Vitexin Content Research Articles

Comprehensive investigation on the flavor difference in five types of tea from JMD (Camellia sinensis 'Jinmudan').

Jinmudan (JMD) is a high-aroma variety widely cultivated in China. The current study primarily focuses on the key volatile metabolites in JMD black and oolong teas,and investigates the impact of processing technologies on the aroma quality of JMD tea. However, few studies have explored the suitabilityof JMD for producing a certain type of tea or the characteristic quality differences among various JMD teas using multivariate statistical analysis methods. The principal volatile metabolites contributing to the floral quality of JMD tea are linalool, geraniol, indole and phenethyl alcohol. In JMD black tea (BT), the key volatile metabolites include methyl salicylate, geraniol, (E)-β-ocimene and phenethyl alcohol. In JMD oolong tea (OT), the key volatile metabolites include indole, linalyl valerate and phenethyl alcohol. In JMD yellow tea (YT), the key volatile metabolites include methyl salicylate, geraniol and terpinolene. In JMD white tea (WT), the key volatile metabolites include methyl salicylate, geraniol and terpinolene. In JMD green tea (GT), the key volatile metabolites include (E)-β-ocimene, indole and geraniol. Comparative analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that flavonoid biosynthesis is the primary metabolic pathway responsible for the taste differences among various tea types. GT exhibited higher levels of phloretin, dihydromyricetin and galangin. The contents of vitexin, tricetin in YT were relatively higher. The contents of aromadendrin and naringenin in BT were higher, while OT contained higher levels of kaempferol. Additionally, WT showed higher contents of 3-O-acetylpinobanksin and 3,5,7-pinobanksin. This study explained the reasons for the quality differences of different JMD tea and provided a reliable theoretical basis for the adaptability of JMD tea. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Vitexin-loaded poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether-grafted chitosan/alginate nanoparticles: Preparation, physicochemical properties, and in vitro release behaviors.

Vitexin, a flavonoid in various foods and medicinal plants, has potential clinical, therapeutic, and food applications due to its bioactive properties and beneficial health effects. However, its poor water solubility causes low oral bioavailability and poor absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, limiting its practical applications. Encapsulation is an efficient approach to overcome these limitations. This study demonstrates the encapsulation of vitexin into poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether-grafted chitosan (mPEG-g-CTS)/alginate (ALG) polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles. The vitexin-loaded mPEG-g-CTS/ALG nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The vitexin-loaded mPEG-g-CTS/ALG nanoparticles had a spherical shape, 50-200 nm diameter, and negatively charged surface (-27 to -38 mV). They possessed a loading capacity of 4%-60%, encapsulation efficiency of 50%-100%, and antioxidant activity (30%-52% 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl decoloration) when their initial vitexin content was 0.02-0.64 g/g polymers. Successful vitexin loading into mPEG-g-CTS/ALG nanoparticles was also indirectly confirmed by the enhanced thermal stability of both polymers and the residual soybean oil used in the emulsion preparation step and delayed oxidative degradation of the residual soybean oil. Vitexin's in vitro release from the mPEG-g-CTS/ALG nanoparticles was very fast in phosphate buffer at pH 11, followed by pH 7, and very slow in acetate buffer at pH 3. The gastrointestinal digestion of vitexin increased by encapsulating into mPEG-g-CTS/ALG nanoparticles. The vitexin-loaded mPEG-g-CTS/ALG nanoparticles were successfully fabricated using a two-step process of oil-in-water emulsion and ionic gelation without pungent odor acids and other crosslinkers. The obtained nanoparticles are suitable for oral intestinal-specific delivery systems. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

In vitro and in vivo Inhibitory Activity of C-glycoside Flavonoid Extracts from Mung Bean Coat on Pancreatic Lipase and α-glucosidase.

