Control Run Research Articles

Controlling the charge of dust particles in an afterglow by modulating the plasma power

A dust particle immersed in a glow-discharge plasma has long been known to have a charge that is negative, while the plasma is powered. However, in the afterglow, following the stopping of the plasma power, a large positive charge can collect on the particle, as was shown recently for particles in a cathodic sheath. While that outcome of positive charging in the afterglow may be common, an experimental discovery reported here reveals that the opposite outcome is also possible: a particle can develop a negative charge in the afterglow, if the plasma had previously been operated with a modulated power. Before stopping the plasma power off altogether, in a run with power modulated at a low duty cycle of 4.5 % , the particle’s residual charge was negative, but it was positive in a control run without modulation. This result points to a way of controlling the charge of dust particles in a decaying plasma, which can be useful for mitigating defects in semiconductor manufacturing.

Simulating AMOC tipping driven by internal climate variability with a rare event algorithm

This study investigates the possibility of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) noise-induced tipping solely driven by internal climate variability without applying external forcing that alter the radiative forcing or the North Atlantic freshwater budget. We address this hypothesis by applying a rare event algorithm to ensemble simulations of present-day climate with an intermediate complexity climate model. The algorithm successfully identifies trajectories leading to abrupt AMOC slowdowns, which are unprecedented in a 2000-year control run. Part of these AMOC weakened states lead to collapsed state without evidence of AMOC recovery on multi-centennial time scales. The temperature and Northern Hemisphere jet stream responses to these internally-induced AMOC slowdowns show strong similarities with those found in externally forced AMOC slowdowns in state-of-the-art climate models. The AMOC slowdown seems to be initially driven by Ekman transport due to westerly wind stress anomalies in the North Atlantic and subsequently sustained by a complete collapse of the oceanic convection in the Labrador Sea. These results demonstrate that transitions to a collapsed AMOC state purely due to internal variability in a model simulation of present-day climate are rare but theoretically possible. Additionally, these results show that rare event algorithms are a tool of valuable and general interest to study tipping points since they introduce the possibility of collecting a large number of tipping events that cannot be sampled using traditional approaches. This opens the possibility of identifying the mechanisms driving tipping events in complex systems in which little a-priori knowledge is available.

Impacts of Nudged Sea Surface Temperature on Tropical Precipitation, Moisture, and Vertical Velocity in an Earth System Model

Abstract Understanding the effect of the nudged sea surface temperature (SST) on precipitation simulation is important in Earth system models. In this study, we analyzed the role of nudged SST and air–sea interaction in precipitation simulation by using the Chinese Academy of Sciences Earth System Model version 2 (CAS-ESM2). CAS-ESM2 fully coupled runs with and without nudged tropical SST to observations, and the atmosphere-only runs (AMIP) are comprehensively evaluated against observations and reanalysis over the tropical ocean from 1982 to 2015. The precipitation is affected by the nudged SST and air–sea interaction by means of changes in both thermodynamic and dynamic processes. Simulation with the nudged SST dramatically improves the climatological precipitation fields over the tropics and four regional areas. As the simulated SSTs are nudged toward the observations, CAS-ESM2 well reproduces the mean annual values in column water vapor (CWV), vertical structure of specific humidity, and large-scale circulation. The nudged SST run also captures a wide range of the complex interactions between SST, precipitation, moisture, and large-scale circulations, as measured by the monthly relationships and bivariate probability distribution function. The biases in heavy precipitation associated with the CWV induced under moist conditions are decreased by applying the nudging technique. In particular, the nudging run performs better in reproducing the SST–precipitation covariability than the control and AMIP runs. However, CAS-ESM2 with nudged tropical SST simulates the degradation of strong ascending motions, which is similar to the AMIP runs and reflects the deviation of the atmospheric model. Our results confirm that the fully coupled run using the nudged SST is a method for improving the precipitation simulation across the tropical oceans. Significance Statement Understanding the sources of precipitation errors in Earth system models is challenging because of the complex error compensation and air–sea interaction. When the simulated SST is nudged toward observations, few studies have focused on the changes in both thermodynamic and dynamic processes via atmospheric large-scale circulation, moisture, and changes in the SST–precipitation relationship at the same time. Here, we carry out two CMIP6 historical experiments (a fully coupled control run and an SST-nudged run) and the atmosphere-only runs by using CAS-ESM2 from 1982 to 2015. Then, we validate and analyze the climatology of SST, precipitation, moisture, large-scale circulation, and their complex interactions over the tropical oceans and different regional areas. The fully coupled nudged-SST run outperforms the fully free coupled run in reproducing the climatology and complex interactions between SST, precipitation, moisture, and large-scale circulations across the tropics. Moreover, the biases in the SST–precipitation covariability are significantly alleviated in the nudging experiments. We confirmed that the SST nudging method is a potential way to improve precipitation simulation in CAS-ESM2.

