measuring the proportion of married women with unmet need for family planning in an urban area of Puducherry.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 235 married women in the urban field practice area of Sri Venkateshwara Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Puducherry. Participants were selected based on predetermined eligibility criteria using systematic random sampling method. SPSS version 23.0 was used for statistical analysis. Proportion, Mean, Standard deviation and Logistic regression were applied to interpret the results.Results: Mean age of the participants was 33.3 ±6 years, Nearly 77 %( 181) of the participants reported having used any method of contraceptive at least once and 34.5 %( 81) were found to have unmet need for family planning. The most common reason for unmet need for contraception was fear of side effects (39.5%) and others were infrequent sex (12.3%),insisted by family members (12.3%) and religious reasons (12.3%).Conclusions: Unmet need for family planning was found to be fairly high in our study population. Health care personnel, preferably field staff should be trained to give an informed choice of contraception to the eligible couples to reduce the unmet need for contraception.

The Relationship of the Reproductive Health Messages Toward Healthy Reproduction Practice

Background: Inconsistent in contraceptive usage gave additional challenges to the government to control population growth. Objective: This study aimed to explain the relationship of reproductive health behavioral messages (RHBM) exposure to healthy reproduction practice (HRP) among married women of 20 to 35 years old and to identify factors that made these women receptive to the RHBM exposure. Method: One-hundred-and-thirty-four respondents were selected which 24 of them then selected as informants. Data were collected using questionnaire and a Focus Group Discussion. Three RHBM have used i.e. the healthy reproduction criteria, the methods of the family planning (FP) and the benefits of FP. The respondents were defined as having a positive HRP if used long-acting contraceptive. Result: The study found an increasing on respondent’s reproductive health knowledge did not increase positive HRP. The respondents who used long-acting contraceptive preferred use a personal communication channel rather than a mass media. Conclusion: None of these RHBM had proved the relationship of the RHBM exposure to the HRP did exist. The study identified six factors could make women receptive to the RHBM exposure i.e. the delivered information should contain the risk and the benefits, the source of information's was credible, the information had visual attractiveness, was easy to spot, interactive, and intensive.

Determinants of Long-Term Contraceptive Method Use in Madiun, East Java: Application of Social Cognitive Theory

Background : Indonesia ranks 5 in the world by the number of population. It has Total Fertility Rate of 2.6, which is higher than average rate in South East Asia. In order to control population growth the Indonesian Government has attempted to increase the utilization of the long-term contraceptive method. This study aimed to determine determinants of long-term contraceptive method use in Madiun, East Java with the application of social cognitive theory. Subjects and Method : This was an analytic observational study with case control design. Study subjects consisted of 50 women of reproductive age who had used long term contraceptive method and 100 similar women who had not. The dependent variable was use of long-term contraceptive method. The independent variables were education level, knowledge, attitude, culture, information access, and decision maker. The data were collected using a set of questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis in STATA. Results : Use of long-term contraceptive method were positively affected by high education level (b= 1.31; 95% CI= 0.13 to 2.50; p=0.029), positive attitude (b= 2.45; 95% CI= 1.47 to 3.43); p<0.001), and joint decision making (b= 2.02; 95% CI= 0.91 to 3.13; p<0.001). Joint decision making was affected by positive attitude (b= 1.27; 95% CI= 0.58 to 1.96; p<0.001). Positive attitude was affected by good knowledge (b=0.75; 95% CI= 0.09 to 1.49; p=0.047) and positive culture (b= 1.44; 95% CI= 0.70 to 2.17; p<0.001). Good knowledge was affected by good information access (b= 0.96; 95% CI= 0.20 to 1.63; p= 0.005). Conclusion : Use of long-term contraceptive method is positively affected by high education level, positive attitude, and decision making. Keywords : Use of long term contraceptive method, women of childbearing age, family planning Correspondence: Kartika. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: tsurayya.kartika@gmail.com. Mobile: +6281803339900. Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2017), 2(4): 313-322 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2016.02.04.03

Effect of Socio-Demographic Factor and Democratic Leadership on Village Midwife Performance in IUD Contraceptive Service in Jombang District, East Java

