Control Programming Research Articles

EMSx: a numerical benchmark for energy management systems

Inserting renewable energy in the electric grid in a decentralized manner is a key challenge of the energy transition. However, at local scale, both production and demand display erratic behavior, which makes it challenging to match them. It is the goal of Energy Management Systems (EMS) to achieve such balance at least cost. We present EMSx, a numerical benchmark for testing control algorithms for the management of electric microgrids equipped with a photovoltaic unit and an energy storage system. EMSx is made of three key components: the EMSx dataset, provided by Schneider Electric, contains a diverse pool of realistic microgrids with a rich collection of historical observations and forecasts; the EMSx mathematical framework is an explicit description of the assessment of electric microgrid control techniques and algorithms; the EMSx software EMSx.jl is a package, implemented in the Julia language, which enables to easily implement a microgrid controller and to test it. All components of the benchmark are publicly available, so that other researchers willing to test controllers on EMSx may reproduce experiments easily. Eventually, we showcase the results of standard microgrid control methods, including Model Predictive Control, Open Loop Feedback Control and Stochastic Dynamic Programming.

Application of Adaptive Three-Position Control in the System of Automated Control of a Thermal Object

Purpose of research. The control object was considered to be a thermal unit in the form of a modified two-tier tunnel furnace designed for the production of foam glass blocks. The main goal of this work was to improve the quality of products, reduce defects, and ultimately increase productivity by developing an automated system for controlling the thermal field of a technological unit for the production of foam glass blocks using an adaptive three-position control law with adaptation to the load of the average position of the regulator. Methods. At the initial stage, a functional automation scheme for a modified two-tier tunnel furnace was developed. To model dynamic discrete systems, a mathematical apparatus was used in the form of labeled Petri nets, which resulted in algorithmization of the technological process for the production of foam glass blocks. This solution to the problem should be used as a method of algorithmization and programming of the logic controller that is part of the automation system structure. The developed functional automation scheme can be converted into a mnemonic circuit, thereby implementing a SCADA system designed for control and visualization, diagnostics and monitoring of the process at a centralized control point, which is part of the automated workplace of the operator-technologist. The described approach to the development of an automated process control system has a generalized representation. The solution is methodological in nature, demonstrating the usability of the model in the form of a labeled Petri net. Results. In the course of research, a graph of operations of the production process with discrete adaptive threeposition control of the average position under load was developed. To check the correctness of the graph of operations, a tree of achievable markings was built, and its analysis was performed for compliance with security conditions and network liveliness. A block diagram of the main algorithm and the algorithm for adapting the controller's control program is developed. Conclusion. The described approach to the development of an automated process control system for the production of foam glass blocks has a generalized character, although it is illustrated by applying it to a specific object , since it allows changing both the number of variables xi , zi, and their functional purpose, that is, instead of sensors, pushers, valves, parameter values, for example, temperature, other automation elements and other physical variables and their parameters can be used. Thus, the presented solution is methodological in nature, demonstrating the convenience of using the model in the form of a Petri net and a tree of achievable markings for algorithmization and programming of a logic controller that is part of the automation system structure.

Design and Control of Advanced Robotic Systems for Manufacturing and Assembly

Modern industrial processes must now be designed and controlled with advanced robotic systems for manufacture and assembly to increase productivity, accuracy, and flexibility. The main factors involved in creating and overseeing these robotic systems are presented in detail in this work.In the design stage, manipulators, sensors, and end-effectors that are customised for the particular manufacturing or assembly task are chosen and integrated. To ensure accurate and efficient task execution, additional control algorithms and programming techniques are also developed. This covers adaptive control techniques, path optimisation, trajectory planning, and collision avoidance.The real-time monitoring, coordinating, and synchronisation of several robots and their interactions with the environment are the main goals of the control component. The integration of human operators with robotic systems is made possible by centralised or decentralised control frameworks, which promote secure and effective production and assembly procedures.The study also discusses how to improve robotic systems' abilities to handle complicated jobs and adapt to shifting production settings by integrating cutting-edge technologies like machine learning, computer vision, and augmented reality.The difficulties and possibilities posed by the application of sophisticated robotic systems for manufacturing and assembly are also covered. These include the dependability of the system, the ethical effects of automation in the workplace, the detection and recovery of faults, and human-robot collaboration.The ultimate goal of this work is to give readers a thorough grasp of the design and control principles required for creating advanced robotic systems for manufacturing and assembly, hence promoting higher levels of productivity, quality, and adaptability in industrial settings.

