Context Of Retrieval Research Articles

Disease Inference from Health-Related Questions using Sparse Neural Network and LSTM

There are many relationship and context retrieval related problems that are resolved using medical records with Deep learning-based techniques, but when it comes to community data such as health care forums where the quality of data cannot be met as health records due to gap in medical vocabulary it becomes impossible to provide an accurate solution, our research involves in providing a solution to this problem. The graph algorithms have always provided the best solutions to map and normalize in NLP domain, we have used the same to find the normalized medical terms for out user questions in the health care forums. Instead of training the actual data from the forums with the LSTM, we create medical signatures of the words coming together to form a context in the medical dictionary. We consider the words used in the dataset as vertices and find dense subgraphs to uniquely identify the condition with medical dictionary data. In simple words, we aim to build a system to convert the vague descriptions of the disease to match the accurate medical term from the medical dictionary such as snomedCT. We used the words which co-occur to define our relations which will, in turn, provide us with a solution to bridge the gap of medical vocabulary. The mappings of normalized terms are foundations to build the hidden layer of our neural networks, instead of constructing a direct connection between the input neurons to all hidden neurons we connect only the subgraph results thus improving our accuracy to a better level then existing methodologies.

Reactivated Spatial Context Guides Episodic Recall

The medial temporal lobe (MTL) is known as the locus of spatial coding and episodic memory, but the interaction between these cognitive domains as well as the extent to which they rely on common neurophysiological mechanisms is poorly understood. Here, we use intracranial electroencephalography and a hybrid spatial-episodic memory task (29 subjects, 15 female) to determine how spatial information is dynamically reactivated in subregions of the human MTL and how this reactivation guides recall of episodic information. Our results implicate theta oscillations across the MTL as a common neurophysiological substrate for spatial coding in navigation and episodic recall. We further show that our index of retrieved spatial context is high in the hippocampus (HC) in an early time window preceding recall. Closer to recall, it decreases in the HC and increases in the parahippocampal gyrus. Finally, we demonstrate that hippocampal theta phase modulates parahippocampal gamma amplitude during retrieval of spatial context, suggesting a role for cross-frequency coupling in coding and transmitting retrieved spatial information.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT By recording from the human medial temporal lobe (MTL) while subjects recall items experienced in a virtual environment, we establish a direct relation between the strength of theta activity during memory search and the extent to which memories are organized by their spatial locations. We thereby pinpoint a role for theta oscillations in accessing the "cognitive map" during episodic retrieval and further highlight the dynamic interplay of hippocampus and extrahippocampal MTL in representing retrieved spatial context. Our results provide an important step toward a unified theory of MTL function encompassing its role in spatial navigation and episodic memory.

Perceptual identification task points to continuity between implicit memory and recall

Adopting a continuous identification task (CID-R) with embedded questions about prior occurrence, recent research has proposed that implicit and explicit memory are underpinned by a single memory system, since there is a systematic relationship between implicit memory (measured by identification) and explicit memory (measured by subjective report of recognition; for an example, see Berry, Shanks, & Henson, 2008). We were interested in whether this pattern would extend to recall of information from a study phase (Experiment 1) or recall from semantic memory (Experiment 2). We developed a degraded face identification version of the CID-R task using Gaussian blur. We reproduced previous results regarding the relationship between explicit responses on the recognition task (old/new) and stimuli identification, pointing to a continuity between explicit and implicit memory. Critically, we also found that the strength of the implicit effect (i.e., stimuli identification) was predicted by the accuracy in recall (retrieval of context in Experiment 1 and correct responses to general knowledge questions about the face in Experiment 2). Our results support the idea that memory is unidimensional and related to memory trace strength; both for recall and recognition, and interestingly, for semantic and episodic recall.

