Water-soluble Protein Content Research Articles

Monitoring of Chemical Changes in Red Lentil Seeds during The Germination Process

Abstract Red lentils are a very important raw material in the food industry due to their high protein content and high level of health-promoting components. The nutritive value of red lentils is the most important attribute from a research point of view; it can be increased by germination, soaking as well as physical and biochemical processes. The antinutritive materials are reduced or denatured by the germination process and indigestible components become available to the human body. Heat treatment was applied to achieve different temperatures and increase the microbiological stability of germinating samples. The effect of heat treatment on the amounts of certain components and the activity of oxidative enzymes was tested during our experiments; the nutritional characteristics (water-soluble total polyphenol content (WSTPC), water-soluble protein content (WSPC), water-soluble antioxidant capacity, in addition to peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzyme activities) of different treatments in red lentil samples were monitored. The WSTPC in our samples ranged from 0.726 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent GAE/g DW (DW being dry weight) to 1.089 mg GAE/g DW, and the WSPC varied from 19.078 g / 100g DW to 29.692 g / 100 g DW. Results showed that germination led to an increase in the WSTPC and WSPC. The peroxidase enzyme activity also exhibited an increase during germination which could result in deepening of the colour of the finished products. Germination resulted in the water-soluble antioxidant capacity of red lentil samples decreasing.

Effects of Different Heat Treatments on The Chemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Egg-Free and Quail Egg Dried Pasta

Abstract In Hungary, dried pasta products are very popular amongst all groups of society. In recent years the demand for not only dried pasta made from hen eggs (Gallus gallus domesticus) but from alternative types of ingredients has increased. However, according to the literature the chemical and microbiological characteristics of this type of pasta have yet to be studied in depth. The effects of the use of quail eggs and heat treatments at different temperatures were studied by chemical and microbiological measurements. The activity of oxidative enzymes and nutritional characteristics (water-soluble total polyphenol content, water-soluble antioxidant capacity, peroxidase enzymatic activity, water-soluble protein content and yellow pigment content) was tested during our experiments. The data were evaluated by relevant statistical methods. Significant differences were found both between heat treatments and between the egg content of the dried pasta samples. The peroxidase enzymatic activity and yellow pigment content increased with temperature. However, the usage of quail eggs provides a higher water-soluble protein content and water-soluble antioxidant capacity. The presence of microorganisms is decreased by increasing the drying temperature. The number of all the examined microorganisms was within limits.

Вплив гербіцидів на показники урожаю гібрида кукурудзи Оржиця 237 МВ

The purpose. To study properties of grain of hybrid of corn Orzhitsa 237 MV and action of ferments antioxidant protection for detection of aftereffects of treatment of sowings with selective herbicides Kharnes, Proponit, Master and Stellar. Methods. Activity of superoxide scavenger (SOD; KF 1.15.1.1) was determined according to the level of retardation of regenerative process of nitrosine tetrazolium at presence of nicotinamidine nucleotide and phenazine methasulphate. Catalase activity was determined by titrometric method with solution of potassium permanganate after incubation of supernatant during 30 minutes at 25°C with hydrogen superoxide and it was expressed in mM of H2O2/min g of crude mass. Content of GSH and activity of glutathione-S-transferase was determined according to practical standard. Results. After-effect of herbicidal treatment on the dead-ripe grain of hybrid of corn Orzhitsa 237 MV is probed. Lower mass of seeds and content of water-soluble proteins depending on individual properties of herbicides is fixed. There were also determined different direction changes in activity of anti-oxidant ferments. Conclusions. The determined morphological and metabolic changes can be evaluated as development of after-effect of herbicides: aberration from control indexes of seeds, caused by action of herbicides, points out to aggravation of yield of probed hybrid. Results of investigation specify expediency of testing perspective hybrids also on responsivity to herbicides with different mechanisms of action.

APPLICATION OF MULTI CRITERIA DECISION TECHNIQUE TO DETERMINE THE BEST CHICKPEA CULTIVARS WITH HIGH ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL

