Content Validity Research Articles

The Childbirth Experience Survey (CBEX): An Analysis of Qualitative Survey data.

In collaboration with community research partners, a national cross-sectional online Childbirth Experience Survey (CBEX) of pregnant and postpartum birthing people was administered in 2016. The linked antepartum-postpartum survey included items across 18 domains (e.g., labor management, pain management, newborn care and feeding), and identified 23 childbirth-specific postpartum patient-reported outcomes (PROs) that were associated with hospital satisfaction. CBEX was implemented in 16 California hospitals to identify hospital-specific opportunities for improvement in care. We analyzed postpartum qualitative survey responses (1) to evaluate the content validity to test the representativeness of existing CBEX domains, (2) to assess for any potential new domains or topics of interest within existing domains, and (3) to use these data to provide hospitals with actionable information for practice improvement. This was an analysis of qualitative survey data based on the following CBEX item: "Is there anything else you would like to share about your birth experience?" Patients could provide multiple comments. Using Atlas.ti Version 8, we mapped participant responses to the 18 existing CBEX domains. Of 525 surveys completed between Oct 2018 and Sept 2020, 172 patients responded to the qualitative item. A total of 235 comments were analyzed and all were able to be mapped to the 18 domains. Qualitative responses highlighted subtleties within several CBEX domains: (1) labor management: pressure from the care team to have a labor induction; (2) pain management: epidural effectiveness, timing, dosage, and education; (3) empathy and respect: issues related to students and residents; and (4) newborn feeding: rough physical handling of patients by nurses, specifically during lactation consults. CBEX survey data is currently being utilized in hospitals to inform childbirth-specific quality improvement initiatives. By capturing detailed voluntary participant responses, CBEX provides the opportunity to document and explore nuanced aspects of the childbirth experience and subtleties that may be contributing to maternal dissatisfaction.

Validity and reliability of an abbreviated Copenhagen Burnout Inventory in Canadian emergency physicians and residents.

Emergency physicians have the highest rates of burnout among all medical specialties. There is a need for accurate and reliable burnout assessment tools to monitor changes and assess the effects of interventions. However, existing tools are typically long and/or costly. We sought to validate an abbreviated Copenhagen Burnout Inventory among emergency physicians and trainees in Canada. We conducted a planned secondary analysis of a national, cross-sectional survey of emergency physicians and trainees in Canada. Exploratory factor analysis was performed followed by confirmatory factor analysis. Kaiser's eigenvalues rule, a scree plot, and Horn's parallel analysis guided the number of factors to extract. Structural validity fit indices and internal consistency were compared to pre-specified cutoffs. Criterion validity was assessed compared to the full Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (burnout defined as mean ≥ 50/100). One hundred eighty-two responses were randomly split into separate cohorts for exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Data were confirmed to be statistically suitable for factor analysis. Using exploratory factor analysis, a ten-item, two-factor abbreviated Copenhagen Burnout Inventory was reached after removing items based on over correlation (≥ 0.80), cross-loading (≥ 75%), and low factor loading (< 0.60). In confirmatory testing, the abbreviated inventory had a good Comparative Fit Index (0.91) though did not meet cutoffs for the remaining fit indices. Internal consistency was 0.92 (95%CI 0.90-0.95). Using a cutoff of 33/50, sensitivity was 0.99, specificity was 0.82, and area under the ROC curve was 0.86. With further validation, an abbreviated ten-item Copenhagen Burnout Inventory has potential to serve as a short, freely available burnout assessment tool among Canadian emergency physicians and trainees. This abbreviated inventory has evidence to support its internal consistency and criterion validity, albeit with inconsistent structural validity. Future validation with larger samples is required, with special attention paid to content validity, test-retest reliability, and correlation with important outcomes.

Validity and reliability of the Manchester Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOXFQ) in one-year postoperative ankle fracture patients-a validation study.

