Continuous Development Research Articles

Pan-cancer image segmentation based on feature pyramids and Mask R-CNN framework.

Cancer, a disease with a high mortality rate, poses a great threat to patients' physical and mental health and can lead to huge medical costs and emotional damage. With the continuous development of artificial intelligence technologies, deep learning-based cancer image segmentation techniques are becoming increasingly important in cancer detection and accurate diagnosis. However, in segmentation tasks, there are differences in efficiency between large and small objects and limited segmentation effects on objects of individual sizes. The previous segmentation frameworks still have room for improvement in multi-scale collaboration when segmenting objects. This paper proposes a method to train a deep learning segmentation framework using a feature pyramid processing dataset to improve the average precision (AP) index, and realizes multi-scale cooperation in target segmentation. Pan-Cancer Histology Dataset for Nuclei Instance Segmentation and Classification (PanNuke) dataset was selected to include approximately 7500 pathology images with cells from 19 different types of tissues, including five classifications of cancer, non-cancer, inflammation, death, and connective tissue. First, the method uses whole-slide images in the pan-cancer histology dataset for nuclei instance segmentation and classification (PanNuke) dataset, combined with the mask region convolutional neural network (Mask R-CNN) segmentation framework and improved loss function to segment and detect each cellular tissue in cancerous sections. Second, to address the problem of non-synergistic object segmentation at different scales in cancerous tissue segmentation, a scheme using feature pyramids to process the dataset was adopted as part of the feature extraction module. Extensive experimental results on this dataset show that the method in this paper yields 0.269 AP and a boost of about 4% compared to the original Mask R-CNN framework. It is effective and feasible to use feature pyramid to process data set to improve the effect of medical image segmentation.

Low Vision Practice and Service Provision Among Optometrists in Ghana: A Nationwide Survey

ABSTRACT Purpose To characterize practice patterns of low vision services among Optometrists in Ghana. Methods The nationwide cross-sectional survey identified entities through the Ghana Optometrists Association (GOA) registry and utilized a semi-structured questionnaire to consolidate survey information that comprises practitioners’ demographics, available services, diagnostic equipment, barriers to service provision and utilization, and interventions. Results 300 Optometrists were identified, with 213 surveyed (71% response rate). About fifty percent (52.6%) were in private practice, and more than two-thirds (77%) did not provide low vision services. Most (≥70%) reported lack of assistive devices, and basic eye care examination kits as the main barriers to low vision service provision. Similarly, practitioners reported unawareness of the presence of low vision centres (76.1%), and high cost of low vision aids (75.1%) as the prime perceived barriers for patients to utilize low vision services. Continuous professional development and public education (89–90%) were suggested as interventions to improve the uptake of low vision services. After statistical adjustment, private facility type (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.35, p = 0.010) and lack of basic eye examination kits (AOR = 0.32, p = 0.002) were significantly associated with reduced odds of low vision service provision. Conversely, ≥15 years of work experience (AOR = 6.37, p = 0.011) was significantly associated with increased odds of low vision service provision. Conclusions Overall, the results indicate inadequate low vision coverage and service delivery. Government policies must be directed towards equipping practitioners with equipment and subsidize patient cost of treatment to optimize low vision care.

Triboelectric nanogenerator based on multi-component crosslinked network hydrogel for intelligent human motion sensing

With the continuous development of intelligent wearable devices, new requirements are put forward for the collection of human motion information. In this paper, a self-powered motion sensor with high precision, high stability and high output power was prepared by utilizing the flexibility and stretchability of the conductive hydrogel and combining with the nanogenerator. Even at a contact frequency of 3.0 Hz, the sensor can produce an open circuit voltage of 225 V and a power density of 187 mW m−2. It can not only be used as a power source to drive electronic devices, but also to achieve accurate acquisition of human movement steps and walking speed. When applying different forces, the sensor shows a more obvious difference, and its theoretical resolution can reach 0.1 N. Because the hinge hydrogel has good flexibility, resilience and stability, it can still maintain its original shape after 4000 times of pressure testing, and can be directly attached to the human skin surface, providing a new idea for the field of self-powered pressure sensors.