Mung bean is a kind of legume commonly eaten by human. In the present study, a HPLC method for analyzing of two C-glycoside flavonoids, isovitexin and vitexin, in Mung bean was developed. Results showed that the flavonoids are mainly existed in Mung bean coat (MBC), while kernel contains very trace. The extraction of C-glycoside flavonoids from MBC was optimized. MBC extracts with isovitexin and vitexin contents of 29.0 ± 0.28% and 35.8 ± 0.19% were obtained with yield of 1.6 ± 0.21%. MBC extracts exhibited inhibitory activities on pancreatic lipase and α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 0.147mg/ml and 0.226mg/ml, respectively. The inhibitory kinetics revealed that MBC extracts showed mixed-type inhibition on these enzymes. Fluorescence quenching titration confirmed the binding of MBC extracts with the enzyme proteins. In vivo study revealed that pre-administration with MBC extracts significantly reduced the triglyceride absorption. Furthermore, it also improved postprandial hyperglycemia in rats through the inhibition of α-glucosidase.

Physicochemical properties and stability of nanoemulsions containing Clinacanthus nutans extract for postherpetic neuralgia

The leaf extract of Clinacanthus nutans (CNE), a medicinal plant widely distributed in South East Asia, has long been used in traditional medicine by applying topically for treatment of herpes zoster. Besides, it has an analgesic effects that could help relieve suffering from postherpetic neuralgia. The aims of this study were to develop nanoemulsions containing CNE obtained from extraction of dried leaves and evaluate their physicochemical properties, stability, and permeability. Forty formulations of oil-in-water emulsion bases containing various concentrations of sunflower oil and mixed emulsifiers were prepared by spontaneous emulsification and screened for further preparation of nanoemulsion bases by high presure homogenization. The results showed that particle sizes and viscosities of nanoemulsion bases were in the range of 85.9 – 120.9 nm and 339.4 – 1,362.0 cP, respectively. The content of vitexin, which was used as a marker in this study, in CNE and 4 %w/w CNE nanoemulsions were 0.130 and 0.005 %w/w, respectively. The 4 %w/w CNE nanoemulsions was found to be stable based on vitexin content under storage at 5 °C and 30 °C. The amount permeated of vitexin after 24-h permeation from 4 %w/w CNE nanoemulsion across Strat-M® membrane was 61.1 ± 1.95%. In conclusion, the promising formulation of nanoemulsions according to stability and permeability results was composed of 4 %w/w CNE, 20 %w/w sun flower oil, and 20 %w/w mixed emulsifiers of Span®80 and Brij®721 (weight ratio of 1.0:0.32), which could be a candidate as a herbal topical dosage form for postherpetic neuralgia.

Vitexin and isovitexin levels in sprouts of selected plants

Vitexin and isovitexin have many biological activities and they are important nutraceuticals. The aim of this study was to compare different species of sprouts used in human nutrition as to their suitability as sources of vitexin and isovitexin, and the influence of light on their content of them. Seeds of industrial hemp, proso millet, naked oat, hulled oat, fenugreek, linseed, common buckwheat, and flax were used for production of sprouts. The contents of vitexin and isovitexin were determined by HPLC. Buckwheat contained the highest, and statistically significant, amounts of both vitexin (3548 mg/kg) and isovitexin (5579 mg/kg); and thus is one of the important sources of these compounds. Daylight is crucial for the formation of both of these C-glycosylflavones.