Background : The threat of population explosion in Indonesia is real. Long-term contraception program is an alternative strategy for controlling population growth rate. The slowering achieve­ment of IUD contraceptive target for the last two years has become a central concern at the District Health Office Jombang, East Java. Sub-optimal quality of IUD contraceptive service, high drop-out rate, high unmet-need, and unsystematic family planning reporting and recording, are assumed to be the causes of the under-achievement. This study aimed to examine the effect of socio-demographic factor and democratic leadership on village midwife performance in IUD contraceptive service in Jombang District, East Java. Subjects and Method : This was an analytic observational study with cross-sectional design. It was conducted in 12 community health centers in Jombang District, East Java, from March to May 2017. A sample of 120 women of reproductive age was selected for this study by simple random sampling. The dependent variable was village midwife performance. The inde­pen­dent variables were knowledge, self-efficacy, compensation, democratic leadership, and work motivation. The data were collected by a pre-tested questionnaire, and were analyzed by path analysis model. Results : Midwife performance was positively affected by higher education (b=5.19; SE=0.53; p<0.001), stronger work motivation (b=0.48; SE=0.07; p<0.001), better knowledge (b=0.21; SE=0.08; p=0.006), stronger self-efficacy (b=0.18; SE=0.08; p=0.023), and democratic leadership (b=0.14; SE=0.05; p=0.008). Self-efficacy was affected by education (b=1.16; SE=0.62; p=0.063), knowledge (b=0.35; SE=0.08; p<0.001), democratic leadership (b=0.23; SE=0.04; p<0.001). Work motivation was affected by compensation (b=0.65; SE=0.16; p<0.001), democratic leadership (b=0.31; SE=0.07; p<0.001), knowledge (b=0.29; SE=0.09; p<0.001), and self-efficacy (b=0.17; SE=0.09; p=0.058). Conclusion : Midwife performance was positively affected by education, work motivation, education, self efficacy, and democratic leadership. Key w ords : midwife performance, socio-demographic factor, democratic leadership, IUD contra-ceptive, family planning. Correspondence: Ratna Dewi Permatasari. Masters Program in Public Heath, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. Email: wahib.rifai81@gmail.com. Mobile: +6281334059159. Journal of Health Policy and Management (2017), 2(1): 16-27 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpm.2017.02.01.02

Migration in the People's Republic of China

This report summarizes the characteristics of migration in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) after its reforms and opening up. Rapid urbanization in the PRC has resulted from recent decades of intense rural-urban migration. The scale of migration increased rapidly and long-term migration is the main characteristic. The population characteristics of migration are determined not only by a personal decision, but also a joint decision within households to send members with comparative advantages in manufacturing and services, usually male and young, to work in cities. Coastal regions where manufacturing and services are better developed, especially big cities, are the major destinations. The aspiration for higher-income and better job opportunities is the major force that drives migration, while public services and urban amenities also partly account for population flows. However, in the PRC, there are still major institutional barriers — especially the hukou system and related segmentation in the urban labor market, social security, and public services access — that hinder rural-urban and inter-regional migration. Facing the challenges of fast urbanization and growing urban diseases, local governments still rely on the current system to control the population flow into large cities. Controlling population growth by discriminative policies will lead to more social problems. Policy makers should reconsider the way to achieve efficient and harmonious urbanization by shifting to more pro-market policies and reducing the migration costs embedded in institutional constraints.