Effect of running exercise training on inflammatory mediators and cytokines expression in testicular tissue; effect of exercise intensity

The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of running exercise training protocols (ETPs) with varying intensities on inflammatory responses, with a specific focus on the interactions between inflammatory mediators, cytokines, and Leydig cell steroidogenic activity, as well as testosterone secretion. To this end, 24 Wistar rats were subdivided into sedentary control, low (LICT), moderate (MICT), and high (HICT) intensity continuous running ETP groups. After 8 weeks, the expression levels of Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-KB), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and the testicular nitric oxide (NO) content were assessed and compared between groups. Moreover, the mean distributions of Leydig cells/mm2 of interstitial connective tissue, their steroidogenic activity, and serum level of testosterone were assessed. The LICT did not show any significant (p > 0.05) change in the expression levels of all aforementioned biomarkers. In contrast, both the MICT and HICT groups demonstrated a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the expression levels of TLR-4, NFK-B, IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, and COX-2 at both the mRNA and protein levels. The testicular NO has increased in HICT and MICT groups. Despite a decrease in the distribution of Leydig cells in both the MICT and HICT groups, the HICT group exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in Leydig cell steroidogenic activity and serum testosterone levels. In conclusion, our findings revealed that ETPs can influence Leydig cell steroidogenic activity and testosterone secretion, contingent on their intensity. These effects are attributed to alterations in the expression levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines.

Extreme heat wave sampling and prediction with analog Markov chain and comparisons with deep learning

Abstract We present a data-driven emulator, a stochastic weather generator (SWG), suitable for estimating probabilities of prolonged heat waves in France and Scandinavia. This emulator is based on the method of analogs of circulation to which we add temperature and soil moisture as predictor fields. We train the emulator on an intermediate complexity climate model run and show that it is capable of predicting conditional probabilities (forecasting) of heat waves out of sample. Special attention is payed that this prediction is evaluated using a proper score appropriate for rare events. To accelerate the computation of analogs, dimensionality reduction techniques are applied and the performance is evaluated. The probabilistic prediction achieved with SWG is compared with the one achieved with a convolutional neural network (CNN). With the availability of hundreds of years of training data, CNNs perform better at the task of probabilistic prediction. In addition, we show that the SWG emulator trained on 80 years of data is capable of estimating extreme return times of order of thousands of years for heat waves longer than several days more precisely than the fit based on generalized extreme value distribution. Finally, the quality of its synthetic extreme teleconnection patterns obtained with SWG is studied. We showcase two examples of such synthetic teleconnection patterns for heat waves in France and Scandinavia that compare favorably to the very long climate model control run.

