Water-soluble Protein Content Research Articles

Effects of an inoculant containing a Lactobacillus buchneri that produces ferulate-esterase on fermentation products, aerobic stability, and fibre digestibility of maize silage harvested at different stages of maturity

The aim of this research was to study the effects of a commercial inoculant containing Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus buchneri that produces ferulate esterase enzymes on fermentation products, aerobic stability, microbial status, dry matter (DM) losses, and digestibility of neutral detergent fibre (aNDF-D) of maize silages ensiled at four stages of maturity. The kernel milk line (ML) was used to time the forage harvest, and 1/6 ML, 2/5 ML, 3/4 ML and black layer (BL) were observed, for harvest stages I, II, III and IV, respectively. Chopped whole plant maize was untreated or treated with L. casei LC32909 and L. buchneri LN40177, which were applied to achieve a final application rate of 1×104cfu/g and 1.0×105cfu/g of fresh forage, respectively. The maize was ensiled in laboratory silos for 260 days before opening. The DM content, starch and ether extract concentrations and mould count increased, whereas water activity, nitrate, ash, water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and crude protein (CP) contents progressively decreased with increasing maturity at harvest. The 24-h and 48-h aNDF-D were similar for harvest stages I, II and III, whereas they were the lowest in harvest stage IV. The effect of inoculation decreased with increasing DM content at ensiling, and the inoculum was ineffective at the last stage of maturity, probably due to the high epiphytic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count, low water activity and low sugar content that could have negatively influenced the inoculation outcome. The inoculation lowered the lactic acid, yeast and mould counts and increased acetic acid, 1,2-propanediol, pH, DM losses and aerobic stability in the first three harvest stages, whereas no differences were observed between the treated and untreated silages harvested at the last stage of maturity. Regardless of the treatment, the yeast count fell under the detection limit and the aerobic stability of the silage increased to over 200h when the acetic acid content exceeded 25g/kg DM. Furthermore, the DM losses were closely correlated to the acetic acid production and increased to 80g/kg of DM in the treated silages harvested at the earliest stage of maturity. The potential milk production, estimated with MILK2006 model (Shaver et al., 2006, http://www.uwex.edu/ces/dairynutrition/spreadsheets.cfm), showed that the greater aNDF-D of the treated silage, which was observed in harvest stages I and III, did not counterbalance the higher DM losses attributable to the L. buchneri activity during ensiling, in terms of milk per Mg of original ensiled DM.

Water-soluble protein molecular weight distribution and effects on wheat malt quality during malting

The content and the molecular weight distribution of wheat water-soluble proteins during malting were determined. Also, the relationships between wheat malt characteristics and water-soluble protein molecular weight distributions were studied. The water-soluble protein content was found to increase during malting and the increment was most significant on the first and second days. The molecular weight distribution of the wheat water-soluble protein was analysed by high-pressure size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) methods. The HPSEC method showed that the content of all six molecular weight fractions (>24.4, 9.8–24.4, 3.9–9.8, 2.5–3.9, 0.4–2.5 and 24.4, 9.8–24.4 and 3.9–9.8 kDa fractions showed a declining trend during steeping but an increase during the first 2 days of germination. The content of the 9.8–24.4 kDa fraction increased during the process of kilning. Wheat had a high percentage of the >24.4 and 9.8–24.4 kDa fractions, while wheat malt had a high percentage of the 2.5–3.9 and 0.4–2.5 kDa fractions. The molecular weight fractions of the water-soluble protein had negative correlations with wheat malt viscosity and positive correlations with wheat malt extract. The SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the band of the 60 kDa water-soluble protein faded, while the bands of the 56, 44 and 12–15 kDa water-soluble proteins became darker during malting. Copyright © 2014 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling

Physiological responses of Corythucha ciliata adults to high temperatures under laboratory and field conditions

Under high temperature conditions, insects can tolerate to survive through various physiological mechanisms, which have been well documented in laboratory studies. However, it is still unclear as to whether these laboratory data can scale up to those in the field. Here we studied dynamics of heat-induced metabolites in Corythucha ciliata adults under both laboratory and field conditions to examine their significance in thermal tolerance of the species. We compared the effects of controlled thermal treatments (2h at 33–43°C at 2°C intervals in the laboratory) and naturally increasing thermal conditions (10:00–14:00 at 2-h intervals (33.5–37.2°C) on a hot summer day in a field in Shanghai, China) on water content and levels of water-soluble protein, triglycerides, mannitol, and sorbitol in the adult bodies. The results showed that water content significantly decreased and all other metabolic parameters significantly increased in response to temperature stresses with similar patterns in both the laboratory and field, although the respective threshold temperatures were different under the two conditions. The close linkage observed in the two conditions suggests that a short period of heat stress induces water loss and accumulation of thermal metabolites in C. ciliata adults. This heat-resistance provides a defense mechanism counteracting thermal damage in C. ciliata.