Knowledge of Nurses Regarding Palliative Care in Tertiary Care Hospitals of Peshawar: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Palliative care represents a crucial element in enhancing the quality of life for patients facing life-limiting illnesses. Despite its importance, there exists a significant gap in knowledge among nurses, who are pivotal in delivering this care. The literature reveals diverse levels of understanding and practices across different healthcare settings globally, underscoring the need for focused research and educational interventions in specific regions, including Pakistan. Objective: This study aimed to assess the knowledge of nurses regarding palliative care in tertiary care hospitals in Peshawar, Pakistan, identifying key areas for improvement and contributing to the global discourse on enhancing palliative care education and practices among nursing professionals. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed, with a sample size of 377 nurses selected through convenient sampling from August to November 2023. The Palliative Care Quiz for Nurses (PCQN) was utilized to assess knowledge across three domains: philosophy and principles, control of pain and other symptoms, and psychosocial aspects. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25, employing descriptive statistics and chi-square tests to examine the association between demographic variables and knowledge levels. Results: The study found that 61.3% of participants were female, with the majority (81.5%) born between 1991 and 2000. Regarding educational background, 53.3% were Post RN nurses, 45.6% BSN Graduate Nurses, and 1.1% MSN Graduate Nurses. The PCQN results indicated that 31.8% of nurses demonstrated good knowledge of palliative care, while 37.7% exhibited a lack of knowledge. Notably, post RN nurses showed higher knowledge levels compared to their BSN and MSN counterparts. Conclusion: The findings highlight a substantial need for targeted palliative care education and training among nurses in Peshawar, Pakistan. Tailored educational programs, continuous professional development, and specific interventions are essential to bridge the identified knowledge gaps, ensuring that nurses are equipped to provide high-quality palliative care.

Examining The Impacts of Family, Personal, And School Factors on Undergraduate Graduates' Decisions to Continue Their Education or Job Hunting

With the continuous transformation and development of society, the future choice of undergraduate graduates has become a heated issue in society. Since 2017, the number of applicants for the national postgraduate entrance examination has arised. At the same time, the CIER (Employment boom in the Chinese market) index of national college graduates is showing a decreasing trend. This article is based on the "2009 Capital University Student Growth Tracking Survey" and uses logistic regression to analyze the objective effects of school, family, and personal factors on whether undergraduate graduates choose to pursue higher education or employment.Finally, this study found that factors such as learning atmosphere, teacher teaching ability, and family economic status significantly affect college students' graduation choices.Through thorough research and analysis, this article seeks to analyze the elements that affect graduates' decisions regarding their future courses of study and employment. It also offers pertinent advice and recommendations for educational institutions, families, and particular students.

Economics Teachers' Integration of ICT for Enhanced Economics Curriculum Implementation

Information and communication technology (ICT) has gained tremendous attention as a tool for instructional delivery and assessment. However, high school Economics teachers have yet to fully utilize this educational tool to implement the Economics curriculum effectively. Information and communication technology enables teachers to communicate with learners outside the physical classroom, encourages learner engagement, facilitates differentiated teaching, simplifies abstract concepts, and helps teachers design, distribute and provide immediate assessment feedback. Nevertheless, there is sparse research on Economics teachers' integration of ICT to enhance Economics curriculum implementation in South Africa. This empirical study explores Economics teachers' ICT integration to enhance Economics curriculum implementation. Mediated learning experience (MLE) was the theoretical framework which guided this study. A qualitative approach was used in this study. Three teachers from three different research sites were purposefully selected for the study. Using a case study design, data were obtained through semi-structured interviews and classroom observations. The study findings reveal that the teachers in this study were utilizing ICT to enhance their teaching. However, there is still room for improvement in teachers' ICT integration. The study recommends continuous teacher development on ICT integration to enhance economics curriculum implementation.

Age-Friendly Airports: Exploring the Experiences of Older Travelers

ABSTRACT The number of older airline travelers is projected to grow as the population ages globally. However, studies suggest a lack of age-friendliness at airports across the world. This study explored the age-friendliness of airports through 16 qualitative interviews with older adults aged 55 and older who had recently traveled or planned to travel in a one-year time span. Using thematic analysis, study findings suggested that most participants felt that the airport did not promote an environment accommodating to the needs of older adults. Three themes related to the age-friendliness of airports included supporting mobility, airport security experiences, and the built environment. Study findings inform the continued examination and development of age-friendly airport initiatives to promote autonomy, dignity, and safety for all older airline travelers.

