Exercise Control Research Articles

Tai chi, irisin and cognitive performance: a clinical and biological investigation in older adults.

Skeletal muscle is the main source of circulating irisin, both at rest and during physical activity. Previous studies have suggested that irisin can improve cognitive abilities. We explored whether six months of Tai Chi (TC) practice can modulate such a relationship in healthy older persons. This is a prospective clinical study to evaluate the effects of TC practice as compared with low intensity exercise (LI) and no exercise (NE) control groups on plasmatic irisin levels and cognitive performance. Forty-two healthy older persons were stratified into three groups according to physical activities. Biochemical assay and cognitive functions were assessed at the baseline and after six months. A significant change was found in circulating irisin levels in TC as compared with NE group (p = 0.050) across time. At six months in TC group irisin levels significantly correlated with a verbal memory test (p = 0.013) controlled by age and education. Our results suggest the potential benefits for cognitive health of TC practice by irisin levels modulation.

Impact of Meditation Versus Exercise on Psychological Characteristics, Paranormal Experiences, and Beliefs: Randomized Trial

Background: Research indicates that meditation increases mindfulness and paranormal experiences of precognition, telepathy, clairvoyance, and synchronicities. There is limited knowledge about the prevalence or impact of these experiences on meditators and the general population. Aims: To compare self-reported well-being, mindfulness, connectedness, personality, paranormal experiences, beliefs, and performance on psi tasks in a meditation group versus an exercise control group. Method: This is a randomized trial that explored changes, including well-being, mindfulness, connectedness, psi, extraordinary experiences, beliefs, and ability to impact a random number generator in the participants, comparing a meditation vs. exercise control group. We collected data at baseline, “Mid” or halfway through the intervention (week 4), post 1, which is at the end of intervention (week 9), and post 2, which is two months post-intervention. Data was collected securely online with IRB approval. Results: Data from 72 participants (N=45 meditation/N=27 exercise) demonstrated improvement in some well-being measures (anxiety and general health). The study examined the effects of meditation versus exercise on various psychosocial measures and paranormal experiences. The meditation group displayed higher scores in openness and extroversion compared to the exercise group, which was unexpected and required further investigation. The meditation cohort also reported more paranormal experiences, with about half of them considering these experiences important or meaningful. However, the experiment exploring psychic abilities did not yield significant results. While the study had limitations, such as a predominantly non-diverse sample, it adds to the existing body of evidence linking meditation and exercise to positive psychosocial outcomes. Conclusions: The randomly selected meditation naïve cohort trained in brief structured meditation demonstrated increases over time in mindfulness, connectedness, extraversion, and paranormal experiences and beliefs compared to an exercise cohort. Performance on the psi tasks did not improve in either group over time, and these tasks may not be sensitive enough to detect significant changes.

Quality assessment of metformin hydrochloride tablets retailed in Lagos, Nigeria

Background: Metformin is a biguanide antihyperglycemic drug used with diet and exercise for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus.Objectives: This research aims to compare and analyze different metformin products to ascertain their critical quality parameters. The goal is to ensure that prescribed medicine effectively treats patients and protects the public.Materials and Methods: We evaluated the quality of ten metformin tablet brands in Lagos (Mushin and Surulere area) using official methods to assess weight, hardness, friability, disintegration time, and dissolution. Active ingredient content was also measured.Results: Out of all the tablets tested, only 10 % had weights outside of the official British Pharmacopoeia 2002 limits (not more than two tablets should deviate from ±5% and none of the tablets should deviate by ± I0). The hardness test was passed by all the tablets (A minimum hardness of 4 kgF is a pass), while 80 % passed the friability test (weight loss of ≤ 1 %w/w is a pass). Additionally, all film-coated tablets disintegrated within 30 minutes according to United States Pharmacopoeia/National Formulary 2003 (film-coated tablets disintegrate within 30 minutes). Ninety percent of the tablets passed the dissolution test (drug release within 60 minutes should be between 93 and 103 %) and 90 % of all brands examined passed the assay test for the active ingredient contents. The British Pharmacopoeia 2019 standard was used for the dissolution test.Conclusion: Routine pharmaceutical analysis is essential for the quality of pharmaceutical products and the safety of consumers.