In this study, technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS) analysis, which is multi criteria decision making method, was firstlyapplied to rank the most suitable cultivars among 12 registered chickpeas for highantioxidant potentials. Registered chickpea cultivars were grown in trial fields ofstate research institute in 2015, Adana, Turkey. The cultivars were analyzed for thecriteria such as their water-soluble protein content (WSPC), total phenolic content(TPC), free radical scavenging activity (FRSA) and iron chelating activity (ICA)which were related to their antioxidant potentials. However, depending on eachcriterion, the ranking of the cultivars was completely different so that TOPSISanalysis was applied to the obtained data in six steps. Firstly, the decision matrixwas constructed and then each criterion was weighted as respectively 0.40, 0.30,0.20, 0.10 for FRSA, TPC, ICA, and WSPC by the researchers. After the weightednormalized decision matrix was constructed, the positive ideal and negative idealsolutions were determined. Then the separation measures for each alternative werecalculated (Si* and Si- for the separation from positive and negative idealalternative, respectively). Finally, the relative closeness to ideal solution wascalculated (Ci*). The cultivar Seçkin with the highest Ci* value (0.776) was thefirst rank and followed by Aydın, Azkan, and Çakır. This study showed theusefulness of TOPSIS analysis in the multi criteria decision making process whenthe presence of different parameters related to same property of sample set such asantioxidant potential of chickpea cultivars.

Prediction of functional properties of registered chickpea samples using FT-IR spectroscopy and chemometrics

This study was performed to evaluate the classification and prediction capability of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy for functional properties of chickpea samples for the first time. Health related (total phenolic content, iron chelating activity, and free radical scavenging activity) and food processing related properties (water soluble protein content, water binding capacity and oil binding capacity) of water soluble extracts of twelve registered chickpea cultivars which were grown in different cultivation year and area (n = 36 × 2) were investigated. The cultivars were not classified well based on cultivar type, cultivation location and year. Partial least squares (PLS) regression models were constructed with cross validation (leave one out) technique to determine the relation between the spectral data and chemical analysis. Regression coefficients of calibration models were found higher than 97% and regression coefficients of validation models were calculated higher than 95% meaning that the models have successful prediction capacity. Root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) models ranged from 0.03 to 51.06 and cross-validation (RMSECV) models ranged from 0.03 to 50.33. Prediction of total phenolic content of the chickpea samples was not very good as other functional properties with higher RMSEC and validation models.

Effect of sodium chloride on oxidative stress biomarkers of the freshwater bivalve Anodonta cygnea

For the first time a study was conducted of the effects of the change in the concentration of sodium chloride in water on the biomarkers of oxidative stress (enzymes: catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), and a marker of peroxidation lipids (LPO) – malonic dialdehyde (MDA)) in the gills of the freshwater mollusc Anodonta cygnea. Adult specimens of A. cygnea of both sexes with a shell length of 70–100 mm were selected for the study, a total of 36 individuals. The molluscs were collected in one of the bays on the southwestern coast of the Volga reaches of the Rybinsk Reservoir (reservoir of the cascade of the upper Volga). The molluscs were kept in the laboratory in aquariums with river water and sand collected from the place of the molluscs' collection. During the experiment, a solution of NaCl 3 g/l in river water was introduced into the container with molluscs. Samples of molluscs’ tissues were taken before application of the saline solution, 40 and 120 min after changing the salt concentration to 3 g/l, and 20 and 60 min after changing the NaCl solution to river water. The change in the concentration of NaCl in water (0–3 g/l) did not affect the content of water-soluble protein in the gills of molluscs during short-term exposure. The change in NaCl concentration in water caused the intensification of LPO processes in the gills of A. cygnea. The change in the activity of the enzymes of the antioxidant system and the increase in the concentration of GSH in A. cygnea gills, indicates their involvement in protecting freshwater molluscs from NaCl-induced oxidative stress. The change in the functioning of the glutathione system may be a compensatory mechanism for changing the NaCl concentration in water. Such biomarkers of oxidative stress as malonic dialdehyde and enzymes of the antioxidant system are sensitive indicators of changes in NaCl concentration in water in freshwater bivalve molluscs, for example A. cygnea.

Effect of heating temperature and duration on the texture and protein composition of Bighead Carp (Aristichthys nobilis) muscle

ABSTRACTThe effect of heating temperature and duration on the texture and protein composition of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) muscle was investigated. Samples were heated at 90°C, 100°C, 110°C, and 120°C for different times. The results showed that cooking loss increased significantly with increasing temperature and heating time, and a fractional conversion model was used to describe the increase. Hardness, chewiness, and gumminess exhibited a similar four-phase change with two peaks at 90°C, 100°C, and 110°C, and the trend was not observed at 120°C. Analysis of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electropheresis (SDS-PAGE) revealed that contents of myosin heavy chain decreased entirely to disappear and contents of actin significantly decreased. Increasing the intensity of the heavy molecular weight bands indicated the aggregation of myosin. Content of water-soluble proteins presented an increasing trend, which reflected the protein degradation and the release of low-molecular-weight compounds.

