Animal Disease Control Research Articles

Identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa From the Skin Ulcer Disease of Crocodile Lizards (Shinisaurus crocodilurus) and Probiotics as the Control Measure.

The crocodile lizard (Shinisaurus crocodilurus) is an endangered ancient reptile species. Captive breeding is an important conservation measure for the potential restoration and recovery of their wild populations. However, a skin ulcer disease caused by an unknown pathogen has become a serious threat to captive breeding individuals. In the current study, based on microbial isolation, we identified Pseudomonas aeruginosa as the dominant pathogen in skin ulcer disease. Chinese skinks (Plestiodon chinensis) were used to verify the pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa in skin ulcer disease in vivo. As expected, subcutaneous inoculation of P. aeruginosa induced skin disease in healthy skinks and P. aeruginosa was re-isolated from the induced skin ulcers. Therefore, P. aeruginosa, an opportunistic and ubiquitous pathogen that causes a wide range of infections, appears to be the main pathogen of the skin disease affecting crocodile lizards. In the aquaculture industry, probiotics are widely used in the prevention and control of animal diseases caused by such pathogens. Here, we administered probiotics to the breeding crocodile lizards for 6 months. The three experiment groups treated with different kinds of probiotics showed significance at controlling case incidence. Three of the four groups treated with probiotics showed significant disease prevention (Effective Microorganisms mixed probiotics P = 0.0374; Double-dose Effective Microorganisms, P = 0.0299; Bacillus subtilis, P = 0.0140, T-test), and CFUs in the water of the breeding enclosures were also inhibited after probiotics usage (P < 0.001, T-test). Our study demonstrated the role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in development of skin ulcer disease of crocodile lizards in a local zoo and offered the probiotic-based method for control measurements, which would be of benefit for the conservation of endangered reptiles.

The effects of simultaneous foot-and-mouth disease and Escherichia coli vaccination on the immunity of pregnant cows and their calves

Fighting against infectious diseases with almost 18 million cattle spread over a wide geographical area is troublesome economically and physically. The administration of different vaccines simultaneously during the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccination campaign will help reduce both the vaccine stress of animals and the field veterinarians’ workload. Diarrhea due to Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a significant problem and a major cause of mortality in calves, and thus, simultaneous application of FMD and E. coli vaccines to dams would prove efficient in field conditions. This study aimed to investigate the effect of simultaneous administration of four different locally produced gel and oil adjuvant inactivated E. coli vaccines with locally produced oil adjuvant inactivated FMD vaccine on neutralizing antibody levels and the properties of the antibodies in late-term pregnant dams and their calves. For this purpose, seven to eight-month-old pregnant dams (n = 146) were divided into two main groups to receive two doses (single and booster), or only single dose (no booster). FMD neutralizing antibody titers were evaluated by a virus neutralization test against serotype A, O, and Asia1. In addition, the properties of antibodies against serotype A were assessed by isotype and avidity ELISAs. E. coli antibodies were measured by the hemagglutination inhibition test. Results of the study revealed no safety problems in any dams after the vaccinations. On day 42, calves of the dams vaccinated simultaneously had higher neutralizing antibody titers against three serotypes than the calves of only FMD vaccinated dams. IgG1/IgG2 ratio was higher in single-dose groups than booster-dose groups against serotype A in calves. The avidity index was detected over the threshold value (24.5%). A positive correlation was found in the transmission of maternal antibodies from mothers to calves in simultaneous administration groups. In conclusion, during the FMD vaccine campaigns, FMD and E. coli vaccines can be simultaneously applied to dams in the 7th and 8th months of gestation. Results of this study has led to the inclusion of simultaneous application of FMD and E. coli vaccines in the ‘Animal Disease and Animal Movement Control Program-2018′ and these two vaccines have been applied in the field ever since as a solution for field veterinarians to save time and labor during vaccination.

Factors affecting the use of biosecurity measures for the protection of ruminant livestock and farm workers against infectious diseases in central South Africa.