Effect of an exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation program on quality of life of patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy: results from the PEACH randomized clinical trial.

To investigate the effect of an exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation program on the quality of life (QoL) of patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC). PEACH study was a single-center, superiority randomized clinical trial of exercise training versus no exercise (control). The sample comprised Chagas disease patients with CCC, left ventricular ejection fraction < 45%, without or with HF symptoms (CCC stages B2 or C, respectively). QoL was assessed at baseline, after three months, and at the end of six months of follow-up using the SF-36 questionnaire. Patients randomized for the exercise group (n = 15) performed exercise training (aerobic, strength and stretching exercises) for 60min, three times a week, during six months. Patients in the control group (n = 15) were not provided with a formal exercise prescription. Both groups received identical nutritional and pharmaceutical counseling during the study. Longitudinal analysis of the effects of exercise training on QoL, considering the interaction term (group × time) to estimate the rate of changes between groups in the outcomes (represented as beta coefficient), was performed using linear mixed models. Models were fitted adjusting for each respective baseline QoL value. There were significant improvements in physical functioning (β = + 10.7; p = 0.02), role limitations due to physical problems (β = + 25.0; p = 0.01), and social functioning (β = + 19.2; p < 0.01) scales during the first three months in the exercise compared to the control group. No significant differences were observed between groups after six months. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation provided short-term improvements in the physical and mental aspects of QoL of patients with CCC.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02517632; August 7, 2015.

Acetaminophen influences musculoskeletal signaling but not adaptations to endurance exercise training.

Acetaminophen (ACE) is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug with various applications, from pain relief to fever reduction. Recent studies have reported equivocal effects of habitual ACE intake on exercise performance, muscle growth, and risks to bone health. Thus, this study aimed to assess the impact of a 6-week, low-dose ACE regimen on muscle and bone adaptations in exercising and non-exercising rats. Nine-week-old Wistar rats (n = 40) were randomized to an exercise or control (no exercise) condition with ACE or without (placebo). For the exercise condition, rats ran 5 days per week for 6 weeks at a 5% incline for 2 min at 15 cm/s, 2 min at 20 cm/s, and 26 min at 25 cm/s. A human equivalent dose of ACE was administered (379 mg/kg body weight) in drinking water and adjusted each week based on body weight. Food, water intake, and body weight were measured daily. At the beginning of week 6, animals in the exercise group completed a maximal treadmill test. At the end of week 6, rats were euthanized, and muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), fiber type, and signaling pathways were measured. Additionally, three-point bending and microcomputer tomography were measured in the femur. Follow-up experiments in human primary muscle cells were used to explore supra-physiological effects of ACE. Data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA for treatment (ACE or placebo) and condition (exercise or non-exercise) for all animal outcomes. Data for cell culture experiments were analyzed via ANOVA. If omnibus significance was found in either ANOVA, a post hoc analysis was completed, and a Tukey's adjustment was used. ACE did not alter body weight, water intake, food intake, or treadmill performance (p > .05). There was a treatment-by-condition effect for Young's Modulus where placebo exercise was significantly lower than placebo control (p < .05). There was no treatment by condition effects for microCT measures, muscle CSA, fiber type, or mRNA expression. Phosphorylated-AMPK was significantly increased with exercise (p < .05) and this was attenuated with ACE treatment. Furthermore, phospho-4EBP1 was depressed in the exercise group compared to the control (p < .05) and increased in the ACE control and ACE exercise group compared to placebo exercise (p < .05). A low dose of ACE did not influence chronic musculoskeletal adaptations in exercising rodents but acutely attenuated AMPK phosphorylation and 4EBP1 dephosphorylation post-exercise.