The impact of ENSO and NAO initial conditions and anomalies on the modeled response to Pinatubo-sized volcanic forcing

Abstract. Strong, strato-volcanic eruptions are a substantial, intermittent source of natural climate variability. Initial atmospheric and oceanic conditions, such as El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), also naturally impact climate on interannual timescales. We examine how initial conditions of ENSO and NAO contribute to the evolution of climate in the period following a Pinatubo-type eruption using a large (81-member) ensemble of model simulations in GISS model E2.1-G. Simulations are initialized from sampled conditions of ENSO and NAO using the protocol of the coordinated CMIP6 Volcanic Model Intercomparison Project (VolMIP) – where aerosols are forced with respect to time, latitude, and height. We analyze paired anomalous variations (perturbed – control) to understand changes in global and regional climate responses under positive, negative, and neutral ENSO and NAO conditions. In particular, we find that for paired anomalies there is a high probability of strong (∼1.5 ∘C) warming of northern Eurasia surface air temperature in the first winter after the volcanic eruption for negative NAO ensembles coincident with decreased lower stratospheric temperature at the poles, decreased geopotential height, and strengthening of the stratospheric polar vortex. Climate anomalies (relative to average conditions across the control period), however, show no mean warming and suggest that the strength of this response is impacted by conditions present in the selected period of the control run. Again using paired anomalies, we also observe that under both +ENSO and −ENSO ensembles sea surface temperature decreases in the first post-eruptive boreal winter coinciding with surface cooling from volcanic aerosols. Neutral ENSO ensembles, on the other hand, show variability in their response with no clear trend in post-eruptive warming or cooling. In general, paired anomalies from unperturbed simulations give insight into the evolution of the climate response to volcanic forcing; however, when compared with anomalies from climatological conditions, it is clear that paired anomalies are significantly affected by sampled initial conditions occurring at the time of the volcanic eruption.

MIROC6 Large Ensemble (MIROC6-LE): experimental design and initial analyses

Abstract. Single model initial-condition large ensembles (LEs) are a useful approach to understand the roles of forced responses and internal variability in historical and future climate change. Here, we produce one of the largest ensembles thus far using the MIROC6 coupled atmosphere–ocean global climate model (MIROC6-LE). The total experimental period of MIROC6-LE is longer than 76 000 years. MIROC6-LE consists of a long preindustrial control run, 50-member historical simulations, 8 single forcing historical experiments with 10 or 50 members, 5 future scenario experiments with 50 members and 3 single forcing future experiments with 50 members. Here, we describe the experimental design. The output data of most of the experiments are freely available to the public. This dataset would be useful to a wide range of research communities. We also demonstrate some examples of initial analyses. Specifically, we confirm that the linear additivity of the forcing-response relationship holds for the 1850–2020 trends of the annual mean values and extreme indices of surface air temperature and precipitation by analyzing historical fully forced runs and the sum of single forced historical runs. To isolate historical anthropogenic signals of annual mean and extreme temperature for 2000–2020 relative to 1850–1900, ensemble sizes of 4 and 15, respectively, are sufficient in most of the world. Historical anthropogenic signals of annual mean and extreme precipitation are significant with the 50-member ensembles in 76 % and 69 % of the world, respectively. Fourteen members are sufficient to examine differences in changes in annual mean values and extreme indices of temperature and precipitation between the shared socioeconomic pathways (ssp), ssp585 and ssp126, in most of the world. Ensembles larger than 50 members are desirable for investigations of differences in annual mean and extreme precipitation changes between ssp126 and ssp119. Historical and future changes in internal variability, represented by departures from the ensemble mean, are analyzed with a focus on the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and global annual mean temperature and precipitation. An ensemble size of 31 is large enough to detect ENSO intensification from preindustrial conditions to 1951–2000, from 1951–2000 to 2051–2100 in all future experiments, and from low- to high-emission future scenario experiments. The single forcing historical experiments with 27 members can isolate ENSO intensification due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas and aerosol forcings. Future changes in the global mean temperature variability are discernible with 23 members under all future experiments, while 50 members are not sufficient for detecting changes in the global mean precipitation variability in ssp119 and ssp126. We also confirm that these temperature and precipitation variabilities are not precisely analyzed when detrended anomalies from the long-term averages are used due to interannual climate responses to the historical natural forcing, which highlights the importance of large ensembles for assessing internal variability.