Reform of physical education in Higher Vocational Education under the background of "Internet plus" Education

With the continuous development of science and technology, the level of information technology is also constantly improving, making all walks of life are more and more closely related to the Internet, the Internet has become an indispensable part of people's life. All walks of life have been combined with the development of the Internet, and so has the education industry. Under the form of Internet plus education, the work of physical education in higher vocational colleges needs to make corresponding changes to meet the requirements of modern education. In order to improve teaching quality, the physical education teaching in higher vocational colleges needs to be improved.

Role of vaccination in patients with human monkeypox virus and its cardiovascular manifestations.

Human monkeypox, caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), is an emerging infectious disease with the potential for human-to-human transmission and diverse clinical presentations. While generally considered milder than smallpox, it can lead to severe cardiovascular complications. The virus primarily spreads through contact with infected animals or through human-to-human transmission. Cardiovascular involvement in human monkeypox is rare but has been associated with myocarditis, pericarditis, arrhythmias, and even fulminant myocardial infarction. Vaccination plays a crucial role in preventing and controlling monkeypox, but the eradication of smallpox has left global populations vulnerable. This review explores the cardiovascular manifestations of human monkeypox, the role of vaccination in disease prevention, and the importance of continued research and development of effective vaccines to protect against this emerging infectious threat. The global impact of monkeypox outbreaks, particularly on vulnerable populations, further highlights the importance of understanding and addressing this disease.

A Survey of Clinicians' Views of the Utility of Large Language Models.

Large language models (LLMs) like Generative pre-trained transformer (ChatGPT) are powerful algorithms that have been shown to produce human-like text from input data. Several potential clinical applications of this technology have been proposed and evaluated by biomedical informatics experts. However, few have surveyed health care providers for their opinions about whether the technology is fit for use. We distributed a validated mixed-methods survey to gauge practicing clinicians' comfort with LLMs for a breadth of tasks in clinical practice, research, and education, which were selected from the literature. A total of 30 clinicians fully completed the survey. Of the 23 tasks, 16 were rated positively by more than 50% of the respondents. Based on our qualitative analysis, health care providers considered LLMs to have excellent synthesis skills and efficiency. However, our respondents had concerns that LLMs could generate false information and propagate training data bias.Our survey respondents were most comfortable with scenarios that allow LLMs to function in an assistive role, like a physician extender or trainee. In a mixed-methods survey of clinicians about LLM use, health care providers were encouraging of having LLMs in health care for many tasks, and especially in assistive roles. There is a need for continued human-centered development of both LLMs and artificial intelligence in general.

Cultural Roots and Artistic Growth: Traditional Elements and Innovation in Modern Yue Opera Productions

This paper delves into the intricate interplay between tradition and innovation in Yue Opera, a traditional Chinese performing art form with roots tracing back to the early 20th century in the Zhejiang province. By exploring the historical development and key features of traditional Yue Opera, including its distinctive performance style, musical elements, and visual aesthetics, the study establishes a comprehensive foundation. The cultural roots of Yue Opera, deeply embedded in Chinese folklore and mythology, are unveiled, revealing its role as a living repository of timeless tales and profound symbolism. Beyond narrative content, the art form is intricately connected to regional Chinese culture, playing a vital role in local traditions and celebrations. The paper also examines the challenges and criticisms faced by Yue Opera as it navigates the delicate balance between preserving traditional elements and embracing contemporary innovation. In exploring case studies and noteworthy productions, the research sheds light on successful instances of blending tradition and innovation, providing valuable insights into the dynamic evolution of Yue Opera. The conclusion emphasizes the significance of this delicate equilibrium, calling for continued exploration and development to ensure the enduring vitality of Yue Opera in the ever-changing landscape of Chinese performing arts.