Use of single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes to identify genomic regions associated with protein content and water-soluble protein content in soybean.

Four major SPC-specific loci were identified, and these accounted for 8.5-15.1 % of the phenotypic variation, thus explaining why certain soybean varieties have a high PC but a low SPC. Water-soluble protein content (SPC) is a critical factor in both food quality and the production of isolated soybean proteins. However, few data are available regarding the genetic control and the mechanisms contributing to elevated SPC. In this study, a soybean collection of 192 accessions from a wide geographic range was used to identify genomic regions associated with soybean protein content (PC) and SPC using an association mapping approach employing 1,536 SNP makers and 232 haplotypes. The diverse panel revealed a large genetic variation in PC and SPC. Association mapping was performed using three methods to minimize false-positive associations. This resulted in 4/8 SNPs and 3/6 haplotypes that were significantly associated with soybean PC/SPC in two or more environments based on the mixed model. An SNP that was highly significantly associated with PC, BARC-021267-04016, was localized 0.28 cM away from a published glycinin gene, G7, and was detected across all four environments. Four major SPC-specific loci, BARC-029149-06088, BARC-018023-02499, BARC-041663-08059 and haplotype 15 (hp15), were stably identified on chromosomes five and eight and explained 8.5-15.1 % of the phenotypic variation. Moreover, a glutelin type-B 2-like gene was identified on chromosome eight and may be related to soybean protein solubility. These markers, which are located in previously reported QTL, reconfirmed previous findings and may be important targets for the identification of protein-related genes. These novel SNPs and haplotypes are important for further understanding the genetic basis of PC and SPC. In addition, by comparing the correlation and genetic loci between PC and SPC, we provide new insights into why certain soybean varieties have a high protein content but a low SPC.

Mechanism exploration on synthesis of secondary metabolites in Sorbus aucuparia cell cultures treated with yeast extract

Suspension cultures cell of Sorbus aucuparia (SASC) was used as materials, the changes of physiological and biochemical indexes of SASC after treatment with yeast extract (YE) were detected, and the synthetic mechanism of secondary metabolites in SASC treated with YE was preliminarily explored. The results were as follows: under the assay conditions, SASC was induced to synthesize five biphenyl compounds, and these compounds content changed differently with induction time prolonging; YE treatment inhibited cell growth, the culture medium pH was gradually reduced after treatment; water-soluble protein content showed a trend of slow decline, which was significantly increased in YE treatment group (YE group) compared with the control group (CK group), the maximum relative content was 147.76% in contrast with CK group; both YE group and CK group were extracellular Ca2+ flow influx, but the YE group flow was significantly slow than CK group. The results indicate that YE induced the cells in a stress state, which was not conducive to the growth of cells and forced the cells to synthesize biphenyl compounds against external stress; water-soluble protein may serve as intracellular enzymes involved in the synthesis of compounds regulation; Ca2+ may as signal molecule mediate cell signal transduction respond to YE stress.

Uptake and acute toxicity of cerium in the lichen Xanthoria parietina

Environmental cerium (Ce) levels are likely to increase in the near future and monitoring of its biological effects will therefore be necessary. The aim of this study was to test if treatment of the lichen Xanthoria parietina with Ce-containing solutions (0.1mM, 1mM, 10mM and 100mM) causes Ce bioaccumulation (both extra- and intra-cellularly) as well as physiological (sample viability, membrane lipids peroxidation, photosynthetic performance, water-soluble proteins content) and ultrastructural alterations. The results showed that treatment with Ce solutions induces Ce bioaccumulation, both extra-cellularly and intra-cellularly, which in turn causes an acute toxicity, evident as decreased sample viability, marked decrease in the photosynthetic performance and important changes in the ultrastructure.