Concentrations of Phenolic Acids, Flavonoids and Carotenoids and the Antioxidant Activity of the Grain, Flour and Bran of Triticum polonicum as Compared with Three Cultivated Wheat Species

The experiment was performed on 66 breeding lines of Triticum polonicum, four T. durum cultivars, four T. aestivum cultivars, and one T. turanicum cultivar (Kamut® wheat). Wheat grain, bran, and flour were analyzed to determine the concentrations of carotenoids, free and bound phenolic acids, and flavonoids, as well as antioxidant activity in the ABTS+ assay. The total concentrations of lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-carotene in grain and milling fractions were determined at 3.17, 2.49, and 3.16 mg kg−1 in T. polonicum (in grain, flour, and bran, respectively), and at 4.84, 3.56, and 4.30 mg kg−1 in T. durum, respectively. Polish wheat grain was characterized by high concentrations of p-coumaric acid and syringic acid (9.4 and 41.0 mg kg−1, respectively) and a low content of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (65.2 mg kg−1). Kamut® wheat (T. turanicum) which is closely related to T. polonicum was particularly abundant in 4-hydroxybenzoic, chlorogenic, ferulic, gallic, and t-cinnamic acids. The studied Triticum species did not differ considerably in the concentrations of the eight analyzed flavonoids, and significant differences were noted only in rutin levels. The grain and milling fractions of Kamut® wheat were characterized by very high concentrations of quercetin, naringenin, and vitexin, but significant differences were observed only in vitexin content. Quercetin concentration in Kamut® wheat grain (104.8 mg kg−1) was more than five times higher than in bread wheat (19.6 mg kg−1) and more than twice higher than in Polish wheat (44.1 mg kg−1). Antioxidant activity was highest in bran, followed by grain and flour (4684, 1591, and 813 μM TE g−1, respectively). The grain and flour of the analyzed Triticum species did not differ significantly in terms of antioxidant activity.

Design of oral intestinal-specific alginate-vitexin nanoparticulate system to modulate blood glucose level of diabetic rats

Vitexin of Ficus deltoidea exhibits intestinal α-glucosidase inhibitory and blood glucose lowering effects. This study designs oral intestinal-specific alginate nanoparticulate system of vitexin. Nanospray-dried alginate, alginate/stearic acid and alginate-C18 conjugate nanoparticles were prepared. Stearic acid was adopted to hydrophobize the matrix and minimize premature vitexin release in stomach, whereas C-18 conjugate as immobilized fatty acid to sustain hydrophobic effect and drug release. Nanoparticles were compacted with polyethylene glycol (PEG 3000, 10,000 and 20,000). The physicochemical, drug release, in vivo blood glucose lowering and intestinal vitexin content of nanoparticles and compact were determined. Hydrophobization of alginate nanoparticles promoted premature vitexin release. Compaction of nanoparticles with PEG minimized vitexin release in the stomach, with stearic acid loaded nanoparticles exhibiting a higher vitexin release in the intestine. The introduction of stearic acid reduced vitexin-alginate interaction, conferred alginate-stearic acid mismatch, and dispersive stearic acid-induced particle breakdown with intestinal vitexin release. Use of PEG 10,000 in compaction brought about PEG-nanoparticles interaction that negated initial vitexin release. The PEG dissolution in intestinal phase subsequently enabled particle breakdown and vitexin release. The PEG compacted nanoparticles exhibited oral intestinal-specific vitexin release, with positive blood glucose lowering and enhanced intestinal vitexin content in vivo.

CHEMOMETRIC ASSISTED QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF VITEXIN IN ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF BINAHONG (ANREDERA CORDIFOLIA (TEN.) STEENIS) LEAVES

Objective: The objective of this study was to develop a UV spectroscopy method in combination with multivariate analysis for determining vitexin in binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) leaves extract.
 Methods: The partial least square (PLS) regression and the principal component regression (PCR) was performed in this study to evaluate several statistical performances such as coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC), root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV), root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and relative error of prediction (REP). Cross-validation in this study was performed using leave one out technique.
 Results: The R2 values of calibration data sets resulted from PLS ​​and PCR method were 0.9675 and 0.9648, respectively. The low values of RMSEC and RMSECV both for PLS ​​and PCR method indicated the minimum error of the calibration models. The R2 values of validation data sets resulted from PLS ​​and PCR method were 0.9778 and 0.9820, respectively. The low values of RMSEP both for PLS ​​and PCR method indicated the minimum error of prediction generated from the calibration data sets. Multivariate calibration techniques were applied to determine the content of vitexin in binahong leaves extract. Predicted values from the multivariate calibration models were compared to the actual values determined from a validated HPLC method. It was found that PLS models resulted in the lowest REP values compared to the PCR models.
 Conclusion: The chemometrics technique can be applied as an alternative method for determining vitexin levels in the ethanol solution of binahong leaves extract.