Multilane Automated Driving With Optimal Control and Mixed-Integer Programming

Road vehicle lane changes often initiate traffic disturbances and can therefore impact road networks’ energy and time efficiency. Furthermore, unexpected changes in traffic conditions may also render lane changes counterproductive for the lane-changing vehicle. Vehicle-to-vehicle connectivity combined with anticipative control could address these challenges via improved lane change decisions by automated vehicles. In a move toward this objective, receding horizon control cast as a mixed-integer quadratic program is used to plan lane changing and acceleration in a coupled optimization. A long-term pacing module, based on Pontryagin’s minimum principle from optimal control theory, sets terminal and input references for receding horizon control to target a user’s expected travel time. To remove nonlinear vehicle dynamics from the receding horizon controller, lane change commands are passed to a pure pursuit steering module whose response is approximated by a second-order linear model. Comparison against a rule-based reactive algorithm in arterial and highway scenarios shows an 8.9%–13.7% reduction in energy consumption and a 5.2%–10.3% reduction in the travel time, along with navigational improvements.

Precise Locating Control for a Polar Crane Based on Sliding Mode Active Disturbance Rejection Control and Quadratic Programming Algorithm

A polar crane is a large-scale special lifting equipment operated in a nuclear power plant. To address the precise locating control problem of a polar crane with the center of gravity shifting, with cross-coupling, and with external disturbance, an effective control scheme is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a nonholonomic constraint dynamic model of the polar crane is established according to the Lagrange–Rouse equation. Then, an expansion state observer (ESO) of the active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) method is applied to estimate and compensate the cross-coupling disturbance in real-time. To improve the robustness and convergence speed of the control system, the nonsingular terminal sliding mode (NTSM) control method is incorporated with ADRC and the stability of the controller is proven by the Lyapunov function approach. Furthermore, to solve the problem of redundant actuation and to reduce trajectory deviation of the bridge truck, the contact forces of the horizontal guide device are introduced into the quadratic programming (QP) optimization algorithm. Finally, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control scheme are illustrated by simulation results.

Design, Integrating and Controlling of Mig-Based Shaped Metal Deposition System with Externally Cold Wire Feed in Additive Layered Manufacturing Technology

Cold wire feeding plus MIG-based shaped metal deposition process has been proved to be a promising technology capable of using materials and energies reasonably to manufacture complex large-scale metal components. The shaped metal deposition with cold wire feeding process is suitable as an alternative technique for traditional manufacturing methods, especially for complex and large-scale solid parts and it is especially used for structural components in aerospace and the manufacture and repair of dying/molds. In this paper, a new experimental setup was developed, which consists of a MIG welding source, an external cold wire feed unit and a 3-axis machine. The paper explains the design, implementation, and stages of control programing (CAD-CAM) of the developed system. Furthermore, the paper presents the important design steps from the design database using CAD to the final shape of the part to be configured. The proposed system is capable of producing parts of different shapes in sizes of more than 450 mm directly from the computer-aided design. Several components are fabricated with SS309L components to achieve the capability of the advanced proposed system. The results showed that the integrated system and the program are feasible and flexible and hence can be used to manufacture variously shaped parts.

Experimentally Validating Welfare Evaluation of School Vouchers: Part I

In this paper, we use a unique two-stage experiment that randomized access to school vouchers across both markets and students in rural India to estimate the revealed preference value of school choice. In the first step of the research design, we develop an empirical model of school choice subject to liquidity and credit constraints that is estimated using data from only the control markets. Based on this exercise, we estimate that the voucher generated welfare gains exceeding four times the average private school's annual tuition on average to the students induced into private schooling. The second step of the research design will validate the estimated welfare impacts by comparing model predictions for a simulated voucher program in control markets with the data from the treatment group. The results in this paper are based on the first step (using only control data) and this draft serves as a pre-commitment to the model estimates and predictions before examining the experimental data.