A Narrative Review-Participation of Fathers in Child Health Care in India

Abstract Review studies of the father’s role in child care and father involvement, attitudes, and values associated with it, and strategies for promoting their participation. This review aims to analyze fathers’ involvement in child care and father behavior, as well as associated values and strategies for development. To study the father-child connection and factors such as the child’s social behavior, academic performance, and health-related psychological factors. They are more sensitive, loving, and encouraging toward their young children. When it comes to their young children, they are more receptive, affectionate, and assured. They are also better at maintaining their composure when dealing with rebellious toddlers. A child’s emotional and social development is significantly influenced by how fathers cooperate with their children through play. Compared to mothers, fathers spend a far larger volume of their one-on-one time with infants and preschoolers engaging in stimulating play activities. PubMed and Google Scholar Searches were conducted using Medical Subject Headings terms and related keywords. This study examined the various reviews on the relationship between the roles of fathers in childcare and the factors that may influence the same. Traditional gender norms in child care influence the group of people’s images of fathers’ obligation and serve as a barrier to their involvement in the community. In most populations, fathers can support their families financially. They act as positive role models for their children, defend their families from harm, and exercise control over their wives, children, and other family members. Fathers may provide for and nurture their children. Fathers play and teach their children alone or hold them when their mothers are busy. Interventions focused on improving fathers’ and mothers ideas and attitudes about child care, and the relevance of shared childcare duties may improve fathers’ engagement. Fathers’ participation has various impacts on the child’s healthy development of character, social skills, understanding, intellect, academic achievement, gender roles, morality, and emotion. Fathers’ participation in childcare is affected by family and society, and fathers’ personalities affect children’s personalities to some extent. Father involvement, results also revealed that father involvement was low in childcare responsibilities only; however, other subareas of involvement were high. It was found that especially mothers were responsible as primary caregivers for child care.

Transformation of the media system of Afghanistan in the context of the formation of statehood

The object of the study is the media of Afghanistan. The subject of the study is the genesis of methods for regulating the media system in Afghanistan. The article pays special attention to the formation of the media system of the modern period, which the authors have been defining since the end of 2021. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the media system of Afghanistan has been formed under the influence of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF, acted in accordance with resolution No. 1386[39] The UN Security Council of December 20, 2001) and the desire to create a liberal democratic state in the understanding of the ISAF leadership. Freedom of speech, expression and the media, which were achieved during this period, has been under the control of the Interim Government of Afghanistan since August 2021. This article defines the methods used by the current government of Afghanistan to regulate the media system. The main method of research is the content analysis of documents and information on the practice of law enforcement, compliance with current legislation. Naturally, he could not be divorced from the method of systematization of information - the study of information objects. For the first time in the scientific literature, an empirical study is presented, which represents important material on the history of the media system of Afghanistan, its current state, and the analysis of legislative changes. The study seems to be significant and expands knowledge about the media in this region. For 20 years, the media system of Afghanistan has been formed under the influence of an international coalition led by the United States, which tried to create a liberal democratic state. It was based on a compromise of Western "democratic" and Islamic values, more pluralistic and free than before and after this period. In August 2021, another political force came to power, forming a state based on other principles, which began to exercise control over all spheres, including the media, taking Sharia norms as a basis. One of the conclusions of the study was the strengthening of the traditional identity of the state by the new political power, which was "shaken" by Western reforms. After coming to power, the interim Government of Afghanistan repealed the 2004 Constitution and the 2009 Media Law. The Law on Access to Information in 2019 has not been officially repealed, but it is not respected in the country. Thus, the transformation of the state's media system has begun in the country.

Changes in Exercise Behaviors with Exercise Counseling

PURPOSE This study aimed to understand the changes in the exercise behavior of participants in the exercise-psychological counseling program.METHODS This study sampled adult female participants of C diet camp in Seoul, who were in stages 2~3 of the “Stages of Change Model.” A total of 60 participants were randomly assigned to the counseling group (n=30) and control group (n=30). During the 12 weeks of study, all subjects participated in the diet camp program C. The counseling group participated in the exercise psychological counseling program once a week, while the control group participated in recreational activities instead. Exercise adherence, outcome-expectancy, and satisfaction were measured once every four weeks. Latent growth models were used to analyze the measured data.RESULTS Exercise adherence, outcome-expectancy, and satisfaction in the counseling group exerted a statistically significant positive effect. A statistically significant positive effect on the change of exercise adherence variable was observed in the control group, but the trend was only 1/4 of that of the counseling group. In the control group, exercise outcome-expectancy and exercise satisfaction did not have a statistically significant outcome.CONCLUSIONS The exercise counseling program is an essential intervention strategy that enhances participants’ exercise adherence, outcome-expectancy, and satisfaction. Therefore, a positive change in exercise behaviors occurs.