Ankle fracture patients are a heterogenous group with differences in age, sex, fracture morphology, and treatment provided. With the increased focus on patient-centered treatment, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are increasingly adopted by clinicians to facilitate best clinical practice. The Manchester Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOXFQ) has demonstrated good measurement properties when used in patients with foot or ankle disease. The PROM has three domains: (1) Pain; (2) Walking/Standing; and (3) Social Interaction. One study found sufficient content validity for the Pain and Walking/Standing domains when used in the evaluation of ankle fracture patients. Another validation study demonstrated acceptable structural validity and reliability for the MOXFQ in ankle fracture patients 12 weeks after injury. The aim of this study is to assess the structural validity and reliability of the Norwegian version of the MOXFQ in the context of an ankle fracture patients one year after surgery and provide patient acceptable symptom state (PASS) estimates. A pragmatic cross-sectional study design was used to collect the one-year MOXFQ follow-up data from patients surgically treated for an ankle fracture in the period 2017 to 2020 at (Stavanger University Hospital). The structural validity and internal consistency were assessed using confirmatory factor analysis. A separate test-retest study including patients at least one year since ankle surgery was used in the assessment of reliability and measurement error. A confirmatory factor analysis of the three-factor model of the MOXFQ had a good model fit (TLI 0.94; CFI 0.95; RMSEA 0.094; SRMR 0.039). However, the measurement model demonstrated poor discriminant validity of the three factors. A unidimensional model of the 16 items had worse model fit, while a second-order factor model demonstrated strong factor loadings for a second-order factor. A bi-factor model also revealed a strong general factor but also unique variance in the Pain and Social Interaction domain. The domains had good internal consistency (McDonald's omega 0.80 to 0.95) and test-retest reliability (ICC 0.80 to 0.92). The standard errors of measurements for the three domains were between 6.5 and 7.5, and 5.5 for the MOXFQ-Index (scale 0 to 100). PASS estimates for the (sub)scales were: Pain 45; Walking/Standing 39; Social Interaction 19; and MOXFQ-Index 34. The MOXFQ with three domains demonstrated sufficient structural validity and reliability when used in the evaluation of a one-year postoperative ankle fracture population. Reporting the scores of the Pain and Walking/Standing domains was best supported.

Turkish adaptation, validity, and reliability study of the Quality of Life Gravidarum (QOL-GRAV) scale.

The study aims to adapt the validity and reliability of the Pregnancy Quality of Life Scale in Turkish society. The study was carried out methodologically between April 2021 and April 2022 at Bayburt State Hospital, the only public hospital operating in the city center of Bayburt. In the study, a total of 355 pregnant women who met the research criteria and volunteered to participate were examined without selecting a sample. Validity and reliability analysis of language and content validity, explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis, and Cronbach- α coefficient were used. The factor structure of the Turkish form of the scale was consistent with the original form. As a result of the explanatory appropriate. The internal consistency coefficient was calculated as the total Cronbach-α coefficient of the scale was 0.628 for the first trimester, and 0.628 for the II. trimester 0.727 for trimester, III. Trimester it is 0.698 for a trimester. As a result of the validity and reliability study, the Turkish version of the Pregnancy Quality of Life Scale can be used as a valid and reliable measurement tool.

Cultural adaptation, translation and validation of the conflict in adolescence dating relationship inventory (CADRI) in the Greek language.