Classroom Practice of Measurement and Control Programming, with an Emphasis on the Conceptual Design Stage for Problem Finding

Classroom Practice of Measurement and Control Programming, with an Emphasis on the Conceptual Design Stage for Problem Finding

Involvement of Chromatographic Techniques in Organic Compound

During the previous decade significant advances have occurred in computerized and simple hardware, PC frameworks and instrument plan which has enabled dedicated gas chromatography (GC) and and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) instruments to be planned consolidating reduced incorporated spectroscopic identifiers, especially mass spectrometric (MS) detectors. Control programming and information bases joining libraries of reference spectra run on quick (PC) workstations, this permits test blends containing basic natural analytes to be isolated and distinguished on a standard premise utilizing a solitary seat top instrument.

УПРАВЛІННЯ СКЛАДНИМИ СУСПІЛЬНИМИ СИСТЕМАМИ БЕЗПЕКИ ЛЮДИНИ

Purpose: scientific substantiation of social security based on the principles of management of complex systems and an example of the application of mathematical modeling to determine internal risks in a complex social system.. Methods: use of elements of mathematical modeling, in particular the theory of optimal control and linear programming; analysis of the content of the concept of “security paradox”, logical-determinant assessment of this concept. Results: it is proposed to apply the principles of management of complex systems to ensure the social security of groups of people and society. An example of the application of mathematical modeling to determine internal risks in a complex social system is given. In order to ensure the proper functioning of risk mitigation measures in complex social systems, it is proposed to introduce compensatory risks, which may be penalties or other measures that can be considered as specifically introduced risks for individuals. The introduction of external protection against a number of dangers can provoke the emergence of a “security paradox”, the essence of which is to reduce the personal activity of counteracting risk by relying on external protection. Effective social security requires the development of a culture of security, morality, worldview and legislative measures.. Scientific novelty: the use of elements of mathematical modeling for risk assessment in the social security management system is proposed; introduced the concept of “security paradox”, which arises when security is moved from the individual to the collective level. The use of principles of management of complex systems for social security is offered. Practical significance: The use of a systematic approach and principles of management of complex systems in ensuring the security of society will identify the most important risks and focus on their prevention, prevention or reduction. An example of mathematical modeling is proposed to assess the internal risks of the social system.

Cybersecurity in Networking Devices

Cybersecurity is training defensive arrangements, systems, and plans to save the information from cyber outbreaks. These virtual outbreaks are typically intended to retrieve, alter, or otherwise extinguish delicate data, extracting currency from manipulators, or disturb usual commercial procedures. System Security defends one’s system and information from breaks, interruptions also other intimidations. Network Security contains admission controller, computer virus and defiant computer virus software program, system safety, system analytics, system-connected protection categories, firewalls, and VPN encoding. System substructure strategies stand the mechanisms of a net that conveyance transportations desired intended for information, submissions, facilities, and multimedia. In this paper, we reflect on Cybersecurity in Networking Devices.

A novel control technique for a single-phase grid-tied inverter to extract peak power from PV-Based home energy systems

In this paper, a single-phase full-bridge grid-tied inverter is considered for home-based photovoltaic applications. The dc-dc converter is inevitable in boosting the voltage and tracking the maximum power from the photovoltaic source. As a result, the size and cost of the home-based photovoltaic grid-tied systems increases. A dc-dc converter is eliminated in this work, and the PV voltage is considered as the input voltage to a single-phase full-bridge inverter system. Also, to overcome the demerits of traditional peak power techniques, a fuzzy logic-based peak power controller is proposed. A fuzzy logic-based dc-link voltage controller is also proposed to overcome the conventional PI-based dc-link voltage controller's demerits. Primarily the theoretical concept is validated by using the MATLAB/SIMULINK tool for simulation analysis. The Spartan-6 FPGA control board is used to implement the controller program. A laboratory prototype is fabricated in the experimental laboratory to verify the theoretical and simulation analysis. Different case studies are comprehended in this work to present the robustness of the recommended control scheme.