Trends in the completeness of birth registration in Nigeria: 2002-2010

1. IntroductionBirth is a fundamental right that affords children opportunity to be documented and establish their nationality. Unfortunately, this right is denied to many children, especially in less developed countries (Pais 2009; UNICEF 1989). Indeed, an estimated 230 million children worldwide have never had their births registered, thereby exposing them to various rights abuses (Bambas 2005; Bequele 2005; Cappa et al. 2014; Corbacho, Brito, and Rivas 2012; Dow 1998; UNICEF 2013). Like other global health challenges, Africa lags behind in of births and is only better than Asia (Bequele 2005; Mikkelsen et al. 2015; UNICEF 2013, 2014a). Less than 10% of Africa's population live in countries with complete (above 90% coverage) birth (Mahapatra et al. 2007). There is evidence that rate of birth stagnated between 1995 and 2004 (Mahapatra et al. 2007; Setel et al. 2007).The birth of a child is one of important events routinely recorded in a Civil Registration System (CRS) (United Nations 2001; World Health Organization 2008). According to United Nations, civil is defined as universal, continuous, permanent and compulsory recording of vital events provided through decree or regulation in accordance with legal requirements in a (World Health Organization and World Bank 2014). However, compliance with birth is still below 50% in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, 25 years after Convention on Rights of Child (CRC) (Cappa et al. 2014; UNICEF 2014a). CRC is an international treaty comprising 54 articles developed in 1989 to recognize rights of children. It is regarded as the most widely and rapidly ratified human rights treaty in history (UNICEF 2014a). right of children to have their births registered is seventh article of CRC.The importance of CRS data in monitoring health outcomes cannot be understated and requires national and international action to ensure its availability and reliability in monitoring performance of interventions. post-2015 global health agenda (the Sustainable Development Goals [SDGs]) has made strengthening birth one of its major targets (AbouZahr et al. 2015; United Nations 2015; World Health Organization and World Bank 2014). In particular, SDG goal 16.9 states as its aim that it will 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration (United Nations 2015). This gives added impetus to measure performance of CRS and focus attention on where it is found suboptimal to ensure progress toward meeting universal birth target by deadline. To this end, World Health Organization, World Bank, and other partners have developed a ten-year plan, The Global Civil Registration and Vital Statistics Scaling up Plan (2015-2024), in hope of providing needed guidance to support governments toward achievement of this goal (World Health Organization and World Bank 2014). Other charities and recognized individuals have also made financial commitments to supporting improvement of CRS in developing countries (Lopez and Setel 2015; United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific 2014).Birth statistics are a significant data source in measurement of health in populations, providing denominator data for calculating development indicators such as infant mortality and child mortality rates. These are also indicators that are used to measure quality of health care in a country and level of access to health care in population (Alarcon and Robles 2007). Poor data on these parameters can be misleading and drive suboptimal investments in health system. Additionally, birth statistics are important for monitoring policies and programs on fertility in a country. They can be a significant yardstick for assessing impact of interventions aimed at controlling population growth and determining need for an increased intensity of intervention. …

Islam and Democracy – A Dynamic Perspective

AbstractThis study examines the relationship between Islam and democracy with emphasis on the issue of whether and how Islam has bearings on democratic adjustment speed. Using comprehensive data on 17 Asian countries from 1996 to 2010, the study demonstrates that religion is a significant factor for determining democracy. Results indicate that the level of democracy in Islamic countries is generally lower than that in non-Islamic countries. However, the level of democracy in Islamic countries exhibits an upward trend, whereas that in non-Islamic countries displays a downward trend. Moreover, when benchmark variables are controlled, democratic adjustment in Islamic countries is faster than in non-Islamic countries. Hence, despite the current lower level of democracy in Islamic countries, the results of this study refute the conventional wisdom that Islam hinders democracy. Instead, Islamic countries are highly malleable and exhibit a potential for faster democratic development compared with non-Islamic countries. Results further suggest that Islamic countries can effectively promote democracy by improving education, minimizing the gender gap, controlling population growth, or becoming an oil exporter similar to non-Islamic countries. However, Islamic countries likely own an additional unique advantage in effectively improving democracy – that is, promoting urbanization. This aspect is in contrast to non-Islamic countries where urbanization plays no role in determining democracy.

Geometric structure and geodesic in a solvable model of nonequilibrium process.

We investigate the geometric structure of a nonequilibrium process and its geodesic solutions. By employing an exactly solvable model of a driven dissipative system (generalized nonautonomous Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process), we compute the time-dependent probability density functions (PDFs) and investigate the evolution of this system in a statistical metric space where the distance between two points (the so-called information length) quantifies the change in information along a trajectory of the PDFs. In this metric space, we find a geodesic for which the information propagates at constant speed, and demonstrate its utility as an optimal path to reduce the total time and total dissipated energy. In particular, through examples of physical realizations of such geodesic solutions satisfying boundary conditions, we present a resonance phenomenon in the geodesic solution and the discretization into cyclic geodesic solutions. Implications for controlling population growth are further discussed in a stochastic logistic model, where a periodic modulation of the diffusion coefficient and the deterministic force by a small amount is shown to have a significant controlling effect.