Dating violence (DV) is a major public health problem with serious consequences for the young population. The Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationship Inventory (CADRI) is the most internationally used tool to measure DV. However, no tool has been translated, culturally adapted, or validated in the Greek context to assess the prevalence of DV in the Greek population. To culturally adapt, validate, and translate the Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationship Inventory (CADRI) in the Greek language to ensure its reliability and cultural and linguistic validity in the Greek population. A cross-cultural adaptation process and cross-sectional study were carried out. There were two phases in the research. First, face validity was assessed after the first phase of translation, which included cross-cultural item adaptation, content validation and expert review of the instrument. In the second stage, the scale's psychometric qualities were assessed on a sample of nursing college students. A CADRI instrument was used to assess DV. The final sample comprised a total of 177 university students. The internal consistency and reliability were good (>0.7), with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.889 for the violence perpetrated subscale and 0.925 for the violence suffered subscale, indicating strong correlations between the total item scores. After exploratory factor analysis was performed, the structure obtained was similar to the original structure. Furthermore, 88.7% of university students perpetrated DV in the last year on their partners, and 90.7% suffered DV, with verbal and emotional violence the most common types. This study provides robust evidence of the validity and reliability of the CADRI for measuring DV in the Greek university population. Additionally, the high prevalence makes it necessary to create DV prevention plans and further research, especially among nursing students. Validation of the CADRI in Greece will increase the knowledge of DV in this population, which lacks validated instruments. The results obtained with the CADRI can be applied to the prevention of DV in young people.

Corrigendum: Content and face validity in virtual reality with children: a validation in five steps+1 of a wheelchair basketball game

Corrigendum: Content and face validity in virtual reality with children: a validation in five steps+1 of a wheelchair basketball game

Validating the self-competence in death work scale for end-of-life care volunteers

Abstract There is an increasing demand for end-of-life care (EoLC) volunteers in Hong Kong’s aging population. However, there is no validated measure that assesses volunteers’ self-competence in coping with death. This is essential to optimize their services, and ensure their psychological well-being. This study aimed to validate the existing Self-Competence in Death Work Scale (SC-DWS) for EoLC volunteers. This scale has been tested previously on health professionals providing end-of-life care, and was adapted for this study with words that fitted the volunteer context. A self-administered survey collected demographic information, personal experiences, the 16-item SC-DWS, 15-item Templer Death Anxiety Scale, and the 8-item Spiritual Wellbeing Scale to examine the internal consistency, concurrent validity, and discriminative validity of this scale among EoLC volunteers. The study sample consisted of all applicants who registered for the EoLC volunteer training programme between 2019 and 2021. Applicants first underwent a systematic screening and selection procedure. They completed an online registration form which included risk assessment, followed by structured individual interviews focusing on applicants’ motivation and mental preparedness for their role. The content validity of the SC-DWS was determined using data from the 341 volunteers who were screened prior to training. Construct validity was tested using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), which suggested that two-factors (subscales) offered the best combination of variables (Emotional and Existential Subscales). The new subscales and the component items differed slightly from those identified in health professional samples. Concurrent validity was demonstrated by strong correlations between the SC-DWS, and the Death Anxiety, and Spiritual Wellbeing scales. Discriminant validity was supported by strong relationships between the new subscales and participants’ personal experiences. The SC-DWS was shown not only to be reliable and valid for EoLC volunteers, but it also highlighted the unique emotional challenges they faced.

Translation, content validity and internal structure of the Brazilian version of the Adolescent Resilience Questionnaire (B-ARQ).