The Role of Teaching Foreign Languages in Developing Intercultural Competence

In the contemporary global landscape marked by intensified cross-cultural communication, the proposed research explores the critical role of teaching foreign languages in fostering intercultural competence. Recognizing the indispensability of cultural sensitivity in the world distinguished by diversity, the study delves into the transition within German as a foreign language (hereinafter – GFL) teaching from a focus on communicative competence to the pursuit of intercultural communicative competence. The investigation underscores the importance of equipping learners with competencies extending beyond linguistic proficiency, encompassing sociocultural understanding and universal practices. The former employs a comprehensive review of literature and research findings to reveal the multifaceted dimensions of intercultural competence, including cultural knowledge, communication skills, awareness, empathy, and adaptability. Examining effective teaching strategies, such as integrating authentic materials, fostering learner autonomy, and providing reflective learning opportunities, the study emphasizes the transformative role of educators in creating meaningful intercultural learning experiences. However, challenges in teaching intercultural competence are acknowledged, including limited exposure to authentic contexts, cultural biases, and the need for inclusive classroom environments. The study advocates for continuous professional development for educators, offering insights into potential solutions and future directions in foreign language education. In conclusion, the research highlights the pivotal role of foreign language education in developing intercultural competence and calls for ongoing collaboration among educators and researchers to overcome challenges and advance the field. The prospects for further study involve experimental research on teachers’ and learners’ practices in developing intercultural competence in GFL classrooms. This study contributes substantially to the discourse on intercultural competence, offering valuable insights for educators and policymakers seeking to enhance global citizenship through language education.

How does online tools affect in education sector in context of Covid19? An empirical study in Nepal

Online education provides accessible and flexible learning opportunities, enabling individuals to acquire new skills and knowledge from anywhere, at any time. This is particularly crucial in today's fast-paced, technology-driven world, ensuring continuous education and professional development. This research delves into the intricate dynamics of online education, employing factor analysis to discern and evaluate the key factors that significantly impact its effectiveness. Through a meticulous examination of seven critical dimensions, namely course structure, online tutorial quality, online tutorial flexibility, technology quality, social influence, e-learning system effectiveness, and information quality. This study offers profound insights into the foundational elements that shape the online learning experience. The findings not only provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the multifaceted nature of online education but also furnish valuable guidance for educators, institutions, and instructional designers seeking to optimize digital learning platforms. By recognizing and prioritizing these factors, educational stakeholders can implement targeted enhancements, ultimately elevating the quality and efficacy of online education in an evolving educational landscape. This research serves as a pivotal resource for decision-makers invested in advancing online education to meet the demands of contemporary learners.

Future Trends of Wushu and Education Process for Sport University China

Background and Aim: Under the auspices of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and an array of state policies, this research aims to scrutinize the role of Wushu culture within the national development strategy of the new era. These policies include the "Five-Year Plan for Chinese Wushu Development," "Opinions on Implementing the Inheritance and Development Project of Excellent Traditional Chinese Culture," and "Outline for the Construction of a Sports Power" Amidst the strong emphasis by General Secretary Xi Jinping on cultural construction and the promotion of traditional culture, this research elaborates on the pivotal role sport university China serves in the exploration and dissemination of Wushu culture. The central objective of this study is to undertake an in-depth exploration of the historical evolution of Chinese Wushu culture and to critically examine its current state and potential future trajectories within the milieu of Chinese sports universities. The study aims to provide valuable insights for education policy-makers, practitioners, and researchers and is expected to make a substantial academic contribution to the discourse on Wushu culture and its pedagogy. Materials and Methods: The research methods combined quantitative and qualitative means with mixed methods. To collect the data, a literature review, expert interviews, and questionnaires were used in this study. In addition, the views and suggestions of 19 experts on the future development of the wushu culture curriculum were collected through the Ethnographic Delphi Futures Research method. Use descriptive statistics to analyze the data (average, standard deviation) collected by mixing methods; in addition to quantitative analysis, we will also qualify the data collected from expert interviews and open questionnaires. Results Experts affirm the importance of enhancing traditional cultural education, emphasizing the central role of the concepts of physical and mental health and wellness in wushu instruction. They believe that employing modern educational technology and utilizing a combination of online and offline teaching methods allow students to gain a deeper understanding and mastery of wushu course content. Interdisciplinary collaboration is seen as a new trend in the future of wushu education. It is advocated to actively explore new resource allocation models such as public-private partnerships and cross-sector collaborations, leveraging resources from various sectors of society to collectively advance the development of wushu education. Suggest: Establish specialized courses focusing on wushu culture: Innovate and expand course content: Employ diversified instructional designs: Develop a scientifically sound and rational course evaluation mechanism: Prioritize the transmission of wushu philosophy and culture: Promote the integration of wushu with other academic disciplines: Strengthen the internationalization of wushu education and promotion. Conclusion: Enhancing traditional wushu education involves the creation of specialized courses, diversified instructional methods, and a strong emphasis on wushu culture and philosophy. Collaborative resource allocation and internationalization efforts further contribute to the continued development and promotion of this ancient martial art.