An observing system experiment framework for the tropical Indian Ocean salinity: A case study using a constellation of three satellites

In this study impact of assimilating Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) from multi-satellites (SMOS, Aquarius and SMAP) on numerical ocean model simulations in the north Indian Ocean has been analysed under the observing system experiment (OSE) framework. Daily data sets of Aquarius, SMAP and SMOS, which were available for a common period of April–May 2015, are used to constrain the ocean model using ensemble optimal interpolation technique. Apart from the control simulation in which satellite data were not assimilated, a total of seven assimilation experiments using different combinations of satellite SSS were conducted. The impact of assimilation experiments is analysed by comparing the model-simulated variables with in situ observations. Assimilating satellite SSS results in a reduction in Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) in SSS (∼ 54%) and also in subsurface salinity (∼ 21%) over the control run. The impact of assimilating SMAP observations is maximum on model simulations with the errors reducing by ∼ 54%. Subsurface salinity improvement is better with three satellites with ∼31% improvement in RMSE in the halocline region, which was ∼11% more than single satellite assimilation. Assimilation of SSS also resulted in improved simulations of the model surface, subsurface temperature and mixed layer depth. Model results show the ability of SSS observations to complement other ocean observation networks. One important observation from this study is that while the impact of assimilating SSS observations from a single satellite was on par with the impact of assimilating SSS observations from two or three satellites in correcting simulated surface salinity, assimilation from more than one satellite had a larger impact in the salinity of deeper layers of the ocean.

Antidepressant properties of voluntary exercise mediated by gut microbiota.

Although regular exercise has been reported to prevent depression, it has not been clarified whether the gut microbiota is involved in the factors that prevent depression through exercise. We investigated the effects of voluntary exercise on the gut microbiota and the prevention of depression-like behaviors using mice. C57BL/6J male mice were subjected to 10 weeks of sedentary control or wheel running, then they were subjected to social defeat stress (SDS). Exercise attenuated that sucrose drinking was decreased by SDS treatment. Exercise increased the expression of Bdnf and decreased expression of Zo-1 and Claudin5 in the brain. Fecal Turicibacter, Allobaculum, and Clostridium sensu stricto, and propionate in the cecum were decreased by the exercise. Voluntary exercise-induced antidepressant properties might be partially caused by suppression of serotonin uptake into gut microbiota and increase the permeability of the blood-brain barrier via reduced propionate production.

Assimilation of POLDER observations to estimate aerosol emissions

Abstract. We apply a local ensemble transform Kalman smoother (LETKS) in combination with the global aerosol–climate model ECHAM–HAM to estimate aerosol emissions from POLDER-3/PARASOL (POLarization and Directionality of the Earth's Reflectances) observations for the year 2006. We assimilate aerosol optical depth at 550 mnm (AOD550), the Ångström exponent at 550 and 865 nm (AE550–865), and single-scattering albedo at 550 nm (SSA550) in order to improve modeled aerosol mass, size and absorption simultaneously. The new global aerosol emissions increase to 1419 Tg yr−1 (+28 %) for dust, 1850 Tg yr−1 (+75 %) for sea salt, 215 Tg yr−1 (+143 %) for organic aerosol and 13.3 Tg yr−1 (+75 %) for black carbon, while the sulfur dioxide emissions increase to 198 Tg yr−1 (+42 %) and the total deposition of sulfates to 293 Tg yr−1 (+39 %). Organic and black carbon emissions are much higher than their prior values from bottom-up inventories, with a stronger increase in biomass burning sources (+193 % and +90 %) than in anthropogenic sources (115 % and 70 %). The evaluation of the experiments with POLDER (assimilated) and AERONET as well as MODIS Dark Target (independent) observations shows a clear improvement compared with the ECHAM–HAM control run. Specifically based on AERONET, the global mean error in AOD550 improves from −0.094 to −0.006, while absorption aerosol optical depth at 550 nm (AAOD550) improves from −0.009 to −0.004 after the assimilation. A smaller improvement is also observed in the AE550–865 mean absolute error (from 0.428 to 0.393), with a considerably higher improvement over isolated island sites at the ocean. The new dust emissions are closer to the ensemble median of AEROCOM I, AEROCOM III and CMIP5 as well as some of the previous assimilation studies. The new sea salt emissions have become closer to the reported emissions from previous studies. Indications of a missing fraction of coarse dust and sea salt particles are discussed. The biomass burning changes (based on POLDER) can be used as alternative biomass burning scaling factors for the Global Fire Assimilation System (GFAS) inventory distinctively estimated for organic carbon (2.93) and black carbon (1.90) instead of the recommended scaling of 3.4 (Kaiser et al., 2012). The estimated emissions are highly sensitive to the relative humidity due to aerosol water uptake, especially in the case of sulfates. We found that ECHAM–HAM, like most of the global climate models (GCMs) that participated in AEROCOM and CMIP6, overestimated the relative humidity compared with ERA5 and as a result the water uptake by aerosols, assuming the kappa values are not underestimated. If we use the ERA5 relative humidity, sulfate emissions must be further increased, as modeled sulfate AOD is lowered. Specifically, over East Asia, the lower AOD can be attributed to the underestimated precipitation and the lack of simulated nitrates in the model.