Optimization of Solvent Systems for the Extraction of Vitexin as the Major Bioactive Flavonoid in <i>Prosopis farcta</i>

Prosopis farcta, a plant belongs to the mimosoideae, is characterized by a very wide spectrum of various bioactive and medical constituents. Vitexin, the marker flavonoid found in Prosopis, has potent and broad antitumour efficacy in preclinical models. Many studies had been done for the isolation of flavonoids (vitexin) by completely different chromatographically methodology. During this study, vitexin was isolated from Prosopis farcta by 6 different extraction methods in which parameters as the type, concentration and pH of the extracting solvents considered. Among different solvent systems used, methanol-water (40%, containing acetic acid 0.5%) was found to be the best solvent generating the highest yield (0.554 mg·g-1 DW) from Prosopis leaves. The present work suggests an efficient method for estimation the greatest content of vitexin analyzed by HPLC technique and introduces Prosopis farcta as a suitable source of this flavonoid with several pharmacological properties.

Study of the variability of rutin, vitexin, hyperoside, quercetin in “Crataegi folium cum flore” of hawthorn (Crataegus L.) species from Russian flora

The genus Crataegus L. involving several hundred species is distributed throughout the temperate zne of the nothern hemisphere. Nevertheless, only a few species are included in Pharmacopoeias and used for medical purpose. As hawthorn plants usually grow in small groups, the harvesting of raw material is complicated. The search of species suitable for further inclusion in Pharmacopoeia may facilitate this task. Thus, a comparative analysis of the flavonoid content in herbal raw material ("folium cum flore") from Crataegus species growing in Russia was performed. We compared section Crataegus (7 species) widely distributed in Europe, South-Western and Central Asia and often used for medical purpose with section Sanguineae(8 species) growing in the Asian region of the Russian Federation. Total flavonoid (expressed as hyperoside) yields of the 15 Crataegus spp. investigated by UV–vis spectrophotometry ranged from 12.1 ± 1.1 (C. maximowiczii) to 22.1 ± 0.9 mg/g (C. ambigua), average – 16.5 mg/g. Assays for rutin, vitexin, hyperoside and quercetin were performed using the HPLC-UV method. Hyperoside was the predominant compound in all species except C. nigra and ranged from 1.55 (C. nigra) to 12.59 mg/g (C. monogyna), median – 4.47 mg/g. Rutin ranged from 0.35 to 5.37 mg/g, median 1.17 mg/g. Vitexin – from 0.52 to 3.90 mg/g, median 1.67 mg/g. Quercetin ranged from 0.072 to 0.945 mg/g, while the average value was tenfold lower than that in other flavonoids – 0.144 mg/g. Hyperoside, rutin and quercetin content in plant material demonstrated no significant difference between sections Sanguineae and Crataegus, while the content of vitexin was higher in sect. Sanguineae. Thus, the resource base of Crataegus species might be expanded for "folium cum flore" raw material harvesting.

Simultaneous determination of caffeic acid and vitexin contents in Thunbergia laurifolia leaf extracts collected from different provinces in Thailand by HPLC

Simultaneous determination of caffeic acid and vitexin contents in Thunbergia laurifolia leaf extracts collected from different provinces in Thailand by HPLC

Bio-prospecting endemic Mascarene Aloes for potential neuroprotectants.