The genetic architecture of water-soluble protein content and its genetic relationship to total protein content in soybean

Water-soluble protein content (WSPC) is a critical factor in both soybean protein quality and functionality. However, the underlying genetic determinants are unclear. Here, we used 219 soybean accessions and 152 recombinant inbred lines genotyped with high-density markers and phenotyped in multi-environments to dissect the genetic architectures of WSPC and protein content (PC) using single- and multi-locus genome-wide association studies. In the result, a total of 32 significant loci, including 10 novel loci, significantly associated with WSPC and PC across multi-environments were identified, which were subsequently validated by linkage mapping. Among these loci, only four exhibited pleiotropic effects for PC and WSPC, explaining the low correlation coefficient between the two traits. The largest-effect WSPC-specific loci, GqWSPC8, was stably identified across all six environments and tagged to a linkage disequilibrium block comprising two promising candidate genes AAP8 and 2 S albumin, which might contribute to the high level of WSPC in some soybean varieties. In addition, two genes, Glyma.13G123500 and Glyma.13G194400 with relatively high expression levels at seed development stage compared with other tissues were regarded as promising candidates associated with the PC and WSPC, respectively. Our results provide new insights into the genetic basis of WSPC affecting soybean protein quality and yield.

Changes in Protein Oxidation, Water-Holding Capacity, and Texture of Bighead Carp (Aristichthys Nobilis) Fillets Under Chilled and Partial Frozen Storage

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to evaluate the contribution of protein oxidation to the changes in the water-holding capacity (WHC) and texture of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) fillets under chilled and partial frozen storage (4°C and −3°C). The results indicated that less protein oxidation occurred to fillets at −3°C than at 4°C, which was reflected by the higher value of salt-soluble protein contents (SSP), total sulfhydryl content (SH), Ca2+-ATPase activity, lower water-soluble protein contents (WSP), total disulfide content (SS), and surface hydrophobicity (So-ANS). However, the fillets had better WHC and texture at 4°C, as well as lower drip loss and higher centrifugal loss, hardness, and springiness. A significant linear relationship existed between protein oxidation parameters with WHC and texture characteristics for fillets under both types of storage, but the process of freezing and then thawing, instead of protein oxidation, was the main factor affecting the texture and WHC of fillets at −3°C.

Evaluation of genetically modified Arabidopsis thaliana through metallomic and enzymatic approaches focusing on mass spectrometry-based platforms

This work reports the evaluation of the Arabidopsis thaliana, genetically modified or not, cultivated in the absence or in the presence of different concentrations of sodium selenite, employing mass spectrometry-based platforms and metallomics and enzymatic approaches. The genetic modification is evidenced through PCR analysis. The total selenium determination in the leaves of such culture is performed through ICP-MS. The metalloproteins are identified through LC-ICP-MS and ESI–MS/MS, which are involved in a diversity of modifications observed in the genetically and non-genetically modified plants. Additionally, some enzymes are also evaluated, which are involved in the oxidative stress such as SOD and catalase, as well as the concentrations of MDA and H2O2. Results on Se accumulation in the genetically modified is higher than non-genetically modified leaves as 130%, 19% and 17% for control, Se-low and Se-high treatments, respectively. From the results achieved in this work, it was verified that the genetic modification itself is a stressful event to the plants, once while a decreased of 32% water-soluble protein content and ca. 48% on SOD activity were observed, an increase of 69% on the H2O2 production was noted in GM leaves, when the Se was added to the culture. Additionally, the genetic modification conferred plant resistance to Se oxidative stress, due to the decrease of both water-soluble protein content (33%) and SOD activity (66%), as well as the increment on H2O2 production (19%) in control GM leaves, when compared with N-GM leaves.

The effects of clove oil on the enzyme activity of Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman (Arachnida: Acari: Varroidae).

Varroa destructor, a key biotic threat to the Western honey bee, has played a major role in colony losses over the past few years worldwide. Overuse of traditional acaricides, such as tau-fluvalinate and flumethrin, on V. destructor has only increased its tolerance to them. Therefore, the application of essential oils in place of traditional pesticides is an attractive alternative, as demonstrated by its high efficiency, lack of residue and tolerance resistance. To study the acaricidal activity of essential oils, we used clove oil (Syzygium aromaticum L.), a typical essential oil with a wide range of field applications, and examined its effects on the enzyme activities of Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and its effects on the water-soluble protein content of V. destructor body extracts after exposure to 0.1 μl and 1.0 μl of clove oil for 30 min. Our results showed that the water-soluble protein content significantly decreased after the treatments, indicating that the metabolism of the mites was adversely affected. The bioactivity of GSTs increased significantly after a low dosage (0.1 μl) exposure but decreased at a higher dosage (1.0 μl), while the activities of SOD and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase were significantly elevated after treatments. These results suggest that the protective enzyme SOD and detoxifying enzymes Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase and GST contributed to the stress reaction of V. destructor to the essential oils and that the detoxification ability of V. destructor via GST was inhibited at higher dosages. Our findings are conducive to understanding the physiological reactions of V. destructor to treatment with essential oils and the underlying mechanisms behind the acaricidal activities of these natural products.