Influence of High-Intensity Interval Training on Neuroplasticity Markers in Post-Stroke Patients: Systematic Review.

Background: Exercise has shown beneficial effects on neuronal neuroplasticity; therefore, we want to analyze the influence of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on neuroplasticity markers in post-stroke patients. Methods: A systematic review of RCTs including studies with stroke participants was conducted using the following databases (PubMed, LILACS, ProQuest, PEDro, Web of Science). Searches lasted till (20/11/2023). Studies that used a HIIT protocol as the main treatment or as a coadjutant treatment whose outcomes were neural plasticity markers were used and compared with other exercise protocols, controls or other kinds of treatment. Studies that included other neurological illnesses, comorbidities that interfere with stroke or patients unable to complete a HIIT protocol were excluded. HIIT protocol, methods to assess intensity, neuroplasticity markers (plasmatic and neurophysiological) and other types of assessments such as cognitive scales were extracted to make a narrative synthesis. Jadad and PEDro scales were used to assess bias. Results: Eight articles were included, one included lacunar stroke (less than 3 weeks) and the rest had chronic stroke. The results found here indicate that HIIT facilitates neuronal recovery in response to an ischemic injury. This type of training increases the plasma concentrations of lactate, BDNF and VEGF, which are neurotrophic and growth factors involved in neuroplasticity. HIIT also positively regulates other neurophysiological measurements that are directly associated with a better outcome in motor learning tasks. Conclusions: We conclude that HIIT improves post-stroke recovery by increasing neuroplasticity markers. However, a limited number of studies have been found indicating that future studies are needed that assess this effect and include the analysis of the number of intervals and their duration in order to maximize this effect.

Партнерская модель взаимодействия властных элит и гражданского общества и проблемы ее становления в современной России

The relevance of the study of the partnership model of interaction between government elites and civil society and the problems of its formation in modern Russia is due to the fact that effective interaction between the state and civil society institutions can benefit both subjects under consideration and contribute to the progressive development of the country as a whole. The paper concludes that the optimal model of interaction between public authorities and civil society institutions presupposes equality of the actors under consideration: here a strong state exists along with a strong civil society, and relations between them develop according to the type of partnership. The author emphasizes that the partnership model as a special type of interaction between the state and civil society assumes that public authorities do not seek to manage nongovernmental organizations as basic structures of civil society, but, on the contrary, are focused on dialogue with NGOs, the widespread use of various "negotiation platforms" and other forms of civil dialogue. A significant obstacle to the formation of partnerships between the state and civil society, based on an equal dialogue between the government and the public, is the low level of prestige of the so-called public activity in the eyes of the vast majority of the country's population. The organization of effective interaction between public authorities and civil society structures in our country is hampered by the general attitude of the ruling political elite towards public associations, which is characterized by the desire of the authorities to exercise control over any initiatives emanating from citizens and their organizations.

Effectiveness of Foot Exercises together with the Hydrotherapy program on Blood Sugar Levels in Elderly People without Diabetes

Background: The elderly human population is susceptible to health problems due to decreased organ function. The risk of diabetes in old age also reduces quality of life. Preventing the risk of developing diabetes mellitus requires simple and simple exercise programs such as foot exercises and hydrotherapy. The effect of light leg exercise and hydrotherapy on carbohydrate metabolism is unknown. Objectives: To find out the impact of hydrotherapy alone or in combination with foot exercise on elderly's blood sugar levels. Methods: Parallel three-group pre and post-test designs for an experimental investigation. 21 elderly in RW 04 Karangwetan, Ungaran served as research participants, divided into control group (n=7), combination of foot exercises and hydrotherapy intervention group (n=7), and foot exercise intervention group (n=7). The intervention took place three times per week for five weeks. We used POCT to assess blood sugar levels. Results: There is no significant decrease in blood sugar levels from control group (p&gt;0.05). There is significant decrease in blood sugar levels from foot exercise and hydrotherapy intervention group (p&lt;0.05) and foot exercise intervention group (p&lt;0.05). The difference in blood sugar levels showed significant results between foot exercise and hydrotherapy intervention group and control group (p=0.000) and between foot exercise intervention group and control group (p=0.004). There is no significant differences in blood sugar levels between foot exercise and hydrotherapy intervention group and foot exercise intervention group (p=0.112). Conclusion: Simple exercise activities such as foot exercises together with hydrotherapy have been proven to reduce blood sugar levels in healthy elderly populations without diabetes