PEMANFAATAN PELAYANAN KESEHATAN DAN KELUARGA BERENCANA DI DAERAH TRANSMIGRASI DI SULAWESI TENGGARA

The improvement of health facilities has been a major priority of the government policy. It is related to the effort of controlling population growth by reducing fertility and mortality rate. In line with this, one issue is worthwhile to question: whether or not those facilities productively utilized by the local people. This research was conducted in Lambuya subdistrict, Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, the area which is considered to be successful in the implementation of the family planning program. The utilization of health and family planning services, from the aspect of age, education, and resident of clients is quite satisfactory. Based on these three aspects, it is not surprising if they can rely on health andfamily planningproviders. Besides the health workers at the primary health care, there are 91 traditional healers who take over health problems. The awareness of the local people to revisit the primary health care after an initial treatment is more of a causative effect of the initiative of health providers, than the desire of the clients themselves. Effort on enlightenment by improving quality of information to the people is influential in making people utilized the services available at the primary health care.

Loss of Only Child Family in China: Psychological Effect

Thirty years after its implementation as a national policy, the “one child per family” policy has reduced about 400 million births in China. Despite its effectiveness in controlling population growth, the “one child per family” policy has also engendered a newly vulnerable group----“loss of only-child family” (LOCF) due to the increased risk of losing their only-child from accidents or diseases in modern society.

Population dynamics of feral horses (Equus caballus) in an exotic coniferous plantation in Australia

Context Understanding population dynamics of invasive species is crucial for the development of management strategies. Feral horses (Equus caballus) are a growing problem in the Tuan–Toolara State Forest (TTSF), a coniferous plantation in south-eastern Queensland, Australia. Aim The population dynamics of the TTSF feral horses was not known. Therefore, the study was designed to characterise the major vital parameters of this population and, using these data, develop a long-term management plan. Methods The study was conducted over 3 years (2011–14) involving 522 individually identified horses. Foaling rates were used to calculate fecundity. Body fat distribution was estimated using body condition score (BCS), which reflects the nutritional, metabolic and general health of individual animals. Multi state mark–capture population models were used to estimate age-specific survival, and the Leslie age-structured projection matrix model was used to determine the annual rate at which the population increased. Key results The mean annual fecundity was low (0.23 ± 0.07 s.d.). The mean BCS of the population was mid-range (2.55 ± 0.51 s.d.) with adult females having lower scores than other age and gender groups. Survival estimates were consistently high (0.92–0.95) across all age groups. The average annual finite rate of population increase (λ) for the 3 years of the study was 1.09. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the population growth rate was almost seven times more sensitive to changes in adult survival compared with juvenile survival, and almost twice as sensitive to changes in fecundity. Key conclusions Population dynamics of the TTSF feral horses were comparable to other feral horse populations similarly challenged by environmental nutritional limitations. Implications Defining population dynamics of the TTSF feral horses permits the formulation of management goals that can be audited and adapted as required. The most effective strategy for controlling population growth in the TTSF would involve the continuing removal of substantial numbers of adult females or manipulation of survival and/or fecundity. As selective removal will likely alter the adult sex ratio and age structure of the population, ongoing assessment is necessary to minimise adverse welfare outcomes.

Employment Status, Family Income, Contraceptive Availability, and their Effects on the Use of Long Term Contraceptives in Sukoharjo, Central Java