Resilience refers to one's ability to face life's challenges and achieve positive outcomes, and has drawn increasing interest from researchers and policymakers. The Adolescent Resilience Questionnaire (ARQ) is a measure that assesses resilience in adolescents according to a multidimensional perspective, encompassing its several different domains. This cross-sectional study aimed to translate and evaluate the measurement properties of the Brazilian version of the ARQ (B-ARQ) for use with Brazilian adolescents. Two native speakers in Brazilian Portuguese language who were also fluent in English language translated the ARQ from English into Portuguese. A committee of experts in validation studies compared the translated versions. A summarized version was produced and back-translated by a translator native of the English language and fluent in Portuguese. The B-ARQ was pre-tested in a sample of 21 adolescents. An expert committee considered the suggestions and defined the final version of the instrument, which was tested in a sample of 210 adolescent students from public and private schools in the city of Dom Pedrito, Brazil. All students filled out the 88-item instrument as well as a socio-demographic questionnaire. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics of all variables (frequency distribution, floor, ceiling effects), internal consistency, and confirmatory factor analysis of the version with 88 items and the shortened version with 49 items. The short version with 49 items was validated in a cross-sectional study in an adolescent population of high school students using exploratory factor analysis in the Unites States. The 88-item ARQ had poor structural validity with unsatisfactory model fit indices. Therefore, the investigation focused on the short 49-item version of the ARQ (B-ARQ-SV). The final model presented satisfactory RMSEA = 0.042 (p = 0.994, 90% CI: 0.037-0.047) and SRMR of 0.076, despite the low CFI (0.878). The internal consistency was estimated with McDonald's Omega for each factor: Confidence (ω = 0.480), Negative Cognition (ω = 0.588), Empathy/tolerance (ω = 0.295), Emotional insight (ω = 0.425), Social Skill (ω = 0.235), Family Domain Connectedness (ω = 0.785), Family Domain Availability (ω = 0.847), Peers Domain Connectedness (ω = 0.719), Peers Domain Availability (ω = 0.402), School Domain Supportive environment (ω = 0.677), School Domain Connectedness (ω = 0.013), Community Domain Connectedness (ω = 0.791). One scale showed a ceiling effect (frequency higher than 15.0%), but we identified no critical floor effect. The B-ARQ-SV is a valid (in terms of content and structural validity) and reliable (in terms of internal consistency) measurement instrument to assess resilience in Brazilian adolescents.

Development and psychometric evaluation of a theory of planned behavior model-based instrument for evaluation of determinants of oral health behaviors in mothers of children younger than six years in Iraq

BackgroundThe theory of planned behavior (TPB) is one of the most commonly used theories to explain oral health behaviors. To gain a deeper understanding of the determinants of oral health behaviors, we aimed to design and evaluate the psychometrics of a theory of planned behavior model-based instrument for assessing the determinants of oral health behaviors in mothers of children younger than six years in Iraq.MethodsQuestionnaires and guidelines related to the topic were searched in 2023, and the appropriate items based on the domains of the TPB model were extracted. The items were revised and completed to develop the initial version of the instruments. Face validity and content validity of the instrument were assessed. The content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR) were calculated subsequently. The construct validity was examined by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Cronbach’s alpha, intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), and percentage of agreement were employed to check the tool’s internal consistency and reproducibility reliability. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 and Amos software.ResultsThe questionnaire had adequate content validity (CVR ≥ 0.75, CVI ≥ 0.75). The percentage of agreement, Kappa, and ICC coefficients were 57.1–95.3%, 0.52–0.89, and 0.43–0.90, respectively. The p-value for ICC was significant in all cases (p < 0.001).For the internal stability of the tool to keep Cronbach’s alpha values > 0.7 for all domains, we had to omit three questions from attitude, one from subjective norms, and one from perceived behavioral control. In terms of construct validity, the results were as follows: the Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) was 0.942, the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) was 0.900, the Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI) was 0.921, and the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) was 0.046. These values indicate that the instrument demonstrates appropriate construct validity based on the TPB.ConclusionThe psychometric evaluation of the designed instrument showed that it was a valid and reliable tool in Arabic-speaking countries for determining child-related oral health behaviors in mothers of children under six years old.

Development, Construct Validity, and Reliability Testing of a Revised Version of the Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire for People With Spinal Cord Injury