Implikacje zastosowania trybu in-house przy zamówieniach publicznych z udziałem regionalnych funduszy rozwoju

The article has a scientific and research nature and addresses a problem of significant importance for the implementation of statutory tasks by local government units. The authors focus on the implications of awarding in-house procurement to regional development funds. They analyse the prerequisites for the use of in-house mode of public procurement and assume the hypothesis that the scope of the activities of the contractor of an in-house contract, which is a regional development fund, should include the full conducted activities of such an entity, regardless of the type of contract awarded, as long as these activities are within the scope of the tasks entrusted to it by the contracting authority exercising control over it (or by another legal entity over which this contracting authority exercises control). The originality of the research results concerns not only the chosen approach to the subject of in-house procurement, i.e. elaboration on regional development funds as public procurement contractors, but also the argumentation itself, which was based on the current case law and legal doctrine. The above brings a new cognitive value in the sphere of science and practice and has a potential to help local government stakeholders manage municipal property more confidently.

Аналіз розвитку основних рухових якостей жінок-військовослужбовців в період правового режиму воєнного стану

The article examines and analyzes the development of basic motor qualities in 30 female military members of the Armed Forces of Ukraine under the conditions of the legal regime of martial law. The average age of the participants was 30.8±2.6 years. The aim of the study was to analyze the development of strength, endurance, and coordination abilities. To achieve the stated goal, the following research methods were used: analysis of scientificmethodical literature, analysis of requirements for the development of basic motor qualities in modern combat conditions, summarizing the advanced experience in the theory and organization of physical training of military personnel, pedagogical testing, application of stabilography method, and methods of mathematical statistics. Results. The analysis of endurance development in female military personnel was conducted based on the performance in a 1 km run. The median time to complete the distance was 5.45 min, indicating a low level, and corresponded to only 58 out of 100 possible points on\ the rating scale. It was found that 23.3 % (n = 7) of the participants completed the distance in 6.35 min to 7.14 min and could score only 38 points or less. The median result in the strength endurance exercise test No. 21 was 78 points. It is important to note that among the study participants, no military servicewomen were found who could score the maximum number of points in the range of 95-100 for the performance of any control exercise. Our results indicate that the physical training program requires correction to improve the level of development of basic motor qualities in this category of military personnel. Analysis of static spatial stability of the body in female military personnel, which involved comparing the results of two tests with open and closed eyes, showed statistically significant changes in the majority of the investigated indicators. The center of pressure (CoP) sway length and CoP mean velocity showed an increase of 401.0 mm (p &lt; 0.001) and an increase from 5.4 mm·s-1 t o 9.1 mm·s-1 respectively (p &lt; 0.001) in the test with closed eyes, indicating the significant influence of the visual analyzer on static stability and the dynamics of the body’s CoP sway. Additionally, the quality of balance function, showed a statistically significant decrease to 72.3 % in the test with closed eyes compared to the result of 90.1 % in the test with open eyes (p &lt; 0.001). The comprehensive study of static spatial stability in female military personnel included the Romberg test, which is a classical method for assessing static balance. It was found that 23.3 % of the participants had above-average results, 40 % were within the norm, and 36.7 % showed below-average results, indicating the need for improvement of methods for training static balance in this category. Conclusion. T he o btained r esults o f t he study of the development of basic motor qualities in female military personnel under the conditions of the legal regime of martial law are an important contribution to the scientific discourse and are relevant for the practical activities of military personnel.