Техническая диагностика оборудования буровой лебедки время-вероятностным методом с применением микропроцессорных средств

The paper dwells upon diagnosing drilling rig electrics with material, time, and labor costs reduction in mind. SciVal analytics and overview of literature on equipment diagnosis reinforce the relevance of this research. To create an automatic fault detection system, it is proposed to combine mathematical models of Boolean objects of diagnosis with the microprocessor capabilities. The research team used an Uralmash 6500/450 BMCh drilling rig to develop electrical equipment diagnosis flowcharts and a drawworks logical model; then the researchers estimated the costs of checking the model elements and compiled a table of a fault functions. The proposal was to program the fault location algorithm in the controller programming language following the author-developed troubleshooting graph which uses a temporal probabilistic method. To visualize the solution, the paper presents an original method that diagnoses faults of individual drilling rig components; case study herein analyzes an inductive sensor as such a component. The method consists in using additional feedback and implementing an algorithm for automatic fault detection in a high-level programming language.

A centralized monitoring interface for microgrid using lab view

Micro-grids care the electric utility main grid through allowing the integration of emergent distributions of different energy resources. In addition, distributed energy resources (DERs) decrease energy losses and improving the efficiency of the electric power system. The DERs integrated micro grid structure will involuntarily require perfect, specific, as well as reactive power control to make sure well-organized power flow. It is important to cultivate a back-end system (user interface) to permit simple access to the whole power system development. This paper proposes a Lab VIEW based user-friendly front-end and back-end interfaces for PV system integration in micro grid. The proposed interface permits a control programming in the block end which offers the opportunities for deploying the comprehensive and inclusive control strategies. The system consists of load scheduling and PV generation during load dispatch epoch. The proposed LabVIEW control system also manage to pay for monitoring and tracking of maximum PV power point selections which allow insightful PV analysis forecast to establish the subsequent future exploit. The proposed PV interface used artificial neural network back propagation for the PV power Load Forecasting.

Practical Learning of Science for Elementary School Students via Programming and Control Experimentation

In Japan, it has been decided that programming education will be required in elementary schools from 2020. In the new study guidelines, new programming subjects will not be established, but programming will be handled within existing subjects such as mathematics and science. Therefore, it is desirable to conduct independent research by analyzing information with programming related to existing subjects. Based on the above, we developed a teaching material on temperature control programming that uses heat generated by heating wire in the unit of “Use of electricity” in the 6th-grade elementary school. In this paper, after considering the index of the control performance, teaching materials using temperature control are introduced.

Adaptive Dynamic Programming for Control: A Survey and Recent Advances

This article reviews the recent development of adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) with applications in control. First, its applications in optimal regulation are introduced, and some skilled and efficient algorithms are presented. Next, the use of ADP to solve game problems, mainly nonzero-sum game problems, is elaborated. It is followed by applications in large-scale systems. Note that although the functions presented in this article are based on continuous-time systems, various applications of ADP in discrete-time systems are also analyzed. Moreover, in each section, not only some existing techniques are discussed, but also possible directions for future work are pointed out. Finally, some overall prospects for the future are given, followed by conclusions of this article. Through a comprehensive and complete investigation of its applications in many existing fields, this article fully demonstrates that the ADP intelligent control method is promising in today’s artificial intelligence era. Furthermore, it also plays a significant role in promoting economic and social development.

AFM Analysis of Micron and Sub-Micron Sized Bridges Fabricated Using the Femtosecond Laser on YBCO Thin Films.

The research arose as a result of the need to use the femtosecond laser to fabricate sub-micron and nano-sized bridges that could be analyzed for the Josephson effect. The femtosecond laser has a low pulse duration of 130 femtoseconds. Hence in an optical setup it was assumed that it could prevent the thermal degradation of the superconductive material during fabrication. In this paper a series of micron and sub-micron sized bridges where fabricated on superconductive yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) thin film using the femtosecond laser, a spherical convex lens of focal length 30 mm and the G-code control programming language applied to a translation stage. The dimensions of the bridges fabricated where analyzed using the atomic force microscope (AFM). As a result, micron sized superconductive bridges of width 1.68 , 1.39 , 1.23 and sub-micron sized bridges of width 858 nm, 732 nm where fabricated. The length of this bridges ranged from 9.6 to 12.8 . The femtosecond laser technique and the spherical convex lens can be used to fabricate bridges in the sub-micron dimension.