ContextNet: representation and exploration for painting classification and retrieval in context

In automatic art analysis, models that besides the visual elements of an artwork represent the relationships between the different artistic attributes could be very informative. Those kinds of relationships, however, usually appear in a very subtle way, being extremely difficult to detect with standard convolutional neural networks. In this work, we propose to capture contextual artistic information from fine-art paintings with a specific ContextNet network. As context can be obtained from multiple sources, we explore two modalities of ContextNets: one based on multitask learning and another one based on knowledge graphs. Once the contextual information is obtained, we use it to enhance visual representations computed with a neural network. In this way, we are able to (1) capture information about the content and the style with the visual representations and (2) encode relationships between different artistic attributes with the ContextNet. We evaluate our models on both painting classification and retrieval, and by visualising the resulting embeddings on a knowledge graph, we can confirm that our models represent specific stylistic aspects present in the data.

Reminders reinstate context-specificity to generalized remote memories in rats: relation to activity in the hippocampus and aCC.

Conditioned fear memories that are context-specific shortly after conditioning generalize over time. We exposed rats to a context reminder 30 d after conditioning, which served to reinstate context-specificity, and investigated how this reminder alters retrieval-induced activity in the hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex (aCC) relative to a no reminder condition. c-Fos expression in dorsal CA1 was observed following retrieval in the original context, but not in a novel context, whether or not the memory was reactivated, suggesting that dCA1 retains the context-specific representation. c-Fos was highly expressed in aCC following remote memory testing in both contexts, regardless of reminder condition, indicating that aCC develops generalized representations that are insensitive to memory reactivation.

The verb and noun test for peri-operative testing (VAN-POP): standardized language tests for navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation and direct electrical stimulation

BackgroundProtocols for intraoperative language mapping with direct electrical stimulation (DES) often include various language tasks triggering both nouns and verbs in sentences. Such protocols are not readily available for navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS), where only single word object naming is generally used. Here, we present the development, norming, and standardization of the verb and noun test for peri-operative testing (VAN-POP) that measures language skills more extensively.MethodsThe VAN-POP tests noun and verb retrieval in sentence context. Items are marked and balanced for several linguistic factors known to influence word retrieval. The VAN-POP was administered in English, German, and Dutch under conditions that are used for nTMS and DES paradigms. For each language, 30 speakers were tested.ResultsAt least 50 items per task per language were named fluently and reached a high naming agreement.ConclusionThe protocol proved to be suitable for pre- and intraoperative language mapping with nTMS and DES.

In this December issue

Primary aeromedical retrievals are a direct scene response to patients with a critical injury or illness using a medically equipped aircraft. In Australia, information on primary retrieval taskings are kept by multiple service providers. A literature review found some preliminary but piecemeal insight into such retrievals. Several areas for research action and service outcome improvements can be developed with a national pre-hospital and retrieval registry. The creation of such a registry will allow analysis of the frequency and context of retrievals, comparison across services and more sophisticated data interrogation. A retrospective and hospital-based case–control study of clinical factors in all thunderstorm asthma patients who presented to one ED in November 2016 concludes that oral beta-blockers, a younger age and Asian-born heritage are risk factors for thunderstorm asthma. Evidence-based care for patients with acute traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) in the ED has a critical impact on long-term outcomes. Acute hypotension post-injury compromises spinal cord perfusion and extends neurological damage. Published guidelines recommend mean arterial BP maintenance between 85–90 mmHg for 7 days post-injury; the extent to which this is followed in Australia is unknown. A prospective observational study of adults with TSCI, treated at 48 hospitals across two Australian states that care given was inconsistent for hypotensive patients. Specialist care and more severe injury increased guideline compliance. Level 1 evidence is needed plus consistent guideline implementation and clinician training to improve TSCI management and outcomes. We publish a study that tries to identify out of hospital cardiac arrest (OOHCA) patients who might benefit from a future pre-hospital ECPR programme in a moderately sized city. Using data from 2014, the authors conclude that 63 patients in their study group could have derived benefit from a pre-hospital ECPR programme. Further analyses of pre-hospital ECPR logistics and economics are needed. Focussed echocardiography is a useful tool in cardiopulmonary resuscitation; it helps for prognosis, to identify reversible causes of cardiac arrest and to guide management and procedures. Many clinicians have reservations regarding its widespread adoption as it leads to prolonged interruption of cardiac compressions. Also the lack of a clear protocol for use of focussed echocardiography into the rhythm check causes confusion amongst teams not familiar with using it, as well as safety concerns for the sonographer during delivery of a shock. COACHRED is a guide for focussed echocardiography during rhythm check in a safe and timely manner. In a simulation environment it is possible to incorporate focussed echocardiography into the rhythm check while keeping the interruption to chest compressions within the timeframe prescribed by international. Are parental estimates of a child's weight reliable? We publish a study which concludes that the answer is yes, subject to one important caveat; children of Polynesian/Pacific ethnicity were less likely to have an accurate parental weight estimation. We publish a retrospective review of non-traumatic brain injury patients that presented to the EDs in two urban hospitals and received computed tomography of the brain (CTB) from January 2014–December 2016. Data from one hospital was used to develop a clinical decision rule for clinically significant CTB findings. Clinically significant CTB findings were defined as acute infarction, intracranial neoplasm, intracranial haemorrhage, acute hydrocephalus, cerebral oedema and intracranial infection. Patients from another hospital were used as a validation cohort to evaluate the clinical decision rule (CDR) and compare them to four previously derived CDRs. The CDR developed in the present study achieved the highest and a moderate specificity when compared with four other pre-existing CDRs for non-traumatic brain injury patients. The August issue of this journal published a review of a coronial inquest into the death of a woman from a tiger snake bite. During the inquest, there was considerable debate and conflict of opinions between three experts. We publish a letter from one of the experts involved. We publish some correspondence on assessment scoring in the ED.