Biosecurity measures have been introduced to limit economic losses and zoonotic exposures to humans by preventing and controlling animal diseases. However, they are implemented on individual farms with varying frequency. The goal of this study was to evaluate which biosecurity measures were used by farmers to prevent infectious diseases in ruminant livestock and to identify factors that influenced these decisions. We conducted a survey in 264 ruminant livestock farmers in a 40,000 km2 area in the Free State and Northern Cape provinces of South Africa. We used descriptive statistics, to characterize biosecurity measures and farm attributes, then multivariable binomial regression to assess the strength of the association between the attributes and the implementation of biosecurity measures including property fencing, separate equipment use on different species, separate rearing of species, isolation of sick animals, isolation of pregnant animals, quarantine of new animals, animal transport cleaning, vaccination, tick control and insect control. Ninety-nine percent of farmers reported using at least one of the 10 biosecurity measures investigated (median [M]: 6; range: 0-10). The most frequently used biosecurity measures were tick control (81%, 214 out of 264), vaccination (80%, 211 out of 264) and isolation of sick animals (72%, 190 out of 264). More biosecurity measures were used on farms with 65-282 animals (M: 6; odds ratio [OR]: 1.52) or farms with 283-12,030 animals (M: 7; OR: 1.87) than on farms with fewer than 65 animals (M: 4). Furthermore, farmers who kept two animal species (M: 7; OR: 1.41) or three or more species(M: 7) used more biosecurity measures than single-species operations (M: 4). Farmers with privately owned land used more biosecurity measures (M: 6; OR: 1.51) than those grazing their animals on communal land (M: 3.5). Farms that reported previous Rift Valley fever (RVF) outbreaks used more biosecurity measures (M: 7; OR: 1.25) compared with farms without RVF reports (M: 6) and those that purchased animals in the 12months prior to the survey (M: 7; OR: 1.19) compared with those that did not (M: 6). When introducing new animals into their herds (n = 122), most farmers used fewer biosecurity measures than they did for their existing herd: 34%(41 out of 122) used multiple biosecurity measures like those of vaccination, tick control, quarantine or antibiotic use, whereas 36%(44 out of 122) used only one and 30%(37 out of 122) used none. Certain farm features, primarily those related to size and commercialization, were associated with more frequent use of biosecurity measures. Given the variation in the application of biosecurity measures, more awareness and technical assistance are needed to support the implementation of a biosecurity management plan appropriate for the type of farm operation and available resources.

¿Debemos dejar de vacunar contra Fiebre Aftosa en Uruguay? Una encuesta nacional a veterinarios Autores/as

Veterinarians’ opinions are key to successfully implementing disease control programs. Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) has a significant economic impact due to animal production losses and trade restrictions. In 2010, PANAFTOSA defined a roadmap to FMD eradication in South America. Although Uruguay has implemented this plan by using mandatory vaccination since the last outbreak in 2001, vaccination restricts access to premium export markets. The objective of this study was to determine the perception of veterinarians involved in large animal disease control programs (accredited veterinarians) on a future FMD control stage without vaccination in Uruguay. Two hundred and fifty-six accredited veterinarians were surveyed between August and September 2018. Two strata were defined as follows: Stratum 1 (pre-FMD outbreak), veterinarians who enrolled in the University of the Republic in Uruguay before or in 2001 (N=708), and Stratum 2 (post-FMD outbreak) veterinarians who enrolled after 2001 (N=426). Data related to demographics, vaccination perceptions, and FMD experience were collected through online and phone interviews. Logistic regressions were used to determine the association between demographic variables, FMD-related risk perceptions, and the willingness to stop FMD vaccination. 41.7% (±&nbsp;4.2) and 29.4% (±&nbsp;4.2) of veterinarians, for strata 1 or 2, respectively, were willing to stop vaccination. Veterinarians’ geographical region of work influenced this perception. The northeast area being more likely to support stopping vaccination (46.3&nbsp;±&nbsp;5.8%) when compared to the South-center (39.2&nbsp;±&nbsp;4.9%) and West (25.3&nbsp;±&nbsp;5.0%). Accredited veterinarians are still hesitant to stop vaccination, presenting problems when implementing a non-vaccination stage.