Methodology to Determine the Device-Level Periodicity for Anomaly Detection in EtherCAT-Based Industrial Control Network

Continuous operation and monitoring of critical infrastructure networks are crucial to ensure their sustainability and security. To achieve these, industrial control system (ICS) networks and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems are deployed in critical infrastructure assets. Many events in ICS networks present strong periodical patterns because of process repetition or cyclic communication. From the security viewpoint, inferring the periodicity primarily in the device-level communications where the actuator/sensor, field, and the cell-level transmissions are performed is important for detecting anomalies. The synchronization period and traffic pattern need to be known for anomaly detection. This article presents a novel periodicity detection approach specifically for Ethernet for control automation technology (EtherCAT) networks. It uses protocol-specific operations and fields for detecting device-level periodicity. Using the period, an anomaly detection method that uncovers traffic pattern statistics is also proposed. The periodicity can be detected with different precision, significance levels, and lag sizes. Four programmable logic controller (PLC) programs were developed to demonstrate the feasibility of the periodicity detection approach, and the periodicity was automatically obtained with high accuracy. As any malicious activity on the system causes variances in the periodic pattern, the approach was also tested on synthetic traffic traces that contain denial of service (DoS) and code-injection attacks. The traffic patterns were uncovered by an anomaly detection module, which was developed on a Snort intrusion detection/prevention system (IDS/IPS) and used the captured period. The tests demonstrated that intrusions that exploit communication patterns are fully flagged.

Socio-Demographic and Nutritional Status Correlates in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients in Calabar, Nigeria

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) continues to rank high in contributing to the global disability adjusted life years with 10 million new cases yearly worldwide. Having effective control of TB particularly in endemic communities should be predicated on understanding factors that drive its upsurge.
 Objectives: This study assessed the association between socio-demographic factors and nutritional status among adults with pulmonary TB in Calabar, Nigeria.
 Methods: A descriptive analysis of a randomized controlled study that enrolled 81 clinically diagnosed pulmonary TB patients that met the eligibility criteria. Data assessed were, socio-demographic, clinical, dietary, anthropometric, haematological and serum concentration of micronutrients. Results were presented in frequencies, percentages, tables and chart. Chi-square (ꭕ2) test was used to determine existence of associations between variables at 5% level, while, Pearson Correlation test was applied to determine the correlation between variables. P-value was used to determine significance of tests.
 Results: Using body mass index (BMI) as a proxy of nutritional status, results indicate that 33.4% of patients were undernourished with no discernible gender differences (p=0.254). Income level classification was observed to be statistically significantly associated with undernutrition (p=0.021), with those in the low-income category most at risk. Correlation analysis of key variables indicated that low serum ascorbate, zinc and retinol were independently associated with low BMI. These associations were statistically significant (p<0.05).Singleness was identified as a risk factor for undernutrition (p=0.060). Low functional status proxied by Karnofsky score <50% tended to align more with patients in the low income level category.
 Conclusion: Results consistently indicate that patients in the low income category had higher proportion of lower ranges of haemoglobin, protein parameters, serum ascorbate, zinc and retinol concentrations considered deficient. Thus, poverty alleviation strategies should be highly prioritized in TB programming for effective control.

CAD Integration of Mechanical Numerical Control Board Parts Based on Machining Features

The development and application of computer-aided design (CAD) technology has led to rapid improvements in product design automation, crafting process automation and numerical control programming automation. Machining feature refers to basic configuration units that constitute part shapes and the collection of non-geometric information with engineering semantics attached to it. The integration of mechanical numerical control parts is the integration of part design features and machining features, and each feature corresponds to a set of processing methods. Based on the summaries and analyses of previous research works, this paper expounded the current status and significance of mechanical numerical control board part integration, elaborated the development background, current status and future challenges of machining features and CAD technology, introduced a data transfer method of CAD integration and machining features-based part integration system, analyzed the design and machining features of CAD integration of board parts, constructed the graphics processing model and information reorganization model for CAD integration of board parts; conducted the feature description and modeling analysis of CAD integration of plate parts; discussed the crafting information similarity of mechanical numerical control plate part integration; explored the feature information and expression of feature library for plate parts integration.