Description Benefits, Production Benefits, and Context Retrieval for Recognition of Unfamiliar Faces

Abstract Several studies have shown that giving brief descriptions for unfamiliar faces can lead to better episodic recognition memory relative to faces in a view-only (control) condition. More broadly, this finding is consistent with the benefits of elaboration during study on later recognition. Two articles have reported description benefits when participants did not know the study condition (control or description) for a trial until after a face was removed from view (Jones, Armstrong, Casey, Burson, & Memon, 2013; Jones, Robinson, & Steel, 2018). We conducted 3 experiments to shed additional light on the basis for this benefit, and the measures we used were old–new recognition and recognition confidence for the face and the proportion of test faces with recall for descriptive information. In Experiments 1 and 2 participants were explicitly instructed to describe each study face and to type the description or not (control condition). There was a numerical advantage for “old” responses, with the difference being significant in Experiment 1. A significant advantage for the typed condition occurred for “very sure old” and recall responses for both experiments. The advantage occurred across study repetition conditions in Experiment 1 and when participants were given plenty of time to generate a description in Experiment 2. Overall, these findings indicate that physically typing the description leads to a small advantage in recollection relative to a condition without physical production (i.e., a type of physical production effect). However, the production advantage was not obtained on any measure in Experiment 3 when the control condition required participants to type the number of words in the description.

Review article: Primary aeromedical retrievals in Australia: An interrogation and search for context.

Primary aeromedical retrievals are a direct scene response to patients with a critical injury or illness using a medically equipped aircraft. They are often high-acuity taskings. In Australia, information on primary retrieval taskings is housed by service providers, of which there are many across the country. This exploratory literature review aims to explore the contemporary peer-reviewed literature on primary aeromedical retrievals in Australia. The focus is on adult primary aeromedical retrievals undertaken in Australia and clinical tools used in this pre-hospital setting. Included articles were reviewed for research theme (clinical and equipment, systems and/or outcomes), data coverage and appraisal of the evidence. Of the 37 articles included, majority explored helicopter retrievals (n = 32), retrieval systems (n = 21), compared outcomes within a service (n = 10) and explored retrievals in the state of New South Wales (n = 19). Major topics of focus included retrieval of trauma patients and airway management. Overall, the publications had a lower strength of evidence because of the preponderance of cross-sectional and case-study methodology. This review provides some preliminary but piecemeal insight into primary retrievals in Australia through a localised systems lens. However, there are several areas for research action and service outcome improvements suggested, all of which would be facilitated through the creation of a national pre-hospital and retrieval registry. The creation of a registry would enable consideration of the frequency and context of retrievals, comparison across services, more sophisticated data interrogation. Most importantly, it can lead to service and pre-hospital and retrieval system strengthening.