Технохимическая характеристика органов и тканей серого кита Eschrichtius robustus

Chemical composition, content of protein, minerals, free amino acids and fatty acids in the muscles, heart, tongue, kidneys, liver, and lungs of California grey whale Eschrichtius robustus are examined. All eatable parts of the grey whale body are significantly watered (water content 78.5-80.5 %), with the minimum water content in the tongue and the maximum in the kidneys. The meat of grey whale has low lipid content and is similar to low-fat beef, lamb or horsemeat. All essential amino acids are presented in the proteins with slight differences in their content depending on localization. Lysine and leucine have the high level in all eatable parts of the whale (15.3-22.6 mg/g WW). The highest content of polyunsaturated fatty acids is found in the heart (36.49 %). The content of water-soluble protein varies from 17.9 % for the tongue to 57.9 % for the liver, the content of myofibrillar proteins in the meat, kidneys, tongue and heart ranges between 12.8-25.2 % but they are absent in the lungs and liver. Concentration of toxic elements (As and Cd) depends on localization, with the highest level in kidneys: As 0.42-2.80 mg/kg WW, Cd 0.05-1.22 mg/kg WW.

Hydrogen peroxide is involved in abscisic acid-induced adventitious rooting in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under drought stress

Abscisic acid (ABA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are important regulatory factors involved in plant development under adversity stress. Here, the involvement of H2O2 in ABA-induced adventitious root formation in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under drought stress was determined. The results indicated that exogenous ABA or H2O2 promoted adventitious rooting under drought stress, with a maximal biological response at 0.5 μM ABA or 800 μM H2O2. The promotive effects of ABA-induced adventitious rooting under drought stress were suppressed by CAT or DPI, suggesting that endogenous H2O2 might be involved in ABA-induced adventitious rooting. ABA increased relative water content (RWC), leaf chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm, ΦPS II and qP), water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and soluble protein content, and peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and indoleacetate oxidase (IAAO) activities, while decreasing transpiration rate. However, the effects of ABA were inhibited by H2O2 scavenger CAT. Therefore, H2O2 may be involved in ABA-induced adventitious root development under drought stress by stimulating water and chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, carbohydrate and nitrogen content, as well as some enzyme activities.

Evaluation of major nutritional components and phytochemical screening of four different Bangladeshi branded unifloral honey and their brine shrimp toxicity study

The research work was conducted to investigate the biochemical composition of four different Bangladeshi branded unifloral honey. The honey from Litchi (Litchi chinensis), Black cumin (Nigella sativa), Coriander (Coriandrum sativum), Mustard (Brassica campestris) were used. We investigated color, pH, Moisture, Dry matter ,Specific gravity, Total sugar, Reducing sugar, Non reducing sugar, Crude protein, Water soluble protein, Lipid, Ash, Total Carbohydrate, Metabolizable energy, Vitamin C and minerals content. The result revealed the presence of nutrient constituent among the varieties comprising pH(3.47 to 4.06),specific gravity(1.32 to 1.37),dry matter(85.2 to 86.6%), moisture(13.4 to 14.7%),ash(0.64 to 0.66%),lipid(0.14 to 0.16%),crude protein(0.63 to 0.73%), total carbohydrate(83.70 to 85.18%), metabolizing energy(2763.59 to 2808.95Kcal/Kg),total sugar(77.36 to 81.2%),reducing sugar(60.5 to 63.03%),non-reducing sugar(16.61 to 18.17%),vitamin C (4.63 to 6.36mg%), and minerals such as Calcium(6.36 to 7.87mg%) and Iron(1.62 to 1.89mg%) respectively. Moreover, alkaloids, flavonoids found in all varieties but only polyphenols was absent in Black cumin varieties. In the cytotoxic activity studies, LC50 values were obtained in the range of 4800 to 4966.7µg/ml.