Cutting-Edge Therapies for Lung Cancer.

Lung cancer remains a formidable global health challenge that necessitates inventive strategies to improve its therapeutic outcomes. The conventional treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, have demonstrated limitations in achieving sustained responses. Therefore, exploring novel approaches encompasses a range of interventions that show promise in enhancing the outcomes for patients with advanced or refractory cases of lung cancer. These groundbreaking interventions can potentially overcome cancer resistance and offer personalized solutions. Despite the rapid evolution of emerging lung cancer therapies, persistent challenges such as resistance, toxicity, and patient selection underscore the need for continued development. Consequently, the landscape of lung cancer therapy is transforming with the introduction of precision medicine, immunotherapy, and innovative therapeutic modalities. Additionally, a multifaceted approach involving combination therapies integrating targeted agents, immunotherapies, or traditional cytotoxic treatments addresses the heterogeneity of lung cancer while minimizing its adverse effects. This review provides a brief overview of the latest emerging therapies that are reshaping the landscape of lung cancer treatment. As these novel treatments progress through clinical trials are integrated into standard care, the potential for more effective, targeted, and personalized lung cancer therapies comes into focus, instilling renewed hope for patients facing challenging diagnoses.

Research on the Innovative Decisions of Supermarket Private Brands and Designated Manufacturers

One of the core competencies of a supermarket lies in its branding. With the continuous development of the market economy and the ongoing evolution of consumer demand, private brands have progressively emerged as significant contributors to supermarket growth. However, a pivotal developmental challenge for supermarkets is navigating the innovative decision-making process between private brands and designated manufacturers. This paper aims to investigate the innovative decisions between private brands and designated manufacturers, along with the relevant promotional strategies employed during entry into the United States market.

Blockchain applications and supply chain performance: evidence from Chinese firms

ABSTRACT As blockchain technology becomes increasingly prevalent in firms, it is worth exploring its impact on firms’ supply chain performance (SCP). Based on 13,230 research samples from 1,761 A-share listed firms collected from CNRDS between 2012 and 2019, this paper conducts an empirical study on how blockchain technology would affect the performance of supply chains. We divide our sample into two groups based on whether firms apply blockchain and conduct an empirical study using the difference-in-difference (DID) model. This study contributes to the literature by utilising quantitative methods and integrating blockchain with SCP. The results indicate that the application of blockchain technology can increase the performance of the supply chain represented by the cash-to-cash cycle. A series of robustness tests and the placebo test also support this conclusion. The improving effect of blockchain on the performance of firm supply chains is only significant in non-state-owned enterprises (NSOEs), smaller firms, and non-manufacturing firms. Our study contributes to the continual development of theories about SCP, guiding firms to implement measures that unlock the full potential of blockchain to improve their SCP.

Comparative efficacy and safety of stiripentol, cannabidiol and fenfluramine as first-line add-on therapies for seizures in Dravet syndrome: A network meta-analysis.