Addressing the quantification of meteorological uncertainties in the atmospheric transport simulations of the 133Xe industrial background

The French National Data Center (NDC) uses an automated simulation of the 133Xe worldwide atmospheric background as one of the means to categorize the radionuclide measurements of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) International Monitoring System (IMS). These simulations take into account 133Xe releases from the known or assumed major industrial emitters in the world and global-scale meteorological data. However, a quantification of the simulation uncertainties in this operational set up is yet to be addressed. This work discusses the benefits of meteorological ensemble data as available from National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) for that purpose. For this study, the daily dispersion of releases from the Institute for Radio Elements (IRE), a medical isotope production facility located in Fleurus (Belgium), was calculated over one year with emissions measured in-site and ensemble meteorological data. The ensemble contains 31 members, which resulted in as many predictions of activity concentration for any given time and place. The resulting distribution statistics (mean, median and spread), and the control run, were confronted to the deterministic run and to measurements at one IMS-like station near Paris (France) and one IMS station in Freiburg (Germany). Overall, the ensemble results have decreased the simulation performance, as expected given the use of meteorological analyses only. However, contrasting patterns were found with a detailed analysis of daily activity concentration over two one-month-and-a-half periods. Noticeably, outlier results were found to carry the best forecast in some significant detections, proving their relevance for the measurement categorization, despite their isolated character. Importantly, the ensemble has allowed the quantification of meteorological uncertainties, which was beneficial in all cases. It either has improved the confidence of IMS data categorization or has pointed to low confidence predictions. A criterion to identify the latter is suggested, based on information provided by the ensemble distributions. In addition, maps of probability of detections and of relative spread are suggested to show additional benefits of ensemble meteorology.

Sensitivity of Pyrocumulus Convection to Tree Mortality During the 2020 Creek Fire in California

AbstractThis study investigated the sensitivity of pyrocumulonimbus (PyroCb) induced by the California Creek fire of 2020 to the amount and type of surface fuels, within the WRF‐SFIRE modeling system. Satellite data were used to derive fire arrival times to constrain fire progression, and to augment the fuel characterization with better estimates of combustible vegetation accounting for tree mortality. Machine learning was employed to classify standing dead vegetation from aerial imagery, which was then added as a custom fuel class along with the standard Anderson fuel categories. Simulations using this new fuel class produced a larger and more vigorous PyroCb than the control run, however, still under‐predicted the cloud top. Additional augmentation of fuel mass to represent the accumulation of dead vegetation on the forest floor further improved the simulations, demonstrating the efficacy of representing both dead standing and fallen vegetation to produce more realistic PyroCb and smoke simulations.