The Mascarene Aloes are used in the traditional pharmacopoeia against various ailments including cutaneous diseases and as antispasmodics. Scientific evidence to support these claims is non-existent and mainly based on the scientific repute of A.vera. The antioxidant profile of methanolic leaf extracts of A.purpurea Lam., A.tormentorii (Marais) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley, A.lomatophylloides Balf.f., A.macra Haw. and A.vera (L.) Burm.f. was studied using the total antioxidant capacity, copper equivalent and superoxide dismutase assays. In vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated on CAD (Cath.-a-differentiated) neuronal cells by the methyl tetrazolium assay, and the neuroprotective profile was assessed using hydrogen peroxide-induced neurotoxicity with the CAD cells. The aloin and vitexin content were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. A.purpurea had the highest aloin content (546.6nmol/g), while A.tormentorii had the highest vitexin content (67.3nmol/g). A.macra (concentration <0.1mg/mL) elicited a 10% cytotoxicity effect on CAD cells while other Mascarene Aloes were not cytotoxic. This study validates the antioxidant and neuroprotective potential of Mascarene Aloes focusing on their aloin and vitexin content that are also present in other reputed medicinal Aloes.

Isovitexin as marker and bioactive compound in the antinociceptive activity of the Brazilian crude drug extracts of Echinodorus scaber and E. grandiflorus

Echinodorus scaber Rataj and Echinodorus grandiflorus (Cham. & Schltdl.) Micheli, Alismataceae, are popularly used to relieve inflammatory complaints and as diuretic. A study on the antinociceptive effect and selected marker compounds in eleven extracts from different locations was undertaken and their antinociceptive effect was assessed. The fingerprints were compared by HPLC-DAD and the content of vitexin, isovitexin, isoorientin and vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside were determined. All samples presented antinociceptive activity reducing the writhes by 36.4–62.5% and 47.4–79.8% at 10 and 50mg/kg, respectively; indomethacin (5mg/kg) reduced writhes by 82.6–90.1%. The content of the flavonoids C-glycosides, however, presented a strong variation. Isovitexin and isoorientin were found in all the samples, with content ranging from traces to 14.70μg/mg and 2.12–84.27μg/mg extract, respectively, while vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside occurred in quantifiable amounts only in 3 out of 11 samples ranging from 5.43 to 33.13μg/mg extract; vitexin was not detected at all or detected in trace amounts. According to the fingerprints, the samples could be arranged in four main groups. All eleven extracts showed antinociceptive activity. Isovitexin was the only flavonoid present in all samples and can be regarded, acting in synergy with the other compounds or not, as the responsible for the antinociceptive activity. Therefore, isovitexin is a good choice as chemical marker when the antinociceptive activity of E. scaber and E. grandiflorus is investigated.

Antioxidant profile, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, and platelet aggregation of polyphenols and proteins from germinating green gram (Vigna radiata)

ABSTRACTGerminating seeds tend to release a variety of bioactive compounds into the surrounding medium and their compositions vary depending on the type of seed and the temperature of the medium. During imbibition, green gram seeds exuded polyphenols and proteins, and their contents were higher at 45°C (warm seed) compared with that obtained from seeds soaked at room temperature. The total exudate from warm seeds also showed higher antioxidant activity compared with that of room-temperature exudate. Hence, the ethanol extract of the warm seed exudate was characterized for its health beneficial effects. Phenolic acids like gallic, ferulic, and sinapic acids, and flavonoids like vitexin and isovitexin were identified in the extract of the exudate. Among these, vitexin content was the highest compared to other bioactive compounds. DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power of the extract were comparable to those of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). Ethanol extract of warm seed exudate showed acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition with an IC50 value of 9.6 µg GAE/ml and 72% inhibition of platelet aggregation at 0.11 mg GAE/ml concentration. High MW protein (>150kDa) of the exudate showed 83% inhibition of platelet aggregation at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. Low MW proteins of 29 kDa and 12 kDa showed 50% AChE inhibition at 8 μg/ml and 6.82 μg/ml concentrations, respectively.