Effect of auxin precursors and chemical analogues on the growth and chemical composition in Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chick

In this paper the authors present studies on the effect of auxin precursors and chemical analogues on the growth and biochemical composition in <i>Chlorella pyrenoidosa</i> (<i>Chlorophyceae</i>). Among auxin precursors tryptamine exhibited slightly higher stimulative activity in regard to fresh and dry weight, mineral substances, chlorophylls, carotenoids, monosaccharides (aldohexoses) and water-soluble proteins content in <i>Ch. pyrenoidosa</i> cells as compared to anthranilic acid. Among auxin analogues used phenoxyacetic acid and naphthyl-3-acetic acid had the strongest stimulative effect of the above-mentioned parameters. Their activity was significantly higher than that of auxin precursors. The activity of naphthyl-3-sulphonic acid was slightly lower than that of tryptamine, whereas the stimulation by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid was similar to that of anthranilic acid. In <i>Ch. pyrenoidosa</i> cells 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and naphthyl-3-sulphonic reached their maximum activity at the latest (between the 15th or 16th day) of the culturing, whereas tryptamine, phenylacetic acid, naphthyl-3-acetic acid and indolyl-3-acetic acid - at the earliest (between the 8th or 12th) day.

Effect of Drip irrigation System on Physiology of Papaya

The Field experiment was conducted at College Orchard, HC&RI, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University and Coimbatore. The variety Pusa Dwarf was subjected to various levels of 100%, 80%, 60%, 40% evaporation replenishment at different growth stages of the crop. Higher content of relative water content (87.70%) and soluble protein (28.60 mg/g) and chlorophyll stability index (85.74%) thus expressed the higher response in nitrate Reductase activity (152.17 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1)at all stage of the crop.

Effect of Sodium Chloride on Soluble Protein, Nitrate Reductase Activity, Proline and Catalase Enzyme Activity of Green Gram Cultivars (Co6 And Co8)

The experiment aimed at assessing the effects of the progressive salinity stress, as well as investigating the physiological behavior viz., soluble protein content, NRase enzyme activity, proline and catalase enzyme activity in green gram subjected to sodium chloride during the seed germination under laboratory conditions in the Vanavarayar Institute of Agriculture (TNAU affiliated), Pollachi, Tamil Nadu, INDIA. The parameters that were measured are the total soluble proteins, NRase enzyme activity, proline and catalase enzyme activity. The experimental design carried out was CRD, with eleven treatments and two cultivars of CO6 and CO8. There was decrease in the leaf relative water content and soluble protein content in plants under salinity, however NRase enzyme activity were increased by 32 per cent respectively. Indicating that the carbon metabolism is quickly modified and utilized as reserve source and membrane protector during the salinity stress. Besides this, there was an increase in proline and catalase enzyme activity was noticed to the salinity stress.

Inoculation two azotobacter enhancing osmotic stress resistance and growth in wheat seedling

Aims The seedling stage is the key stage of matter and energy accumulation in the wheat life cycle. Therefore, drought during the seedling stage affects population formation in late stages. In this study, wheat seedlings were inoculated with azotobacters Azorhizobium caulinodans ‘ORS571’ and Azospirillum brasilense ‘Yu62’. Methods Wheat seedlings germination was screened in normal conditions and with PEG 6000 osmotic stress using seedlings inoculated with azotobacters. Root volume, relative water content (RWC), proline content and soluble protein content of seedling laminas were determined under PEG drought stress using seedlings inoculated with azotobacters on laminas. Important findings The germination rate of wheat seedlings was significantly increased under drought stress when inoculated with azotobacters. Moreover, wheat seedlings inoculated with mixed azotobacters have more obvious growth promotion than when inoculated with a single azotobacter. The former laminas proline content, relative water content, proline content and soluble protein content had increased. The results showed that drought resistance of wheat seedlings was improved when inoculated with mixed azotobacters, which provided the foundation for further study of azotobacter-wheat interaction under drought stress.

Physiological and biochemical behavior in banana cultivars and hybrids under water deficit

Water deficit is a major problem in banana grown under tropical and sub-tropical region climatic conditions. It affects plant growth and development and ultimately leads to a considerable bunch yield reduction or crop failure. Although the banana cultivars and hybrids are susceptible to water deficit, there is a marked genotypic variation in morphology of the plant and rooting pattern in banana in response to water deficit. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the possibility that the twelve banana cultivars and hybrids referred to as, Karpuravalli (ABB), Karpuravalli x PisangJajee, Saba (ABB), SannaChenkathali (AA), Poovan (AAB), Ney poovan (AB), Anaikomban (AA), Matti x Cultivar Rose, Matti (AA), Pisang Jajee x Matti, Matti x Anaikomban and Anaikomban x PisangJajee and coded as S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10, S11 and S12 might reveal cultivars specific diversity in the regulatory mechanisms underlying their different responses to water deficit with a view of establishing the most drought tolerant [Karpuravalli (ABB), Karpuravalli x PisangJajee, Saba (ABB)] banana cultivars and hybrids that can be grown under water deficit conditions in Tamil Nadu. The physiological and biochemical behavior in banana cultivars and hybrids subjected to water restriction were investigated during the 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th month after planting (MAP). The parameters that were measured are the leaf relative water content, proline, total sugar, free amino acids and total soluble proteins. The experimental design carried out was at entirely split plot, with two water regimes considered as mail plot like stress (M1) and control (M2) and sub plot (S) taken as cultivars and hybrids. There was decrease in the leaf relative water content and soluble protein content in plants with decreased in water content. Results indicate that S1 and S2 has superior physiological traits under water deficit hence may be recommended for growing under water deficit conditions (50% available soil moisture) in tropical and subtropical regions. Key words: Water deficit, banana, Relative water content (RWC), soluble protein, proline, free amino acid, total sugar.