Retrieval of Context and Content based Images using Enhanced Crow Search Optimization

In late decades, Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) has been one on the most distinctive research zones in the field of Computer applications. The critical goal of this examination is to improve the recovering presentation of CBIR framework by fusing advancement strategies to foresee suitable centroid in Fuzzy C-Means (FCM).The expectation of consolidating streamlining method to anticipate FCM centroids positively decrease intricacy and computational time. The outcomes clear that consolidation of ECSO with FCM uncovers better outcomes over challenge procedures when compared with existing procedures like PWO, SSO and CSO.

The role of the amygdala in emotional experience during retrieval of personal memories

ABSTRACTAlthough the role of the amygdala in emotional memory retrieval has long been established, how such engagement varies depending on valence and retrieval context is less clearly understood. Participants retrieved personal memories associated with primarily positive, primarily negative, and mixed-valence images, pressing a button when successful. The button press divided trials into search and elaboration phases. Participants provided positivity and negativity ratings immediately following each trial, and then again in a post-retrieval survey. The relation between amygdala recruitment and emotionality exhibited a four-way interaction, with no other significant main effects or interactions. The interaction was driven by a temporal shift in the role of amygdala recruitment during retrieval of memories associated with mixed-valence images: Negativity ratings were supported more by search-related activity whereas positivity was more strongly associated with elaboration. Amygdala activity during retrieval relates to emotional experience in more complicated ways than previously understood. When participants were able to consider positive and negative aspects of the same event, amygdala recruitment during search and elaboration were associated with opposite behavioural effects. Such findings suggest that the amygdala may support distinct aspects of emotional experience for the same memory depending on when during retrieval it is recruited.

Enhanced spontaneous retrieval of cues from emotional events: An ERP study

Recent evidence points to enhanced episodic memory retrieval not only for emotional items but also for neutral information encoded in emotional contexts. However, prior research only tested instructed explicit recognition, and hence here we investigated whether memory retrieval is also heightened for cues from emotional contexts when retrieval is not explicitly probed. During the first session of a two-session experiment, neutral objects were presented on different background scenes varying in emotional and neutral contents. One week later, objects were presented again (with no background) intermixed with novel objects. In both sessions, participants were instructed to attentively watch the stimuli (free viewing procedure), and during the second session, ERPs were also collected to measure the ERP Old/New effect, an electrophysiological correlate of episodic memory retrieval. Analyses were performed using cluster-based permutation tests in order to identify reliable spatio-temporal ERP differences. Based on this approach, old relative to new objects, were associated with larger ERP positivity in an early (364–744 ms) and late time window (760–1148 ms) over distinct central electrode clusters. Interestingly, significant late ERP Old/New differences were only observed for objects previously encoded with emotional, but not neutral scenes (504 to 1144 ms). Because these ERP differences were observed in a non-instructed retrieval context, our results indicate that long-term, spontaneous retrieval for neutral objects, is particularly heightened if encoded within emotionally salient contextual information. These findings may assist in understanding mechanisms underlying spontaneous retrieval of emotional associates and the utility of ERPs to study maladaptive involuntary memories in trauma- and stress-related disorders.

Holistic Multi-modal Memory Network for Movie Question Answering.

Answering questions using multi-modal context is a challenging problem as it requires a deep integration of diverse data sources. Existing approaches only consider a subset of all possible interactions among data sources during one attention hop. In this paper, we present a Holistic Multi-modal Memory Network (HMMN) framework that fully considers interactions between different input sources (multi-modal context, question) at each hop. In addition, to hone in on relevant information, our framework takes answer choices into consideration during the context retrieval stage. Our HMMN framework effectively integrates information from the multi-modal context, question, and answer choices, enabling more informative context to be retrieved for question answering. Experimental results on the MovieQA and TVQA datasets validate the effectiveness of our HMMN framework. Extensive ablation studies show the importance of holistic reasoning and reveal the contributions of different attention strategies to model performance.