Ветеринарно-санитарная оценка молочных продуктов из буйволиного и коровьего (голштинской породы) молока и пути улучшения их качества

The quality of food products of animal origin in their markets is controlled by veterinary specialists of veterinary and sanitary examination laboratories. Veterinary and sanitary examination laboratories are organized on the market in ¬ with the established procedure. They are part of a city or district animal disease control station, a district (interdistrict) veterinary laboratory. The main task of the laboratory is veterinary and sanitary examination of food products of animal and plant origin sold on the market, as well as the implementation of measures to prevent human diseases and the spread of infectious animal diseases through products. The quality of the products is monitored in accordance with current standards, rules and procedures. Veterinary specialists of laboratories are responsible for the correctness of the examination, the sanitary well-being and quality of food products allowed for sale, the implementation of measures to comply with sanitary conditions on the market. The article presents the results of scientific and economic experience on the use of vitamin-mineral mixture in the diets of dairy cows. As a result of feeding 100 g of vitamin and mineral supplements to dairy cows, the quality of milk improved. Install. It was found that feeding a complex mineral supplement to dairy cows contributed to an increase in daily milk yield. Milk obtained from Holstein cows and buffaloes was carried out in sanitary and hygienic conditions, which affects the acidity of milk and is of great importance in obtaining a fermented milk product — yogurt. The acidity of milk is one of the important qualitative indicators.

Talking about How to Improve Animal Disease Prevention and Control Ability and Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Management Measures

Talking about How to Improve Animal Disease Prevention and Control Ability and Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Management Measures

Stray Dogs and Public Health: Population Estimation in Punjab, India.

The overpopulation of stray dogs is a serious public health and animal welfare concern in India. Neglected zoonotic diseases such as rabies and echinococcosis are transmitted at the stray–dog human interface, particularly in low to middle-income countries. The current study was designed to estimate the stray dog populations in Punjab to enhance the implementation of animal birth and disease (for example, rabies vaccination) control programs. This is the first systematic estimation of the stray dog population using a recommended method (mark–re-sight) in Punjab, India. The study was conducted from August 2016 to November 2017 in selected villages or wards in Punjab. For the rural areas, 22 sub-districts in each district were randomly selected, then one village from each of the 22 selected sub-districts was selected (by convenience sampling). For urban areas, 3 towns (less than 100,000 human population) and 2 large cities (more than or equal to 100,000 human population) were randomly selected, followed by convenience selection of two wards from each of the 5 selected towns/cities. To estimate the dog population size, we used a modified mark–re-sight procedure and analysed counts using two methods; the Lincoln–Petersen formula with Chapman’s correction, and an application of Good–Turing theory (SuperDuplicates method; estimated per km2 and per 1000 adult humans and were compared between localities (villages vs. towns), dog sex (male vs. female) and age group (young vs. adult) using linear mixed models with district as a random effect. The predicted mean (95% CI) count of the dogs per village or ward were extrapolated to estimate the number of stray dogs in Punjab based on (a) the number of villages and wards in the state; (b) the adult human population of the state and (c) the built-up area of the state. Median stray dog populations per village and per ward using the Lincoln–Petersen formula with Chapman’s correction were estimated to be 33 and 65 dogs, respectively. Higher estimates of 61 per village and 112 per ward are reported using the SuperDuplicates method. The number of males was significantly higher than the number of females and the number of adult dogs was about three times the number of young dogs. Based on different methods, estimates of the mean stray dog population in the state of Punjab ranged from 519,000 to 1,569,000. The current study revealed that there are a substantial number of stray dogs and a high number reside in rural (versus urban) areas in Punjab. The estimated stray dog numbers pose a potential public health hazard in Punjab. This impact requires assessment. The estimated stray dog numbers will help develop a dog population and rabies control program in which information about the logistics required as well as costs of implementing such programmes in Punjab can be incorporated.