Stiripentol, fenfluramine, and cannabidiol are licensed add-on therapies to treat seizures in Dravet Syndrome (DS). There are no direct or indirect comparisons assessing their full licensed dose regimens, across different jurisdictions, as first-line add-on therapies in DS. We conducted a systematic review and frequentist network meta-analysis (NMA) of randomized controlled trial (RCT) data for licensed add-on DS therapies. We compared the proportions of patients experiencing: reductions from baseline in monthly convulsive seizure frequency (MCSF) of ≥50% (clinically meaningful), ≥75% (profound), and 100% (seizure-free); serious adverse events (SAEs); discontinuations due to AEs. We identified relevant data from two placebo-controlled RCTs for each drug. Stiripentol 50 mg/kg/day and fenfluramine 0.7 mg/kg/day had similar efficacy in achieving ≥50% (clinically meaningful) and ≥75% (profound) reductions from baseline in MCSF (absolute risk difference [RD] for stiripentol versus fenfluramine 1% [95% confidence interval: -20% to 22%; p = 0.93] and 6% [-15% to 27%; p = 0.59], respectively), and both were statistically superior (p < 0.05) to licensed dose regimens of cannabidiol (10 or 20 mg/kg/day, with/irrespective of clobazam) for these outcomes. Stiripentol was statistically superior in achieving seizure-free intervals compared to fenfluramine (RD = 26% [CI: 8% to 44%; p < 0.01]) and licensed dose regimens of cannabidiol. There were no significant differences in the proportions of patients experiencing SAEs. The risk of discontinuations due to AEs was lower for stiripentol, although the stiripentol trials were shorter. This NMA of RCT data indicates stiripentol, as a first-line add-on therapy in DS, is at least as effective as fenfluramine and both are more effective than cannabidiol in reducing convulsive seizures. No significant difference in the incidence of SAEs between the three add-on agents was observed, but stiripentol may have a lower risk of discontinuations due to AEs. These results may inform clinical decision-making and the continued development of guidelines for the treatment of people with DS. This study compared three drugs (stiripentol, fenfluramine, and cannabidiol) used alongside other medications for managing seizures in a severe type of epilepsy called DS. The study found that stiripentol and fenfluramine were similarly effective in reducing seizures and both were more effective than cannabidiol. Stiripentol was the best drug for stopping seizures completely based on the available clinical trial data. All three drugs had similar rates of serious side effects, but stiripentol had a lower chance of being stopped due to side effects. This information can help guide treatment choices for people with DS.

Data-Driven Emergency Frequency Control for Multi-Infeed Hybrid AC-DC System

With the continuous development of large-scale complex hybrid AC-DC grids, the fast adjustability of HVDC systems is required by the grid to provide frequency regulation services. This paper develops a fully data-driven linear quadratic regulator (LQR) for the HVDC to provide temporal frequency support. The main technical challenge is the complexity and the nonlinearity of multi-infeed hybrid AC-DC (MIDC) systems dynamics that make the LQR intractable. Based on Koopman operator (KO) theory, a Koopman eigenpairs construction method is developed to fit a global linear dynamic model of MIDC systems. Once globally linear representation of uncontrolled system dynamics is obtained offline, the control term is constituted by the gradient of the identified eigenfunctions and the control matrix <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\boldsymbol{B}$</tex-math></inline-formula> . In case that <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\boldsymbol{B}$</tex-math></inline-formula> is unknown, we propose a method to identify it based on the verified Koopman eigenfunctions. The active power reference is optimized online for LCC-HVDC in a moving horizon fashion to provide frequency support, with only locally measurable frequency and transmission power. The robustness of the proposed control method against approximation errors of the linear representation in eigenfunction coordinates is analyzed. Simulation results show the effectiveness, robustness and adaptability of the proposed emergency control strategy.

A Novel Dual-Fc Bispecific Antibody with Enhanced Fc Effector Function.

Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) are undergoing continued development for applications in oncology and autoimmune diseases. While increasing activity by having more than one targeting arm, most BsAb engineering employs single Fc engagement as monoclonal antibodies. Here, we designed a novel immunoglobulin gamma-1 (IgG1)-derived dual-Fc BsAb containing two Fc regions and two distinct asymmetric antigen binding arms comprising a Fab arm and another VHH domain. In conjunction with the knob-into-hole technology, dual-Fc BsAbs could be produced with a high yield and good stability. We explore how Fc engineering effects on dual-Fc constructs could boost the desired therapeutic efficacy. This new format enabled simultaneous bispecific binding to corresponding antigens. Furthermore, compared to the one-Fc control molecules, dual-Fc BsAbs were shown to increase the avidity-based binding to FcγRs to result in higher ADCC and ADCP activities by potent avidity via binding to two antigens and Fc receptors. Overall, this novel BsAb format with enhanced effector functionalities provides a new option for antibody-based immunotherapy.