Effects of moderate-intensity combination exercise on increase adiponectin levels, muscle mass, and decrease fat mass in obese women

Obesity is reported to be strongly associated with low levels of adiponectin, which may be involved in metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and cancer cell proliferation. Meanwhile, physical exercise has been reported to increase adiponectin levels and decrease insulin resistance in obese individuals. Therefore, this study aimed to prove the effects of four weeks of moderate-intensity combination exercise (aerobic and resistance) on increasing adiponectin levels, skeletal muscle mass (SMM), and decreasing fat mass (FM) in obese women. A total of 14 obese adolescent women aged 20-24 years with a body mass index (BMI) of 27.5-36.5 kg/m2 (based on Asia-Pacific BMI classification) were selected as research subjects and divided into two intervention groups: control (CON) and moderate-intensity combination exercise (MCE) groups. The ELISA kit method was used to analyze pre- and post-exercise adiponectin levels, while the mBCA 554 seca was used to measure BMI, FM, and SMM. Statistical analysis was performed using an independent samples t-test with a 5% significance level. The data showed ∆-BMI between CON and MCE (0.54±0.99 vs -1.31±0.19 kg/m2; p = 0.001), ∆-FM (1.56±3.89 vs -3.60±1.16 kg; p = 0.006), ∆-SMM (-0.85±1.91 vs 3.61±0.74 kg; p = 0.001), ∆-Adiponectin (0.55±2.39 vs 15.45±6.21 ng/mL; p = 0.001). The results demonstrate that a 4-week moderate-intensity combination exercise intervention effectively increases adiponectin levels and skeletal muscle mass and reduces body mass index and fat mass in obese women. Keywords: Obesity, combination exercise, adiponectin levels, body composition.

Treadmill exercise pretreatment ameliorated structural synaptic plasticity impairments of medial prefrontal cortex in vascular dementia rat and improved recognition memory

This study aimed to investigate structural synaptic plasticity in the medial prefrontal cortex of rats under treadmill exercise pretreatment or naive conditions in a vascular dementia model, followed by recognition memory performance in a novel object recognition task. In this study, 24 Sprague–Dawley rats were obtained and randomly assigned into 4 groups as follows: control group (Con group, n = 6), vascular dementia (VD group, n = 6), exercise and vascular dementia group (Exe + VD group, n = 6), and exercise group (Exe group, n = 6). Initially, 4 weeks of treadmill exercise intervention was administered to the rats in the Exe + VD and Exe groups. Then, to establish the vascular dementia model, the rats both in the VD and Exe + VD groups were subjected to bilateral common carotids arteries surgery. One week later, open-field task and novel recognition memory task were adopted to evaluate anxiety-like behavior and recognition memory in each group. Then, immunofluorescence and Golgi staining were used to evaluate neuronal number and spine density in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the synaptic ultrastructure. Finally, microdialysis coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography was used to assess the levels of 5-HT and dopamine in the medial prefrontal cortex. The behavior results showed that 4 weeks of treadmill exercise pretreatment significantly alleviated recognition memory impairment and anxiety-like behavior in VD rats (P < 0.01), while the rats in VD group exhibited impaired recognition memory and anxiety-like behavior when compared with the Con group (P < 0.001). Additionally, NeuN immunostaining results revealed a significant decrease of NeuN-marked neuron in the VD group compared to Con group (P < 0.01), but a significantly increase in this molecular marker was found in the Exe + VD group compared to the Con group (P < 0.01). Golgi staining results showed that the medial prefrontal cortex neurons in the VD group displayed fewer dendritic spines than those in the Con group (P < 0.01), and there were more spines on the dendrites of medial prefrontal cortex cells in Exe + VD rats than in VD rats (P < 0.01). Transmission electron microscopy further revealed that there was a significant reduction of synapses intensity in the medial prefrontal cortex of rats in the VD group when compared with the Con group(P < 0.01), but physical exercise was found to significantly increased synapses intensity in the VD model (P < 0.01). Lastly, the levels of dopamine and 5-HT in the medial prefrontal cortex of rats in the VD group was significantly lower compared to the Con group (P < 0.01), and treadmill exercise was shown to significantly increased the levels of dopamine and 5-HT in the VD rats (P < 0.05). Treadmill exercise pretreatment ameliorated structural synaptic plasticity impairments of medial prefrontal cortex in VD rat and improved recognition memory.