Coupled weather-biosphere model (WRF-VPRM) response to extreme land cover scenarios over Ganga basin: a cross-component analysis

Deforestation can have both biophysical and biochemical effects. In our study we evaluate the impacts of extreme idealized land cover scenarios over Ganga basin, India using an online coupled weather-biosphere model. We present an analysis of the carbon stored, based on introduced afforestation (AFF) and deforestation (DEF) in the Ganga basin of India. WRF-VPRM model simulations were carried out at horizontal resolution of 20 km using optimized downscaling configuration. For DEF case, we found two-fold increase in surface temperatures whereas, AFF scenario exhibited cooling effect. The average carbon sequestration capability for AFF was 0.3 g C m−2 day−1 more than control run (CTL). The CTL simulations exhibited carbon sequestration capability of −0.15 g C m−2 day−1 which for a year accounts for around 59.3 Mt C yr−1. AFF scenario showed relative increase in net sequestration compared to DEF scenario. Most importantly, the model simulations showed that the croplandscan increase net carbon sequestration rather than just deciduous forest type. Our study highlights the possible effects of land use management practices on atmospheric CO2 variability.

Investigation on influence of RCP-based climate scenarios on the hydrodynamic and morphodynamic changes during extreme events

The hydrodynamics and morphodynamic changes induced by climate change is a serious threat to a coastal community, in which researches are scanty. This study describes how a tropical cyclone and its associated surge, wave and morphological changes would behave in future with persistently changing Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP)-based climate change scenarios. For the prediction of morphodynamics, to fully capture the tidal effects on waves and vice versa, TELEMAC-2D, TOMAWAC and SISYPHE modules are internally coupled with each other. In this study, we considered three scenarios of RCP (4.5, 6.0 and 8.5) in the Near-Future (2025–2045) and Far-Future (2065–2085). To endorse the efficacy of the model in coupled environment, the predicted wind speed, surface elevation and wave climate for an extreme event is compared with the field conditions. The result shows that, in RCP 6.0 and RCP 8.5 in far future, the effects of climate change in terms of maximum wind speed and maximum significant wave height increased in an order of to 10% to 15% and 9% to 14%, respectively. The effect of climate change scenarios in storm surge and current magnitudes does not follow any particular trend. The bed level changes for future scenarios (RCP 6.0 and RCP 8.5) in the area of assessment is doubled from the Control run. The numerical modeling results from this study conveys fresh visions about the effect of tropical cyclone on environmental parameters, in the present and future climate scenarios.

Sensitivity of seasonal circulation response to snow reduction in the Northern Hemisphere and Eurasia and its impact on Eurasian climate

In this study, we analyze the impact of reduced snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere on the atmosphere and if the atmospheric response depends on the model resolution. We use the atmospheric component of the global climate model EC-Earth and perform three experiments: in the first experiment, we reduce the snow cover in the entire Northern Hemisphere by reducing the snow albedo to a constant value of 0.3, in the second experiment, we reduce the snow albedo only over Eurasia, and the third experiment is the control run using normal snow conditions. All experiments are integrated over the period 1980–2015 at standard resolution (~ 80 km) and high resolution (~ 40 km). Experiments comprise 11 and 5 ensemble members at standard resolution and high resolution, respectively. Reducing the snow albedo in the Northern Hemisphere leads to 5–10% snow cover reduction in winter and spring. Significant warm responses are found over northern Eurasia in spring and summer with a warm response reaching 3 °C. Similar but weaker warm temperature responses are found in the middle and upper troposphere (up to 2 °C) and reversed temperature responses in the stratosphere (up to – 2 °C), particularly over eastern Eurasia. This is closely associated with westerly jet flow response which is enhanced at high-latitude and weakened at low-latitude in winter and spring over eastern Eurasia. Reduced snow cover leads to warmer surface temperatures that accelerate snow-melting and further lead to different snow-hydrological responses in western and eastern Eurasia and more precipitation occurs over eastern Eurasia (increasing 10–20%), particularly in the Siberian region. When the snow albedo is reduced only in the Eurasian sector, the surface response pattern resembles the results of the Northern Hemisphere experiment. The warm response is slightly weakened about 0.25–0.5 °C over Eurasia and significantly weakened outside of Eurasia. However, the upper air circulation response is much less pronounced over Eurasia. The impact of resolution on the mean surface field response is small yet it is more pronounced on the large-scale circulation response, particularly in spring and winter.