Epizootic situation with invasive diseases in Kursk region

The article analyzes the data for five years, from 2017 to 2021, the most common invasive diseases of agricultural and domestic animals. It was noted that in cattle, the extensiveness of infestation for fasciolosis decreased from 4.5% to only 0.5%, for dictyocaulosis from 2.9% to 0.2%, while strongylatosis became more frequent by 0.7% and trichocephalus by 1.2%. It was found that in small ru-minants dictyocausalosis occurred less frequently than in cattle. The rate of inva-sion by fasciolosis was decreased by 4%, by strongylosis - by 0,1%, the rate of trichocephalosis decreased from 1,9% to 0,2%. The incidence of ascariasis among pigs decreased from 0.55% to 0.2%, esophagostomosis from 0.2% to 0.1%. Among horses a marked decrease in the extensiveness of invasion by parascarido-sis from 8.7% to 8.3% is noted. The extensiveness of invasion of dogs has been determined as for dirofilariosis during five years it decreased from 3% to 0.9%, for toxocariasis and trichocephalosis from 61.7% to 15.7% and for pyroplasmosis it became more frequent by 26.1%. The region has established close work between the veterinary service and scientists of the Department of Veterinary Medicine, and courses are held annually to im-prove the skills of livestock workers. A system for monitoring and prophylaxis of carnivore dyrofilariosis has been developed jointly. The system offers routine, tar-geted monitoring of canine blood tests for dirofilariasis in the amount of at least 200 samples per year per subject. On a monthly basis, animal disease control sta-tions and inter-district veterinary laboratories submit information to the rehabilita-tion unit on the number of dogs inspected and found to be infected, with the names and addresses of their owners. The results are used to eliminate the source of infes-tation by microfilarial treatment of identified infested animals.

Metagenomic sequencing for detection and identification of the boxwood blight pathogen Calonectria pseudonaviculata

Pathogen detection and identification are key elements in outbreak control of human, animal, and plant diseases. Since many fungal plant pathogens cause similar symptoms, are difficult to distinguish morphologically, and grow slowly in culture, culture-independent, sequence-based diagnostic methods are desirable. Whole genome metagenomic sequencing has emerged as a promising technique because it can potentially detect any pathogen without culturing and without the need for pathogen-specific probes. However, efficient DNA extraction protocols, computational tools, and sequence databases are required. Here we applied metagenomic sequencing with the Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION to the detection of the fungus Calonectria pseudonaviculata, the causal agent of boxwood (Buxus spp.) blight disease. Two DNA extraction protocols, several DNA purification kits, and various computational tools were tested. All DNA extraction methods and purification kits provided sufficient quantity and quality of DNA. Several bioinformatics tools for taxonomic identification were found suitable to assign sequencing reads to the pathogen with an extremely low false positive rate. Over 9% of total reads were identified as C. pseudonaviculata in a severely diseased sample and identification at strain-level resolution was approached as the number of sequencing reads was increased. We discuss how metagenomic sequencing could be implemented in routine plant disease diagnostics.

Spatiotemporal analysis of reported classical swine fever outbreaks in China (2005-2018) and the influence of weather.

Classical swine fever (CSF) is a viral disease that causes enormous economic losses in the swine industry in endemic countries including China. The aims of the current study were to describe the spatial distribution of annual CSF reports in China from 2005 to 2018, identify spatiotemporal clusters of annual CSF reports during this time period and to investigate the correlations between climate factors (rainfall, wind speed, temperature, vapour pressure and relative humidity) and the occurrence of CSF outbreaks. The strongest (Moran's index>0.19), significant (p<.05) spatial clustering of reported outbreaks was observed during the first 4 years of the study period. This clustering was apparent in the four southern provinces of Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan. Five of the six significant (p≤.0001) spatiotemporal clusters occurred during the period 2005-2012. These were widely dispersed, with four clusters persisting for only 1 or 2 years, whereas two clusters (Jiangxi and Yunnan) persisted for 8 and 7 years, respectively. As a result of implementation of a national animal disease control plan and increasing coverage of vaccination, CSF outbreaks in China have generally been controlled and reduced, becoming sporadic in most provinces by 2018. We also confirmed that low relative humidity and high wind speed were significant weather variables associated with the occurrence of CSF. Furthermore, our study has confirmed that CSF is still endemic in some Chinese provinces, and we recommend that the national CSF control protocol be updated and standardized.