Improving the educational process of physical education at primary school using fitness technologies

The research paper discusses the peculiarities of the educational process in elementary school during physical education lessons. It was found that the development of physical qualities of 8-9 years-old schoolchildren depends on the complex influence on them through the use of various fitness-technologies.&#x0D; The purpose of the work is to improve the educational process of physical education based on the development and implementation of fitness technologies in elementary school.&#x0D; Research results. Our work showed the search of optimal ways of improving the physical qualities of younger schoolchildren in the educational process of physical education. The pedagogical experiment showed that the fitness-complexes reliably affect at the physical qualities of 8-9-year-old schoolchildren during physical education lessons using fitness equipment (Р˂0.05). In the experimental group, the result in the speed running (30 m) improved by 0.5 s for boys and 0.4 s for girls at the end of the experiment. The result improved by 0.7s for boys and by 0.6s for girls during the control exercise – running 4x9m. The result of the incline indicated an improvement of 0.65 cm for boys and 1.6 cm for girls during the use of fitness equipment.&#x0D; Due to the improvement of the result during the control exercise – wring in 1 minute (quantity) – after the experiment in the experimental group, the result increased in 5 times for boys, and in 4 times for girls. Comparative results of the test exercise – long jump is following: the results show that after the experiment in the experimental group: the result improved for boys for 7 cm, for girls for 4 cm. So, we see an improvement in the results of all control exercises that determine physical qualities of elementary school students, which indicates the effectiveness of the chosen methodology.&#x0D; The scientific originality of the work lies in the systematization of fitness-exercises which help to develop all physical qualities at primary school in the process of physical education.&#x0D; The practical value lies in the development of complexes of fitness exercises, the system of their use which help to increase the physical qualities of young schoolchildren in the process of physical education.

Body composition, balance, functional capacity and falls in older women

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to examine the association of body composition, muscle strength, balance, and functional capacity on falls and fall injuries among community-dwelling older women.MethodsThe study comprised of a 2-year randomized controlled trial involving 914 women with an average age of 76.5 (SD = 3.3) years at baseline. The women were assigned to exercise intervention (n = 457) and control groups (n = 457). Clinical measurements were conducted at baseline, 12 months and 24 months.ResultsDuring the 2-year follow up, total of 546 women (59.7%) sustained a fall. The total number of falls was 1380 and out of these, 550 (40%) of falls were non-injurious and 745 (54%) were injurious. Higher femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) was associated with a higher overall risk of falls [RR = 2.55 (95% CI = 1.70–3.84, p < 0.001)], but was a protective factor for severe fall injuries [RR = 0.03 (95% CI = 0.003–0.035, p < 0.01)]. Slower Timed Up and Go (TUG) was associated with an increased overall risk of falls [RR = 1.07 (95% CI = 1.05–1.10, p < 0.001)] and injuries requiring medical attention [RR = 1.10 (95% CI = 1.02–1.19, p = 0.02)]. Longer single leg standing time was a protective factor for falls [RR = 0.99 (95% CI = 0.99–1.00, p < 0.01)] and overall injurious falls [RR = 0.99 (95% CI = 0.99–1.00, p = 0.02)].ConclusionFor postmenopausal women with higher femoral neck BMD appear to sustain more falls, but have a lower risk of severe fall injuries. Better TUG and single leg standing time predict lower risk of falls and fall injuries.

Abstract P485: Exercise Influences Metabolic Parameters and Expression of Markers of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in a Diet-Dependent Manner

The relationship between diet, exercise, and metabolic dysfunction is widely established; however the mechanisms responsible remain unclear. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) has been shown to play a significant role in metabolic homeostasis and disease processes; however it is unclear how diet and exercise interact to influence ERS. Therefore, the objective of this project was to determine how diet and exercise influence metabolic markers and mRNA expression of ERS-related genes. Weanling C57Bl/6 mice were randomly assigned to receive ad libitum access to standard laboratory chow, AIN93 diet, and our novel “Americanized” diet (AD) for 4-weeks. After 2-weeks, mice from each diet group were randomly assigned to exercise (n=7) or sedentary control groups (n=3). The exercise condition consisted of access to an exercise wheel, three times per week, for 16 hours per day. Wheel utilization was recorded using a bicycle computer/sensor. Insulin sensitivity was determined using standardized insulin-tolerance test. Mice were fasted, euthanized, and blood and liver tissues were collected. Circulating glucose and lipid levels were quantified and hepatic mRNA expression of genes related to ERS ( Ddit3 , Hspa5 , and Erdj4 ) were determined. Data were analyzed using GLM procedures in SPSS. Despite having no influence on body weight, diet (P=0.04) significantly influenced liver weight, with mice fed AD having greater (P = 0.01) liver weight compared to mice fed chow. Exercise tended to increase liver weight compared to the control (P=0.095), while reducing liver lipid content in mice fed chow and AD. AD fed mice had the highest circulating glucose values compared to mice fed chow (P=0.013) and also tended to be greater than mice fed AIN (P=0.056). Exercise significantly increased circulating triglycerides (P=0.03) and tended to reduce circulating glucose levels (P=0.07). Diet significantly influenced insulin sensitivity (P = 0.003), with mice fed AD having less insulin sensitivity as compared to mice fed chow (P&lt;0.001) and also tended to be lower than mice fed AIN (P=0.06). While non-significant (P=0.15), exercising mice tended to have less insulin sensitivity than controls. Exercise caused an increase in Erdj4 mRNA expression (P=0.02), most notably in mice fed AD, which had a greater ER-stress response with exercise than other diet groups (P=0.04). Our data suggests that the physiological responses to acute exercise is dependent upon the quality of diet consumed, and these effects are associated with changes of markers of ERS. Additional studies are needed to further elucidate the mechanisms by which diet, exercise, and ERS interact to influence metabolic health.