Quantitative determination of vitexin in Passiflora foetida Linn. leaves using HPTLC

ObjectiveTo establish a simple, rapid, precise and accurate high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method with densitometric detection for the determination of vitexin in Passiflora foetida Linn. (P. foetida). MethodsEthanolic extract of the plant leaf powder was used for the experimental work. Separation was performed on silica gel 60 F254 HPTLC plates with ethyl acetate: methanol: distilled water: formic acid in the proportion of 50:2:3:6 (v/v), as the mobile phase. The determination was carried out using the densitometric absorbance mode at 340 nm. ResultsVitexin response was linear over the range of 2.5–17.5 μg/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.996. Intraday and interday precision studies showed the relative SD was < 3%. Accuracy of the method was determined and the average recovery was 100.3%. The limit of quantitation and limit of detection were 0.879 and 0.290 μg/mL, respectively. The contents of vitexin in P. foetida leaf extracts were within the range of 0.030%–0.310%. ConclusionsThe method was evaluated for sensitivity, accuracy, precision and reproducibility. Each analysis by HPTLC is less expensive than current methods. This method is suitable for routine quality control of raw material of the leaves of P. foetida extract and its products.

C-Glycosylated flavonoids from black gram husk: Protection against DNA and erythrocytes from oxidative damage and their cytotoxic effect on HeLa cells.

C-Glycosyl flavones are present in different plant tissues and they exhibit health benefits. In the present study, it was found that C-glycosyl flavones are distributed in different milled fractions of black gram and among these fractions, husk had the highest content of C-glycosyl flavones. Two C-glycosyl flavones from black gram husk were extracted and purified by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column. The purity of each compound was assessed by analytical C18 column. The structure of each compound was confirmed by LC–MS/MS, NMR. The molecular mass of these compounds were found to be [M−H]−, m/z 431.36 and [M−H]−, m/z 431.35 and were identified as vitexin and isovitexin, respectively. Content of vitexin and isovitexin in aqueous ethanol extract was found to be 76 and 65 mg/g of extract, respectively. These C-glycosyl flavones protected DNA and erythrocytes from oxidative damage. The IC50 values for vitexin, isovitexin and quercetin for hemolysis were 6, 5.7 and 2.37 μg, respectively. These compounds also triggered the process of apoptosis in HeLa cells by downregulating Bcl-2 level with the simultaneous upregulation of Bax and caspase-3 protein expression. Thus, C-glycosyl flavones from black gram husk protected DNA and erythrocytes from oxidative damage and exhibited anticancer activity.

로스팅 녹두를 이용한 다식 제조 및 품질특성

In this study, we manufactured mung bean Dasik (pattern pressed candy) after selecting the optimum roasting conditions through physiochemical analysis and sensory evaluation. Then anti-oxidative abilities of roasted mung bean were measured in order to develop beauty food (Dasik) using roasted mung bean. In the content of vitexin and isovitexin of roasted mung bean, about 10 times the vitexin in the seed(60.85 mg/g) is found in the skin of raw mung bean, and about 9 times the isovitexin in the seed(71.42 mg/g) is also found in the peel. As a result of analyzing the seed and peel of mung bean after roasting it for 10, 20 and 30 minutes respectively, the optimum roasting condition is thought to be <TEX>$110^{\circ}C$</TEX> for 30 minutes as the contents of vitexin and isovitexin showed the highest values of 104.94 mg/g and 122.02 mg/g respectively when the mung bean was roasted at <TEX>$110^{\circ}C$</TEX> for 30 minutes. In the anti-oxidative activity evaluation of the optimum mung bean Dasik, the total content of phenol was shown to be 0.15 mg/mL, and the total content of flavonoid was shown to be 0.026 mg/mL. The DPPH radical scavenging ability showed a high vitality of 58.19%, and the ABTS radical scavenging ability was shown to be 13.26%.