COVID‐19 and the animals

AbstractCOVID‐19 has brought the human world to crisis. This work examines how nonhuman animals are also connected to the pandemic in three ways that emerged early in the crisis. First, COVID‐19 is a zoonotic disease that reached humans via nonhuman animal hosts. Animal geographers and others cast light on the spread and control of animal diseases and on the “almost animal,” including the microorganism. Second, the outbreak is understood to have transferred to humans in a market selling live animals in Wuhan, China. Disputes over the source of the outbreak signal the complexity that characterises the commodification of animals. Third, social restrictions have seen city streets empty of people. In the ensuing quiet, unexpected animals have entered cities or begun to behave differently. The arrivals, and the wonder they have sparked among people, raise questions about who and what is deemed to belong in the city. This commentary aims to unpack how geographers and those in related fields might turn to the animals to analyse and respond to the pandemic and other disasters. Through these three case studies, I find that the lives of human and nonhuman animals are deeply connected, and yet relations are characterised by separation and objectification. I argue for further relational and political work to more deeply understand connections and their implications.

Model of COVID-19 Surveillance System for a Community-industry Setting

Abstract This study aimed to design and test a COVID-19 surveillance system model for community-industry population. A prospective cohort study was conducted from May to December, 2020. Researchers designed a COVID-19 surveillance system and presented it to stakeholders from the community-industry setting in Lamphun and Chiang Mai provinces, Thailand. The model was adjusted following feedback and tested. The model was an Active surveillance for early Alert and rapid Action using Big data and mobile phone application technology for a Community-industry setting (3ABC model). The major components were active surveillance, community-based surveillance, event-based surveillance, and early warning and rapid response. A drive-thru testing unit was operated to enable early detection. Alerts and recommended action on individual and administrative levels were sent via an application and networks. In the testing of the model, risk assessment was initially conducted with regard to COVID-19 transmission in the factories. Researchers provided recommendations based on findings. The improvements included human resource management, systems, and structure. The 3ABC model work well as designed. The participants actively reported events daily including prevention and control activities, animal diseases (foot-and-mouth disease in buffalos and hog cholera), human diseases (dengue and chikungunya), and absent of COVID-19 outbreak. Only five quarantined COVID-19 cases whom were monitored. Daily reports of no abnormal event was also high (70.2% to 71.1%). It is practical and feasible to implement the 3ABC model in a community-industry setting. A further study for a longer period to verify its level of effectiveness should be done. Keywords: Infectious disease, Epidemic model, Surveillance, Mobile application, Model evaluation

Performance, proficiency, and training need of para-vets in the four states of India

In constrained availability of veterinarians and paramount study on the effectiveness of para-veterinary services, assessing the ability of these personnel vis-à-vis role proficiency and performance from stakeholder's perspective could act as impetus in reforming the animal healthcare and animal husbandry extension delivery system in India. The present study was conducted in four districts of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan respectively. A total of 380 respondents were surveyed, comprising of 160 dairy farmers, 160 para-vets, and 60 veterinarians. Two indices namely, Role Performance Index and Role Proficiency Index were exclusively designed. Based upon the responses, the training need of para-vets were analyzed from the perspective of veterinarians. Accountability for reporting for vaccine failure to higher authority, on-spot health hazard reduction by consulting vets in the uncommon situation and, dissemination of new tools and techniques to farmers (eg. CMT toolkit) were found low by 93.12, 86.62, 91.25% para-vets respectively. Nearly half of para-vets rated their proficiency in the medium category on the role proficiency index, followed by 36.25% in the low category towards the assessed roles. Veterinarians perceived high training needs for quarantine measures (93.33%), fodder production and silage making (88.34%), latest trends in animal breeding, feeding and reproductive management (91.67%), awareness about principles of animal management and disease control (83.34%), sufficient information about rapid test kits (73.33%), and knowledge about new technologies in Animal Husbandry evolved by research institutions (86.67%). Paraveterinary services were most skillful in Hisar district, followed by Jaipur and Ahmadnagar district, and least proficient in Mathura district.