P-164 Promoting embryo plating and outgrowth with extracellular vesicles

Abstract Study question Can extracellular vesicles promote embryo plating and improve embryo outgrowth? Summary answer The addition of extracellular vesicles to the media and the use of assisted hatching can promote embryo plating and outgrowth. What is known already Effective and synchronous embryo-maternal crosstalk is required for proper implantation of the embryo into the receptive endometrium. Extracellular vesicles (EV) are imperative in embryo-maternal crosstalk and successful implantation (Das and Kale, 2020). Nowadays, embryo implantation still has some unexplainable and unsolvable issues which further leads to implantation failure in the field of reproductive medicine research which may result from the lacking of the EV between the endometrium and the embryo communication. Study design, size, duration Total 35 mice with total 176 embryos were utilised. Each run, embryos were cultured to blastocyst stage, total 4 experiment run and 3 control run were conducted. The embryo cell culture was performed on the 96-well cell culture plate coated with matrigel and treated with cleavage media and extracellular vesicles additive. Each run, the size of the embryo outgrowth area were recorded and measured every 24 hours for 4 consecutive days. Participants/materials, setting, methods We performed 4 types of assisting hatching (AH) to the embryo: 25%AH, 50%AH, single shot AH (1AH) and with an embryo hatching control (without AH performed) then cultured in 4 different culture treatments: 10% foetal bovine serum (FCS) as culture control and 3 different extracellular vesicles concentrations: 0%EV, 2.5%EV, 5.0%EV. The outgrowth area of plated embryos were measured. The significance in outgrowth size at 4 different time point was estimated by repeated 2-way ANOVA. Main results and the role of chance Results are divided based on the treatment and the assisted hatching type, 2.5%EV media additive resulted in significantly larger outgrowth areas at 96 hours post plating (p = 0.0463) which proves that with the addition of the extracellular vesicles in the culturing can promote the embryo outgrowth. And within 4 AH types, all showed significantly larger outgrowth at 96 hours post plating (a.p = 0.0009, b.p&amp;lt;0.0001, c.p&amp;lt;0.0001, d.p&amp;lt;0.0001) which prove that with the use of assisting hatching to the embryo can improve the embryo outgrowth. Limitations, reasons for caution Experiment limitation appeared in the embryo orientation, where we could not control the embryo direction when it plated to the matrigel which affected the outgrowth direction, some of our embryo’s outgrowth showed vertical growth rather horizontal growth, which resulted a small outgrowth area when we were measuring it. Wider implications of the findings 5.0%EV had poorer outcome in the outgrowth. 50% zona breaching caused embryo death. Therefore, further studies can look into finding the most suitable EV and AH for the embryo and look into adding EV to the transfer media in murine model to assess implantation. Trial registration number not applicable

Influence of Land–Atmosphere Coupling on Low Temperature Extremes Over Southern Eurasia

AbstractLand–atmosphere coupling is a crucial factor influencing extreme weather and climate. Based on the ERA5‐Land reanalysis data set and sensitivity experiments with the CESM1.2.2 model, this study investigated the possible impacts of land–atmosphere coupling on low temperature extremes (LTEs) during fall and winter over southern Eurasia (SEA). The results suggested that LTEs show evident interdecadal variations in recent 60 years (1958–2017) and exhibit significant positive correlations with soil moisture anomalies based on the ERA5‐Land data set. Numerical simulations (the control run and sensitivity run with prescribed climatological soil moisture) isolated the effects of soil moisture‐related land surface processes and demonstrated that land–atmosphere coupling explains around 70% of temperature variability, increases the near‐surface air temperature by 0.81 K, and favors the reduction of LTEs by 8.20 d·yr−1. In the perturbation scenarios, the impacts of coupling on the frequency and spatial coverage of LTEs are more prominent. Further analysis revealed that the thermal cooling anomalies induced by the coupling could alter the atmospheric circulation, thereby affecting the frequency and intensity of LTEs. When the land–atmosphere interactions are weakened, the surface latent heat flux increases accompanied by intense evapotranspiration, while the sensible heat flux and net infrared radiation decrease. Land surface cooling is apparent, and it weakens with increasing altitude, along with geopotential height anomalies that are positive in the lower troposphere and weaker at higher altitudes. The northeasterly wind anomalies over the East European Plain facilitate the development of cold advection, providing a favorable circulation background for the generation of LTEs over SEA.