Objectives: To evaluate the content validity, construct validity, and test-retest reliability of a revised version of the Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire for People with Spinal Cord Injury [LTPAQ-SCI(R)] that measures all four components of the spinal cord injury (SCI) exercise guidelines (i.e., exercise frequency, intensity, duration, and type). Methods: Ten adults with SCI (6M/4F) were interviewed to develop the LTPAQ-SCI(R) and assess its content validity. Twenty-three adults with SCI (50 ± 14 years; 18M/5F) completed the LTPAQ-SCI(R), other self-report measures of aerobic leisure time physical activity (LTPA), moderate-to-vigorous LTPA (MVPA), and strength-training activities as well as cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., peak oxygen consumption [V̇O2peak]) and muscular strength tests. Results: User interviews provided information to refine the questionnaire and support content validity. LTPAQ-SCI(R) measures of minutes per week of aerobic and strength-training LTPA shared large correlations with other self-report measures of aerobic LTPA, aerobic MVPA, and strength-training LTPA (r = 0.542 to 0.687, Ps &amp;lt; .01). LTPAQ-SCI(R) measures of minutes per week of aerobic LTPA and all LTPA (i.e., combined aerobic and strength-training LTPA) shared significant medium-sized positive correlations with relative V̇O2peak (r = 0.393 and 0.406, respectively, Ps &amp;lt; .05). All variables measured by the LTPAQ-SCI(R) demonstrated good-to-excellent test-retest reliability (intraclass correlations = 0.854 to 1.000, Ps &amp;lt; .001). Conclusion: This study provides preliminary evidence of the validity and reliability of the LTPAQ-SCI(R) as a measure of minutes per week of aerobic and strength-training LTPA in individuals with SCI. The LTPAQ-SCI(R) is recommended for use in community- and rehabilitation-based settings to collect epidemiological data on LTPA participation among individuals living with SCI.

Measuring Well-Being Influencers: Development and Validation of the WISH Inventory.

Improving healthcare professional well-being and reducing burnout requires improving work ecosystems and cultures. Current well-being metrics focus on distal outcomes within individuals (e.g., professional fulfillment or burnout). In this study, we developed and evaluated the performance of an inventory measuring perceptions of modifiable workplace dimensions-termed influencers-that shape healthcare professionals' well-being. A core team developed the Well-Being Influencers Survey for Healthcare (WISH), an inventory designed to measure these systemic, occupational well-being influencers (e.g., leadership support, psychological safety, working conditions). Following content validation and refinement, 223 healthcare professionals from an academic department of anesthesiology completed WISH alongside established well-being measures, including the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), Professional Fulfillment Index (PFI), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), PROMIS short forms for meaning, purpose, and life satisfaction, as well as standard items of affective commitment (AC, a measure of engagement) and a standard item assessing intention to leave (ITL). Factor analysis was used to assess WISH's internal structure, while correlation and regression analyses assessed its criterion-related validity using the above established measures. WISH showed expected relationships with established well-being measures, and outperformed established metrics in predicting AC and ITL after adjusting for those measures and/or covariates. Factor analysis indicated that most WISH variance reflects a single common factor, supporting the use of an instrument-level score. Unique variance at the influencer level highlights the added value of examining influencer scores. WISH fills a key gap in healthcare professional well-being improvement science by assessing causal factors of well-being and burnout, rather than the conditions themselves. Here, we established initial validity of this unique inventory and further reinforce the relevance of system-level and cultural factors in influencing healthcare professionals' well-being. WISH is well suited to assist healthcare professional well-being improvement efforts driven by system-improvement mindsets.

Assessing the Relevance of the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire in Patients With Tricuspid Regurgitation: The Tri-QOL Qualitative Study.