Data collection for risk assessments on animal health: review protocol 2021

In 2014, EFSA received a mandate from the European Commission (EC) to assess the risk and consequences of introduction of new vector-borne diseases (VBDs), and to determine if further measures were needed. To support the work, a comprehensive and systematic extraction of data from the literature was conducted, covering 36 VBDs in 18 host mammalian species. Regular updates of this corpus of scientific evidence are needed to support risk assessments. The foundation set by the previous rounds of literature review for VBDs can be reused to provide efficient and reliable collection of scientific evidence to support EFSA needs in various areas of knowledge. EFSA has been requested to provide support to the EC via scientific opinions that would form the basis for the production of amending and implementing acts supporting Regulation 2016/429 (of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2016 on transmissible animal diseases and amending and repealing certain acts in the area of animal health – the “Animal Health Law”), which lays down rules for the prevention and control of animal diseases which are transmissible to animals or to humans. To support EFSA in keeping the available VBD knowledge as an up-to-date source of information for risk assessors, and in providing scientific opinions in matters related to Regulation 2016/429, the methodology for literature review has been further consolidated in seven specific areas of knowledge: experimental infections, pathogen survival, diagnostic tests performance, vaccines, preventive and curative treatments, vector treatments and geographical distribution. This document details the review protocol to update the available knowledge about the 36 VBDs within those seven areas since the last systematic literature reviews were carried out in 2017; as well as extend them to the terrestrial animals category A diseases in the “Animal Health Law”.

Bifurcation analysis of a sheep brucellosis model with testing and saturated culling rate.

Testing-culling is a very effective measure for the prevention and control of animal diseases. In this paper, based on sheep brucellosis control policies and animal testing characteristics and considering the limitation of culling resources, a dynamic model is established to study the impact of testing-culling measure. Theoretical analysis reveals that the model may have one or three positive equilibria. The equilibrium in the middle is always unstable, and the model shows saddle-node bifurcation, generalized Hopf bifurcation and Bogdanov-Takens bifurcation. Moreover, the theoretical results are verified via numerical analysis. These results reveal that testing and culling strategies can induce complex transmission dynamics that can help us develop appropriate prevention and control measures for animal brucellosis.

Influence of Copper and Zinc Nanoparticles on Genotyping Characterizations of Multi-Drug Resistance Genes for Some Calf Pathogens

Nowadays there is a worldwide problem in the control of animal diseases due to the multidrug resistance of pathogens. Fecal samples, pharyngeal swabs, and rations were examined for cases of respiratory and diarrhea infections in calves. The most predominant species were A. flavus and E. coli pathogens. The drug-resistance against A. flavus and E. coli was tested. Nanotechnology was used and evaluated to overcome the drug resistance to conventional drugs. Herein, ZnONPs and CuNPs were used instead of commercial antibiotics against A. flavus and E. coli pathogens. They suppressed the growth and viability of A. flavus and E. coli sp., and the MIC was (600μg/mL). In addition, the molecular detection of virulent genes such as A. flavus (aflR) and E. coli (stx1) confirmed their conventional identification. In addition, the isolates were PCR tested for multidrug resistance (MDR) genes using primers for the Azole resistance gene (CYP51) in A. flavus and ampicillin resistance gene (CITM) in E. coli. The treated isolates with ZnONPs and CuNPs at high doses, 600μg/mL and 150μg/mL, eliminated the signals of DNA bands of MDR genes, respectively. Whereas the expression of genes was observed with the treatment of E. coli and A. flavus with low doses of 100 and 50μg/mL of ZnONPs and CuNPs, respectively. The exposure of pathogens to high doses of ZnONPs and CuNPs (600 and 150μg/mL) prevents mutation of the azole resistance gene (CYP51) in fungi and ampicillin resistance gene (CITM) in bacteria. Hence, the supplementation of ZnONPs and CuNPs for rations can inhibit the microbial viability and removal of drugs resistant genes.