Ni-inhibited seedling growth in Zea mays (maize) involves alterations in associated biochemical processes

An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of Nickel (Ni) (5–50 µM) on seedling growth, dry weight, chlorophyll content and carotenoid content of Zea mays (maize) grown in petries after 96 h exposure to Ni. The experiment was further extended to investigate the effect of Ni on water soluble protein content and the activities of protease and oxidoreductase enzymes (POD, PPO) in the roots of maize exposed to Ni. The results indicated that Ni inhibits both root and coleoptile length in test plant followed by reduction in chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. Decrease in the activity of proteases and protein content was also observed in test plant. The reduction was observed more in Z. mays roots as compared to coleoptile when treated with Ni. Further, significant reduction in chl b was noted more than chl a in the test plant. However, the increased activities of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) were observed with increase in Ni concentrations in Z. mays roots.

Vitality of the cyanolichen Peltigera praetextata exposed around a cement plant (SW Slovakia): a comparison with green algal lichens

AbstractThe suitability of the cyanolichen

Foliar Application of 24-Epibrassinolide Improved Salt Stress Tolerance of Perennial Ryegrass

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is a widely used turfgrass. In this study, the effect of exogenously applied 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) on salt stress tolerance of perennial ryegrass was investigated. The results indicated that pretreatment with four concentrations of EBR (0, 0.1, 10, 1000 nM) improved salt tolerance of perennial ryegrass. Exogenous EBR treatment decreased electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA), and H2O2 contents and enhanced the leaf relative water content (RWC), proline, soluble sugar, and soluble protein content under salt stress condition. Meanwhile, EBR reduced the accumulation of Na+ and increased K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ contents in leaves after salt treatment. Moreover, EBR pretreatment also increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, as well as ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione contents. These results suggested that EBR improved salt tolerance by enhancing osmotic adjustment and antioxidant defense systems in perennial ryegrass.

Profiling and relationship of water-soluble sugar and protein compositions in soybean seeds

Sugar and protein are important quality traits in soybean seeds for making soy-based food products. However, the investigations on both compositions and their relationship have rarely been reported. In this study, a total of 35 soybean germplasms collected from Zhejiang province of China, were evaluated for both water-soluble sugar and protein. The total water-soluble sugar (TWSS) content of the germplasms studied ranged from 84.70 to 140.91mg/g and the water-soluble protein (WSP) content varied from 26.5% to 36.0%. The WSP content showed positive correlations with the TWSS and sucrose contents but negative correlations with the fructose and glucose contents. The clustering showed the 35 germplasms could be divided into four groups with specific contents of sugar and protein. The combination of water-soluble sugar and protein profiles provides useful information for future breeding and genetic research. This investigation will facilitate future work for seed quality improvement.

Nutritional components and antioxidant properties of seven kinds of cereals fermented by the basidiomycete Agaricus blazei

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of solid-state fermentation (SSF) by basidiomycete Agaricus blazei Murrill (ABM) on the nutritional components and antioxidant properties of wheat, rice, oat, corn, millet, broomcorn millet and sorghum.The results showed that the contents of nutritional components in the fermented cereals varied with the fermentation time. After SSF of ABM, the enhancement rates of millet in total phenols, amino acid nitrogen and water-soluble protein content were the highest, which were respectively 4.03, 12.04 and 10.37 times higher than that of the control; the enhancement rates of wheat in total protein and reducing sugar content were the highest, which were 0.32 and 100.77 times higher than that of control. According to 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity, reducing power, ferrous ion chelating ability and superoxide anion radical scavenging ability of ethanolic extracts from the fermented cereals, it was shown that the antioxidant properties of the cereals were significantly stronger than that of control after fermented by ABM. The improvement degrees of sorghum in DPPH radical scavenging capacity and superoxide anion radical scavenging ability were the highest, the improvement degrees of wheat in reducing power and ferrous ion chelating ability were the highest.

Water-soluble protein level in fishmeal affects extrusion behaviour, phase transitions and physical quality of feed

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of water-soluble protein (WSP) as a plasticizer in the fish feed extrusion process and the impact on physical pellet quality. A three-factor central composite design was used to study the influence of the variables WSP in the feed mix, and steam and water addition in the extruder. Regression models with r2 in the range of 0.862–0.976 (P < 0.001) were established for specific mechanical energy (SME), pellet hardness, cutting strength, sectional expansion index, length, bulk density, oil adsorption capacity and extrudate flow-starting temperature (Tf). Addition of WSP had a positive effect on SME and improved the physical pellet quality, while moisture had the opposite effect. Expansion parameters showed a complex relationship and were influenced by all the studied process variables. Increase in WSP and moisture content had a comparable effect on Tf reduction. This opens up the possibility to obtain a satisfactory ‘cook’ at reduced moisture level with a potential for significant reduction of the energy consumption during drying of the extrudate. Overall conclusion from the experiment is that WSP can be used as a processing aid for the fish feed industry, serving multiple purposes as nutrient, plasticizer and binder in extruded fish feed.