Continuous ethanol production via ultrasound-enhanced yeast sedimentation

Continuous glucose fermentation produces bioethanol at higher volumetric rates than conventional batch or fed-batch systems. The retention of yeast cells via ultrasonic sedimentation in a lab-scale fermenter allowed for shearless, continuous cell upconcentration, and consequently process intensification. The cell separation efficiency of the ultrasonic system was predicted with a Response Surface Model (RSM) developed for yeast cells based on the linear, mixed, and quadratic effects of the operating variables and flow rates (3 levels, 5 variables). The experiments for the RSM calibration were designed via a central composite design. The efficiency model was validated and showed dependency to the Biomass concentration, Power input, and Harvest rate (R2calibration = 0.92, R2prediction = 0.83). A lab-scale fermenter fed with yeast growth medium was operated at varying dilution rates (0.1 – 0.6 h−1) based on the RSM to maximize the cell retention efficiency (23%−90%). Yeast cell concentration in the fermenter reached up to 31.5 ± 0.7 g/L while it remained at around 3 g/L in the harvest stream for all the dilution rates tested. The ethanol concentration ranged between 17 and 23 g/L and reached high volumetric productivity (8.8 g/L/h). A control run without ultrasonic sedimentation led to the washout of biomass at a dilution rate of 0.6 h−1. Ultrasonic yeast sedimentation is a promising technology for cell retention and enhanced productivity in continuous fermentation processes.

Commissioning and Operation of the Upgraded Belle II DAQ System With PCI-Express-Based High-Speed Readout

The Belle II experiment and the SuperKEKB collider are designed to operate under a higher luminosity compared to that of Belle for the improvement on rare <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">B</i> meson decay study and new physics search. In order to break the bottleneck of bandwidth and to improve the stability in the operation of the Belle II Data Acquisition (DAQ) system, a new PCI-Express-based readout system has been developed. The new system includes a PCI-Express-based high-speed readout board (PCIe40), which was originally developed for the upgrades of the LHCb and ALICE experiments, the PCIe40 firmware, the slow control and readout software running on a readout PC. The new readout system’s commissioning with most of the Belle II sub-detectors has been performed, and the readout upgrade is complete for the particle-identification detectors and the neutral kaon and muon detector in Belle II, which has been operating stably with the new system in the beam collision “Physics runs”. The results of the commissioning and the performance of the global DAQ operation will be reported.

ANALISIS PENGENDALIAN INTERNAL PENGELUARAN KAS DANA BANTUAN OPERASIONAL PENYELENGGARAAN (BOP) DI RA AN-NAJM BEKASI UTARA

The Operational Assistance Fund (BOP) is provided by the government for each school unit entity that meets the criteria. This program is provided by the government to improve the quality of school education, reduce the cost of non-personnel operational activities, as well as help ease the burden on underprivileged people who want to send their children to school. BOP fund management can be channeled well if fund managers in the internal control system run as well as possible. Internal control must protect school coffers and cash expenditure documents so that the objectives of BOP funding can be achieved by school units. The purpose of this study is to test and analyze whether the internal control of BOP fund cash expenditure running in An-Najm RA Bekasi-Utara has been effective or not. This type of research is a case study with the object of research Proof of Cash Out in the period 2018 and 2019. Data in this study were obtained by means of documentation, interviews, observations. The data analysis technique used is stop or go sampling. The results of this internal control analysis research show the authorization of cash expenditures, lack of completeness of documents, and incompatibility of information with other documents. In the data collection technique through interviews, it can be concluded that the internal control running in the An-Najm Bekasi-Utara RA has not been in accordance with COSO. The 5 components imposed by COSO have not been fulfilled by RA An-Najm North Bekasi.