Development of safety system in salmon fish farms of the Murmansk region

The study presents the development of a biosafety system in aquaculture activities on the territory of the Murmansk region, accounting for the existing scientific developments and recommendations. The authors’ scientific and practical experience in cultivating the hydrobionts in the conditions of the Polar region is the core of the study. The materials for the development of the regional biosafety program of salmon cages farms were the longstanding epizootic and ichthiopathological studies of the department of fish physiology and diseases, aquaculture objects of the Murmansk Regional Animal Disease Control Center (2013–2019). The most significant risks for salmon net farms of the Murmansk region are: carrying out activities in the zone of risky fish farming; lack (or scarcity) of high-quality nursery material of domestic origin, absence of the center for research and prevention of fish diseases; the absence of the specialized enterprise for aquaculture waste disposal. The developed system of practical safety of aquaculture enterprises in the region will allow managing the risks through certain efforts and events. The principles of biosafety system development in accordance with the environmental requirements and associated conditions for maintaining the epizootic and ichthyopathological safety in the commercial cultivation of fish are considered. Preventive measures to maintain epizootic safety in fish farms have been developed. Suggestions and recommendations are formulated to conduct safe aquaculture activities in the conditions of the Murmansk region. A integrated approach to biosafety through certain risk management activities is aimed at solving the problems of preserving the health of cultivated objects resulting in the maximal feasibility of the enterprise and maintaining the biodiversity of natural communities and environmental sustainability in the region.

Review on the implication on the control of transboundary and trade barrier animal diseases in Ethiopia

Transboundary Animal Diseases (TADs) are highly contagious diseases of livestock within the world. they need importance within the international trade of animals and animal products. With rapidly increasing globalization, associated risk of transboundary disease is emerging. They reduce production and productivity, disrupt local and national economies, and also threaten human health (zoonosis). Transboundary diseases are a priority globally, cumulative effort is required at the international level to attenuate the spread of infectious diseases across the borders. except for sub-Saharan African countries more particularly, eradication of most Transboundary animal diseases is impossible thanks to various technical, financial and logistical reasons like increased outbreaks of transboundary animal diseases droughts and market issues. In Ethiopia Transboundary animal diseases are endemic livestock diseases that cause market limits. This imposes far-reaching challenges for agricultural scientists on the critically important have to improve technologies in animal production and health so as to confirm food security, poverty alleviation and to assist the economic process. The international approach to the management of TADs is predicated on the belief that the majority is often eradicated. However, in developing countries, eradication of most TADs is difficult for a range of technical, financial and logistical reasons. General TADs combating strategies include prevention, early warning, early detection and early control.

Impact of Harmless Treatment of Dead Livestock and Poultry on Animal Disease Prevention and Control

Impact of Harmless Treatment of Dead Livestock and Poultry on Animal Disease Prevention and Control

Immunization against a Conserved Surface Polysaccharide Stimulates Bovine Antibodies with Opsonic Killing Activity but Does Not Protect against Babesia bovis Challenge.

Arthropod-borne apicomplexan pathogens remain a great concern and challenge for disease control in animals and humans. In order to prevent Babesia infection, the discovery of antigens that elicit protective immunity is essential to establish approaches to stop disease dissemination. In this study, we determined that poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) is conserved among tick-borne pathogens including B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens, B. microti, and Babesia WA1. Calves immunized with synthetic ß-(1→6)-linked glucosamine oligosaccharides conjugated to tetanus toxoid (5GlcNH2-TT) developed antibodies with in vitro opsonophagocytic activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Sera from immunized calves reacted to B. bovis. These results suggest strong immune responses against PNAG. However, 5GlcNH2-TT-immunized bovines challenged with B. bovis developed acute babesiosis with the cytoadhesion of infected erythrocytes to brain capillary vessels. While this antigen elicited antibodies that did not prevent disease, we are continuing to explore other antigens that may mitigate these vector-borne diseases for the cattle industry.