Remote Diagnosis of Architectural Heritage Based on 5W1H Model-Based Metadata in Virtual Reality

We propose a framework based on the 5W1H model-based metadata for remote diagnosis in virtual reality (VR). For this purpose, we suggest unique metadata composed of Point of Interest (POI)-extended anchor (xAnchor)-content for a context-aware service in virtual and augmented reality. We define the attributes of the metadata based on the 5W1H context for information retrieval according to the context in a remote diagnosis. Second, we propose the ontology-based linker metadata that express the relations between AR scenes and that retrieve external information. Moreover, we suggest heritage building information metadata for information retrieval according to context. For evaluation, we created a geo-tagged content tool and a remote diagnosis VR application. We conducted focus-group interviews and heuristic evaluations for remote diagnosis in VR to verify the methodology of this study. As a result, we found that experts were most satisfied with the functions that provide the contextualized information. This study contributes to the geospatial metadata for a context-aware service in VR/AR as well as the remote diagnosis framework to overcome the time-consuming problem of the existing remote diagnosis.

Improving the Recall Performance of a Brain Mimetic Microcircuit Model

The recall performance of a well-established canonical microcircuit model of the hippocampus, a region of the mammalian brain that acts as a short-term memory, was systematically evaluated. All model cells were simplified compartmental models with complex ion channel dynamics. In addition to excitatory cells (pyramidal cells), four types of inhibitory cells were present: axo-axonic (axonic inhibition), basket (somatic inhibition), bistratified cells (proximal dendritic inhibition) and oriens lacunosum-moleculare (distal dendritic inhibition) cells. All cells’ firing was timed to an external theta rhythm paced into the model by external reciprocally oscillating inhibitory inputs originating from the medial septum. Excitatory input to the model originated from the region CA3 of the hippocampus and provided context and timing information for retrieval of previously stored memory patterns. Model mean recall quality was tested as the number of stored memory patterns was increased against selectively modulated feedforward and feedback excitatory and inhibitory pathways. From all modulated pathways, simulations showed recall performance was best when feedforward inhibition from bistratified cells to pyramidal cell dendrites is dynamically increased as stored memory patterns is increased with or without increased pyramidal cell feedback excitation to bistratified cells. The study furthers our understanding of how memories are retrieved by a brain microcircuit. The findings provide fundamental insights into the inner workings of learning and memory in the brain, which may lead to potential strategies for treatments in memory-related disorders.

Strengthened Hippocampal Circuits Underlie Enhanced Retrieval of Extinguished Fear Memories Following Mindfulness Training

BackgroundThe role of hippocampus in context-dependent recall of extinction is well recognized. However, little is known about how intervention-induced changes in hippocampal networks relate to improvements in extinction learning. In this study, we hypothesized that mindfulness training creates an optimal exposure condition by heightening attention and awareness of present moment sensory experience, leading to enhanced extinction learning, improved emotion regulation, and reduced anxiety symptoms. MethodsWe tested this hypothesis in a randomized controlled longitudinal study design using a 2-day fear conditioning and extinction protocol. The mindfulness training group included 42 participants (28 women) and the control group included 25 participants (15 women). ResultsWe show that mindfulness training is associated with differential engagement of the right supramarginal gyrus as well as hippocampal-cortical reorganization. We also report enhanced hippocampal connectivity to the primary sensory cortex during retrieval of extinguished stimuli following mindfulness training. ConclusionsThese findings suggest hippocampal-dependent changes in contextual retrieval as one plausible neural mechanism through which mindfulness-based interventions enhance fear extinction and foster stress resilience.

Testing Hypotheses About Binding in Context Memory With a Hierarchical Multinomial Modeling Approach.

. In experiments on multidimensional source memory, a stochastic dependency of source memory for different facets of an episode has been repeatedly demonstrated. This may suggest an integrated representation leading to mutual cuing in context retrieval. However, experiments involving a manipulated reinstatement of one source feature have often failed to affect retrieval of the other feature, suggesting unbound features or rather item-feature binding. The stochastic dependency found in former studies might be a spurious correlation due to aggregation across participants varying in memory strength. We test this artifact explanation by applying a hierarchical multinomial model. Observing stochastic dependency when accounting for interindividual differences would rule out the artifact explanation. A second goal is to elucidate the nature of feature binding: Contrasting encoding conditions with integrated feature judgments versus separate feature judgments are expected to induce different levels of stochastic dependency despite comparable overall source memory if integrated representations include feature-feature binding. The experiment replicated the finding of stochastic dependency and, thus, ruled out an artifact interpretation. However, we did not find different levels of stochastic dependency between conditions. Therefore, the current findings do not reveal decisive evidence to distinguish between the feature-feature binding and the item-context binding account.