Validly measuring disease-specific health status is critical in patients with severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) to quantify the benefit of different interventions. The Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) has been used to assess health status in patients with severe TR, but its content validity in this patient population is unknown, including whether additional questions are needed to supplement the KCCQ. Twenty participants with symptomatic severe TR from 2 midwestern clinical sites were interviewed in 2023 using a semistructured guide. The interview guide addressed symptoms, physical and social functioning, and quality of life concepts of the KCCQ, as well as other potential TR symptoms not represented in the KCCQ. Interview transcripts were analyzed using inductive and deductive coding and content analysis, with additional participants recruited until thematic saturation occurred. Mean age of the participants was 80 (41-89), and 75% were female. Shortness of breath and fatigue were reported by virtually all participants (n=20 and n=19, respectively) and had a marked negative impact on their physical and social functioning and quality of life. Lower limb edema was also reported by 10 participants. Although these concepts are captured by the KCCQ, other symptoms were also reported, including appetite loss (n=8) and upper body edema (n=4), but did not seem to markedly affect participants' function or quality of life. In addition, all participants who experienced these other symptoms reported symptoms that were already captured by the KCCQ. All participants experienced symptoms captured by the KCCQ, and these symptoms had a substantial impact on their physical and social functioning and quality of life. Although some participants reported additional symptoms not assessed by the KCCQ, their incorporation would only marginally improve content validity. Thus, the current KCCQ appears to be appropriate for capturing the disease-specific health status of patients with severe TR.

Development and revision of the nonverbal ability test for identifying gifted programs in Türkiye(BNV-II)

ABSTRACT The present study aims to develop the Bildiren Nonverbal Ability Test, Second Version (BNV-II), intended for the identification of gifted children at the primary school level. The first version of the test was originally created as a paper-and-pencil assessment. However, to reduce the risk of individuals becoming overly familiar with the test items due to repeated annual administration without modifications, the BNV-II was revised into a digital format for tablet use, incorporating updated items. In the initial phase of the study, the test was constructed in two forms, A and B, and administered to a pilot sample of 1,360 children aged 6–10 years old, drawn from various locations across Türkiye. The final version of the test was determined through an item difficulty, item discrimination, and item-total score correlation analysis. A norming study was subsequently conducted, involving a total of 6,567 children in Türkiye. The sample for Form A comprised 1,560 females (48%) and 1,659 males (52%), while Form B included 1,628 females (49%) and 1,720 males (51%). Reliability was assessed using test-retest, split-half, KR-20, and KR-21 methods, with standard error, standard deviation, and reliability coefficients calculated. Content, construct, and criterion-related validity were evaluated. The KR-20 reliability coefficient was 0.92 for both forms, and test-retest reliability was 0.91. Parallel-form reliability was 0.86, while correlations between BNV-II total scores and those of NNAT-I, TONI-3, and RSPM were 0.85, 0.86, and 0.77, respectively. These results confirm the BNV-II as a reliable and valid tool for identifying gifted children in Türkiye.

Qualitative In-trial Interviews: Methods, Challenges, and Best Practice.

Qualitative in-trial interviews with clinical trial participants are a means of providing rich, in-depth patient experience data to supplement and complement data captured by clinical outcome assessments and other clinical trial efficacy endpoints. Such in-trial interview data can be used to build understanding of disease and treatment experiences, evaluate content validity of clinical outcome assessments, aid interpretation of scores and meaningful changes, inform trial design feasibility and operational considerations, and provide supportive evidence regarding safety, efficacy, and effectiveness. Despite the rapid growth of in-trial interviews as part of clinical development programs in the pharmaceutical industry in recent years, published guidelines regarding the methods, conduct, and implementation of in-trial interviews are scarce. Drawing on published examples and the authors' experiences of conducting in-trial interview studies, this article provides an overview of best practice methods for implementing this methodology (including considerations for study design, sample size, interview conduct, and analysis) and the value of in-trial interview data to answer specific research questions. Operational and logistical considerations are outlined, including recommendations for country selection, site selection, training and communication, adverse event safety reporting, and data management and handling. Well-designed and carefully implemented in-trial interviews can lead to generation of insightful patient experience data that are truly of value to inform regulators, health technology agencies, clinicians, patients, and caregivers about product attributes and the impact of diseases and treatments on patients' lives.

Digital hospital evaluation scale: A scale-development research study.