Background : Rapid population growth cause population burden on earth and imbalance population distribution. This situation in turn make cause public health and social problems. One of the methods that can be used to control population growth is long term contraceptive use. The Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (SDKI) showed that employed mothers were more likely to use long term contraceptive than unemployed mothers. Contraceptives are available for free at Family Planning Clinic (KKB). This study aimed to analyze the effect of employment status, family income, and contraceptive availability, on the use of long term contraceptive among women and men of reproductive age in Sukoharjo, Central Java. Subje cts and Met hod : This was a qualitative analytic and descriptive study with phenomenology approach. This study was conducted in Weru, Kartasura, Polokarto, and Tawangsari subdistricts, Sukoharjo, Central Java. The key informants included acceptors of implant, Intra Uterine Device (IUD), Female Surgical Method (MOW), and Male Surgical Method (MOP). The data were collected by in-depth interview, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), observation, document review. The data were alayze by interactive analysis. The data were verified by triangulation of data sources. Results : Two informants reported they chose IUD because they had to work outside the house, undesirable side effects of using oral contraceptive, injection contraceptive, and contraceptive use by their mothers and grandmothers. Some other informants have used implant because of undesirable side effect of using injection contraceptive, such as irregular menstruation and increased body weight. Two other informants have used female surgical method (MOW) because they already have three children and do not want to be pregnant again. One male informant reported that he has used male surgical method (MOP) because already has four children, and he followed the methods his father has used. Most of the long term contaceptive users work outside the house and their incomes were lower than the minimum regional standard wage. Most of the long term contraceptive users receive free contraceptive and additional reward (e.g. free rice). The remaining long term contraceptive users buy contraceptives at the health center and hospital. The contraceptives were supplied by the National Coordinating Board of Population and Family Planning (Badan Kependudukan dan Keluarga Berencana Nasional, BKKBN) at province level. Village midwives did not receive free contraceptive because their practices have not been classified as Family Planning Clinics (KKB). Conclusion : Availability of contraceptive is a necessary condition for long term contraceptive use. Working outside the house is an additional factor for most women to realize long term contraceptive use. K eywords : Employment status, family income, availability, long term contraceptive Correspondence: Sri Setiyo Ningrum. Diploma III Program in Midwifery, Poltekkes Bhakti Mulia, Sukoharjo, Central Java. Email: srisetiyoningrum@ymail.com. Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2016), 1(3): 179-187 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2016.01.03.05

Evaluating Annual Bluegrass Herbicide Resistance Evolution in Golf Course Fairways

Annual bluegrass is one of the most diverse plant species in the world and is the most problematic winter annual weed in commercial turfgrass. Continuous application of the same herbicide mechanism of action for annual bluegrass control on golf courses has increased herbicide-resistant populations. The purpose of this research was to simulate six herbicide-use strategies to evaluate the risk of annual bluegrass resistance evolution to glyphosate. In a worst-case scenario of yearly glyphosate applications at dormancy, resistance evolved within 10 yr and was predicted to evolve in &gt; 90% of populations by yr 20. When glyphosate was rotated on alternate years with a unique mechanism of action, resistance was delayed for 12 to 15 yr. Season-long control of annual bluegrass often requires multiple herbicide applications. Therefore, additional strategies were simulated in which glyphosate was applied at dormancy with combinations of PRE and/or POST herbicides at various timings. Resistance was most effectively delayed with a PRE application in late summer, a POST application in fall, and alternating glyphosate with a different POST option at dormancy. This delayed resistance by 25 yr and a 35% risk was predicted after 50 yr. Strategies utilizing three annual herbicide applications with unique mechanisms of action were more effective for controlling population growth compared to other strategies. Resistance was predicted to evolve within 35 yr for each of the strategies simulated. However, these results indicate annual bluegrass herbicide resistance can be managed by using an integrated herbicide program, rotating unique mechanisms of action as frequently as possible.

Density-dependent effects control the reproductive strategy and population growth of Aurelia aurita s.l. scyphistomae

Aurelia aurita s.l. scyphistomae are capable of developing different asexual modes for propagation and thus present a multi-mode reproductive strategy. The reproduction rates and the reproductive strategy they adopt depend on a combination of various environmental parameters. We investigated the A. aurita s.l. polyp-to-polyp reproduction strategy and population growth in relation to polyp density. Our results confirmed that density-dependent factors control population growth of A. aurita s.l. scyphistomae in three different ways: (1) decreasing the polyp reproduction rate, (2) triggering the production of motile bud-like tissue particles and (3) inducing the detachment of developed scyphistomae. Whereas the decrease in the reproduction rate reduces the number of recruits, the motile particles and the detachment of scyphistomae contribute to minimizing density-dependent effects by allowing reproductive products and scyphistomae to drift away. Thus, not only are the negative effects of intraspecific competition for space and food diminished but also the potential colonization of new substrates, and further increase in scyphistoma density is favoured on larger spatial scales. The potential capability to switch its polyp-to-polyp reproduction strategy in response to environmental clues and population density may give Aurelia high adaptability in the temperate coastal waters where they commonly live and where they may be exposed to wide-ranging and fluctuating environmental variables that affect their survival and longevity. Considering these features, as well as the wide tolerance of Aurelia scyphistomae (and medusae) to environmental parameters, it is not surprising that the species/lineages of Aurelia are cosmopolitan and exhibit the most frequent bloom events worldwide.

Negotiating failure: understanding the geopolitics of climate change

Negotiating failure: understanding the geopolitics of climate change