Quality standard study on Vigna radiata

In order to control the quality of Vigna radiata, the quality control method and standard were established in this study. The tests of water content, ash and ethanol-soluble extractives of V. radiata were carried out according to the methods recoded in appendix of Chinese Pharmacopeia (2010 edition, volume 1). The TLC method was established by using vitexin and isovitexin as references, and a mixture of acetate-method-water (10: 1.7 : 1.3) as the developing solvent system on GF254 thin layer plate. The contents of vitexin and isovitexin were determined by HPLC on a Prevail C18 (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) column, using acetonitrile: water (23 : 77) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL x min(-1). The column temperature is 30 degrees C and the detection wavelength is 337 nm. As a result, vitexin, isovitexin and the other constituents were well separated on TLC detected under the UV light (254 nm). The methodology validation for the assay of vitexin and isovitexin presented that they were in good linear correlation in the ranges of 6.12-98 mg x L(-1) and 6.85-109.6 mg x L(-1), with the regression equations of Y = 46.213X - 7.100 (r = 1.000) and Y = 54.515X + 6.829 (r = 1.000), and the average recoveries were 98.2% (RSD 1.9%) and 97.2% (RSD 0.79%), respectively. The content ranges of vitexin and isovitexin from 25 different batches of V. radiata were 1.076-2.062 mg x g(1) and 1.127-2.303 mg x g(-1), respectively. suggesting that the qualities of V. radiata are relatively stable. The ethanol-soluble extractives, water content and total ash of 25 samples varied in the ranges of 13.27% - 18.46%, 9.59% - 12.43% and 2.63% - 3.53%, respectively. All of the above data proved that the established quality of control method V. radiata is specific and accurate, which can be used for the quality control of this drug.

THE HPTLC QUANTITATION OF VITEXIN IN OXALIS CORNICULATA LEAVES AND SCREENING OF ITS NEPHROPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY

In the present work an attempt has been made to analyze quantitatively the content of vitexin in Oxalis corniculata leaves and its protective activity on gentamicin and cisplatin induced nephrotic damage in albino rats. Vitexin is 8-beta-D glucopyranosyl apigenin found commonly in Oxalis corniculata, a plant of good repute in Ayurvedic system of medicine. The HPTLC analysis data indicated that the collected Oxalis corniculata leaves contain 289.8 mg/g of vitexin. The leaf methanolic extract of O. corniculata (OCLM) as well as vitexin showed significant protection on gentamicin and cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in albino rats. Both OCLM and vitexin produced significant scavenging effect upon hydroxyl, lipid peroxide and superoxide, free radicals. OCLM showed better diuretic effect as compared to vitexin.

Stability Testing of Spray- and Spouted Bed–Dried Extracts of Passiflora alata

The aim of this research was to perform a stability testing of spray- and spouted bed–dried extracts of Passiflora alata Dryander (Passion flower) under stress storage conditions. Spouted bed– and spray-dried extracts were characterized by determination of the average particle diameter (d P ), apparent moisture content (X P ), total flavonoid content (T F ), and vitexin content. Smaller and more irregular particles were generated by the spouted bed system due to a higher attrition rate (surface erosion) inside the dryer. The SB dryer resulted in an end product with higher concentration of flavonoids (≈10%) and lower moisture content (1.6%, dry basis) than the spray dryer, even with both dryers working at similar inlet drying air temperature and ratio between the extract feed flow rate to drying air flow rate (W s /W g ). Samples of the spouted bed– and spray-dried extracts were stored at two different temperatures (34 and 45°C) and two different relative humidities (52 and 63% RH for 34°C; 52 and 60% RH for 45°C) in order to perform the stability testing. The dried extracts were stored for 28 days and were analyzed every 4 days. The flavonoid vitexin served as the marker compound, which was assayed during the storage period. Results revealed shelf lives ranging from 9 to 184 days, depending on the drying process and storage conditions.