Aim: To conduct and report on psychometric tests for a valid and reliable measurement tool for evaluating digital hospitals by healthcare professionals. Method: This psychometric study took place in a public digital hospital in Turkey. It was carried out with the participation of 355 healthcare professionals. Data were collected between September and October 2023 using an online survey and non-probability convenience sampling method. Statistical Package for Social Science Version (SPSS) 26.0 and analysis of moment structures version 24.0 were used to analyse the data. It was used for the psychometric properties and analyses of the scale (item analysis, explanatory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), convergent and divergent validity statistics, Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient, dependent sample t-test, and intraclass correlation). Results: The content validity index of the scale is 0.92. As a result of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and CFA in separate samples, a total of 30 items and four sub-factors were obtained. Cronbach Alpha value of the scale is over 0.90 for both samples. In the four-factor structure, 82.64% of the total variance was explained. The 30-item and four-factor structure obtained in EFA was confirmed in CFA, and convergent and divergent validity statistics were provided. Test-retest results showed that the scale has high reliability. Conclusion: The digital hospital evaluation scale is valid and reliable for healthcare professionals to evaluate digital hospitals.

The Mediating Effect of School Culture on the Relationship between Stress and Conflict Management Styles: Basin for Intervention Program

Abstract: This study investigated how school culture affects the relationship between stress levels and conflict management styles. The findings provide valuable information for establishing an intervention strategy in Region XI. The study used a quantitative research strategy, using correlational approaches for analysis. The sample included 400 teachers from Region XI. The data was collected using customized survey questions that were verified for content validity and reliability. The data were then evaluated using a variety of statistical approaches, including Mean, Pearson correlation coefficient, Multiple Regression Analysis, and Path analysis. The findings revealed a considerable reduction in stress levels, with conflict management styles scoring well. Furthermore, school culture was highly regarded. The study found strong connections among the variables, including clear links between stress levels, school culture, and conflict management styles. It also emphasized how school culture acts as a mediator in the relationship between stress and conflict management styles, providing insight into the process that connects stress levels to how disagreements are managed.

Assessing gender essentialist beliefs towards youth athletes: Development and preliminary validation of the gender essentialist beliefs towards girls in sport scale (GEGS)

Despite evidence refuting the legitimacy of inherent and unchanging qualities and the existence of a gender sport continuum, a prevailing gender essentialist ideology persists among coaches. This ideology perpetuates the belief in a binary, hierarchical, and static structure of gender, which imparts higher cultural and social values to men's sport compared to women's and impacts girls’ development, participation, and enjoyment in sport. Some interventions have been proposed to address this issue; however, at present, no validated scale exists to assess intervention outcomes related to coaches’ gender essentialist beliefs. The aim of the current study was therefore to develop and validate the Gender Essentialist Beliefs Towards Girls in Sport Scale (GEGS), to assess gender essentialism among sport coaches. Content validity was judged by a panel of experts ( N = 4) and through interviews with coaches ( N = 5) across various sports and experience levels. Following initial item iteration, the GEGS was assessed with 633 coaches for reliability and validity. The final scale comprised 20 items and showed good reliability (internal consistency, test-retest reliability, inter-item and item-total correlations), validity (convergent validity, differentiation between known groups), and factor structure. We also found partial support for the discriminant validity of the GEGS. Overall, the GEGS provides a valuable tool for addressing gender essentialism in sport coaching and informing coach education programs. Future research should further validate the scale and explore its sensitivity to change in gender essentialist beliefs over time.

Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the Evaluation of Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life (EASi-QoL) and Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS) Questionnaires: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects quality of life (QoL) due to its impact on physical and emotional well-being. Accurate and reliable tools are needed to assess disease activity and QoL in different cultural contexts. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian versions of the Evaluation of Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life (EASi-QoL) and Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS) scales in Iranian AS patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 70 AS patients referred to a tertiary hospital in Tehran. Patients completed the EASi-QoL, and 39 also completed the ASDAS questionnaire. The translation followed the forward-backward method. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's α for internal consistency and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for test-retest reliability. Content validity was evaluated using the content validity ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI). Test-retest reliability was examined using Spearman's rank correlation for non-normally distributed data. The ICC values for EASi-QoL ranged from 0.71 to 0.82, while Spearman's correlation coefficients ranged from 0.63 to 0.80. For ASDAS, all items except Question 1 had ICC and Spearman's correlation coefficients above 0.8, indicating high test-retest reliability. The average CVR for EASi-QoL was 0.56, and for ASDAS it was 0.68. The CVI for relevance, clarity, and simplicity ranged from 0.86 to 0.96 for both scales, confirming good content validity. The Persian versions of the EASi-QoL and ASDAS scales demonstrate adequate reliability and validity. These tools are suitable for assessing QoL and disease activity in Iranian AS patients, providing culturally relevant measurements for clinical and research settings.

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Persian version of the physical workload questionnaire (PWQ)

BackgroundMusculoskeletal disorders in manual workers are often linked to physical workload factors such as heavy lifting, repetitive movements, and awkward postures. These factors can negatively impact health and work efficiency. Simple tools like questionnaires are essential for studying physical workload. This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Physical Workload Questionnaire for Persian-speaking populations (PWQ-Pr).MethodsThe study involved 255 participants and followed standard guidelines for translation and cultural adaptation. Various psychometric properties were assessed, including face validity through interviews, construct validity via hypothesis testing and factor analysis, content validity using the Content Validity Index (CVI), convergent validity through Pearson’s correlation with the Spine Functional Index (SFI), internal consistency using Cronbach’s alpha, and test-retest reliability assessed through the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and standard measurement error over a 10-day period.ResultsGood internal consistency (α = 0.89) and high test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.90, 95% confidence interval: 0.81–0.94) were obtained. Convergent validity was indicated by a correlation of r = 0.41 (P < 0.001) with the SFI questionnaire. Content Validity (CVI = 0.93) was approved. Factor analysis identified two distinct factors within the PWQ-Pr, explaining 52.07% of the variance. Hypothesis testing indicated significant differences in physical workload across job types and among individuals with and without spinal musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), with eight hypotheses confirmed out of twelve tested.ConclusionsThe Persian version of the Physical Workload Questionnaire (PWQ-Pr) is a reliable and valid tool for assessing physical workload among Persian-speaking individuals. It is effective in evaluating workload across various job tasks.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Content Validation of the Yonsei Lifestyle Profile for Older Adults in the United States.

As the global population ages, there is a growing need for tools to assess lifestyle factors that impact the health and quality of life of older adults. The Yonsei Lifestyle Profile (YLP), originally developed in SouthKorea, is a comprehensive tool for evaluating key lifestyle domains. However, cultural and linguistic differences between countries necessitate the adaptation of such tools for use in diverse populations. This study addresses the gap by developing an English version of the YLP (YLP-E) for older adults in the United States. As the global population continues to age, maintaining and improving the health and quality of life of older adults has become increasingly important. This study aimed to develop a YLP-E, a cross-cultural adaptation of the Korean version of the YLP, that can be used for older American adults. The Delphi method was used to consult expert panels regarding the cultural and linguistic appropriateness of the translation. The translation process involved a two-way translation-back-translation procedure and iterative revisions based on expert feedback. The final YLP-E tool, which incorporated feedback on linguistic and cultural adequacy, consisted of 3 lifestyle domains (physical activity, activity participation and nutrition) with 62 items. The second round improved the content validity, with the linguistic content validity ratio (CVR) and cultural CVR reaching 0.86 and 0.94, respectively. The YLP-E is a valuable tool for comprehensively assessing and monitoring the lifestyle of older American adults and holds promise for further refinement and validation across diverse demographic settings. Future research needs to focus on utilizing the YLP-E to develop personalized interventions aimed at improving the health and quality of life of older adults and evaluating the tool's efficacy in promoting healthy aging.