Detecting the neural correlates of episodic memory with mobile EEG: Recollecting objects in the real world

Episodic memory supports recognition of the details of complex real world experiences, providing a continuous record of events embedded within spatial and temporal context. Despite the inherently dynamic nature of real events, the bulk of neuroscientific research to date examines recognition in absence of the detailed contextual information that is known to be a defining characteristic. Given the importance of environmental context for episodic memory, examining ERP correlates of memory in more naturalistic settings is vital for progress in understanding how retrieval operates in daily life. The current study capitalized on recent advances in mobile EEG technology to address this issue and is the first to investigate ERP correlates of episodic retrieval in real world contexts. Participants were guided around a pre-defined route inside a building on campus, while performing a recognition memory task, which paired images of objects with actual physical locations in the building to provide context. Importantly, the findings clearly demonstrate that it is possible to observe reliable neural correlates of memory in real world contexts. Replicating two well established ERP correlates of episodic retrieval reported in prior laboratory based studies, we detected FN400 old/new effects traditionally associated with familiarity between 300 and 500 ms, and a late posterior negativity (LPN) often linked to reconstructive processing or evaluation of retrieval outcomes between 500 and 800 ms. Moreover, the FN400 effect was found to be sensitive to retrieval of context, with more sustained effects for objects encountered in a different context at study and test. Overall, the current work highlights the power of mobile EEG technology for examining complex cognitive functions in more naturalistic real world settings.

Reconsolidation of sucrose instrumental memory in rats: The role of retrieval context

Memory reconsolidation enables the update of a previously consolidated memory trace after its reactivation. Although Pavlovian memory reconsolidation has been widely demonstrated, instrumental memory reconsolidation is still debated. The most critical issue on instrumental memory reconsolidation findings have mainly been linked to the presence of specific boundary conditions for reactivation, for instance contextual parameters. In this study, we investigated the role of the spatial context on molecular markers of sucrose instrumental memory reactivation.Following withdrawal, rats previously conditioned to sucrose self-administration underwent either instrumental memory retrieval or no-retrieval in the conditioned context (Context A, AA condition) or in a modified version of the conditioned context (Context B, AB condition). Two hours later, the level of GluA1 and GluN2B receptors, Zif268 and phosphorylated-rpS6 (rpS6P) was measured in key brain areas for memory reactivation.Retrieval in Context A significantly increased GluA1Rs and GluN2BRs in amygdala compared to no-retrieval, indicating that memory successfully reactivated and destabilized. Moreover, Zif268 level was significantly increased after retrieval in Context A in the nucleus accumbens shell, central and basolateral amygdala but not in the hippocampus, while retrieval in Context B significantly increased Zif268 level in all brain areas. On the other hand, rpS6P level was increased in the nucleus accumbens shell and central amygdala, but decreased in the hippocampus, after retrieval in Context A, while retrieval in Context B did not change rpS6P level in brain areas, except for a small but significant decrease in hippocampus.While the increase of Zif268 level indicated that memory reactivation has been triggered in both the conditions, the lack of change in rpS6P levels after retrieval in Context B – in particular in the central amygdala – suggests that the reconsolidation process could not occur after memory reactivation in a context different from the conditioned one.

Context Retrieval as a Critical Component in Selective Memory Retrieval

Selective retrieval often impairs recall of nonretrieved items, a finding referred to as retrieval-induced forgetting. In this article, I review recent research showing that selective retrieval can also improve recall of other items. This research points to a critical role of context retrieval in selective memory retrieval. The concept of context retrieval, which has played a prominent role in other lines of memory research, suggests that selective retrieval can reactivate the retrieved items’ temporal context during study, facilitating recall of other items that had a similar context at study. Such facilitatory effects on recall can arise both when selective item repetition occurs via retrieval and when it occurs via restudy, which suggests a link to the reminding literature. The findings offer new perspectives for investigating and understanding the effects of selective memory retrieval.