Effects of oral oligopeptide preparation and exercise intervention in older people with sarcopenia: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundNutrition and exercise are important interventions for sarcopenia. There were few studies on oral oligopeptide nutrition preparations combined with exercise to intervene in the older people with sarcopenia. The aim of this study was to verify the effectiveness of oligopeptide nutrition preparation combined with exercise intervention on the older people with sarcopenia in community.MethodsA total of 219 subjects aged 65 years or older with sarcopenia were randomly divided into 4 groups. The nutrition group (n = 58) was given individualized nutrition education and oral oligopeptide nutrition preparation. The exercise group (n = 50) received exercise intervention. The combined group (n = 52) received both oral nutrition preparation and exercise interventions. The control group (n = 59) only received individualized nutrition education. The nutrition preparation can provide energy 185kcal and protein 24.2g per day. The exercise intervention including warm-up exercise, resistance exercise and aerobic exercise, the training time was 60min for 5 times every week. The intervention lasted for 16 weeks. Hand grip strength, gait speed, body composition and hematology parameters were measured before and after intervention.ResultsA total of 159 subjects completed the study. Compared with baseline, the left grip strength and 6-m walking speed of the subjects in nutrition group increased significantly after the intervention, and the grip strength of both hands in exercise group and combined group increased significantly. The body weight of the subjects in nutrition group, exercise group and combined group increased significantly after intervention, but no increase in soft lean mass (SLM) and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) was observed in any of the four groups. The fat-free mass (FFM) of the legs of the control group, exercise group and nutrition group decreased after intervention, and only the FFM of the legs of the combined group maintained the level before the intervention.ConclusionBoth oral peptide nutrition and exercise interventions can improve the muscle strength or function of the older people with sarcopenia. However, there were no increases in muscle mass observed.Trial registrationChiCTR, ChiCTR2100052135. Registered 20 October 2021, https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=135743

Negotiating Linguistic Boundaries: Language Appropriation in Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner

The current study attempts to investigate the language-appropriation strategies in post-colonial Afghan-American authors particularly in Khaled Hosseini’s novel The Kite Runner. Appropriation is the act of adopting another culture and language by modifying it to your own goals and requirements. This method is generally used by post-colonial writers who appropriate English in their literary works due to resistance or/and necessity. During the colonization, the colonizer suppressed all other native languages. They employed the English language as a tool to exercise control in establishing a system of authority based on linguistic dominance. Nevertheless, the writers of the post-colonial era have stood against this dominant force of colonial language and undermined it by implementing different strategies into their own social and cultural context. Various language appropriation techniques are used to investigate the data from this research as recommended by Kachru (1983) and Ashcroft, Griffith, and Tiffin (2002). Findings from the investigation revealed that the language appropriation techniques of glossing, untranslated words, code-switching, lexical innovation, rhetorical and functional styles, translation equivalence, and contextual redefinition have been employed in the text. Among them, glossing, untranslated words, and code-switching are utilized frequently. The strategy of interlanguage has not been utilized by the author in the novel. The study contributes to broader discussions on language appropriation, cultural representation, and decolonization in contemporary literary discourse.