Ferulic acid impairs rhizogenesis and root growth, and alters associated biochemical changes in mung bean (Vigna radiata) hypocotyls

The present study investigated the effect of ferulic acid (FA; 0–1000 µM) on early growth, and rhizogenesis in mung bean (Vigna radiata) hypocotyls and associated biochemical changes. FA severely affected the radicle elongation and number of secondary roots after 72 h. The root and shoot length, number and length of secondary roots, and seedling dry weight of one-week-old seedlings of mung bean were decreased by 64%. The rooting potential (percent rooting, number and length of adventitious roots) of mung bean hypocotyls under in vitro conditions was significantly inhibited in response to 1–100 µM FA. At 1000 µM there was complete cessation of rooting. FA caused a reduction in the contents of water-soluble proteins and endogenous total phenolics, whereas the activities of proteases, peroxidases, and polyphenol peroxidases increased. The study concludes that FA inhibits root growth and development, and in vitro rooting process in mung bean by interfering with biochemical processes that are crucial for root formation.

Some Biochemical and Physical Changes during Manufacturing of Grey Sufu, a Traditional Chinese Fermented Soybean Curd

Abstract In this study, grey sufu, a traditional Chinese fermented soybean curd, was prepared by ripening the salted pehtze in dressing mixture containing soy whey left over from making tofu. The biochemical and physical changes during grey sufu manufacturing were investigated. It was found that amino nitrogen, water-soluble protein, peptide and free amino acid content increased significantly during manufacturing. Meanwhile, hydrophobic amino acid proportion increased to 84.15% after ripening for 90 days. Examining the changes in short-chain fatty acids revealed that butyric acid, acetic acid and succinate increased, while lactic acid content experienced a significant decline. In addition, it was found that grey sufu was rich in butyric acid with the highest content of 25.44 mg/g dry matter, which was much higher than that of other foods known. It was suggested that high concentration of butyric acid might make grey sufu potentially helpful in controlling several diseases.

The Mechanical Properties of Vulcanized Deproteinized Natural Rubber

Properties of deproteinized natural rubber (DPNR) were investigated in order to apply the DPNR latex as non-allergy vulcanized rubber thin film products. Removal of proteins from natural rubber was made by incubation of high ammonium natural rubber latex (HA-NR) with urea 0.1 wt%, 1 hour in the presence of surfactant at room temperature (DPNR). The nitrogen content of the DPNR was reduced to 0.05 wt%, which was lower than 0.45 wt% of HA-NR under the test condition. The reduction of protein content can be confirmed by observation a chemical structure through FT-IR technique. It is suggesting that the urea treatment is an effective method to remove protein from rubber latex. Then, physical properties of the DPNR latex were investigated. Amount of water soluble protein was observed through modified lowry method and it was found that water soluble protein content after incubation HA-NR with urea was reduced to 15g/g (DPNR) from 4,245g/g (HA-NR). It was found that VFA number of DPNR was lower than that of HA-NR due to lower amount of protein presence in rubber latex. The particle size and charge of rubber latex was examined by dynamic light scattering and zeta potential to compare between un-vulcanized latex and vulcanized latex. The mechanical properties were then observed when we applied the DPNR latex to vulcanized rubber glove.

Variation in the Biochemical Composition of the Edible SeaweedGrateloupia turuturuYamada Harvested from Two Sampling Sites on the Brittany Coast (France): The Influence of Storage Method on the Extraction of the Seaweed Pigment R-Phycoerythrin

Numerous studies have demonstrated that the biochemical content of seaweeds varies according to seasonality in a restricted area. In this study, the influence of sampling site on the biochemical composition of the edible red seaweedGrateloupia turuturuYamada was investigated, but not its variation over time. Some differences in water-soluble protein ( m dw and m dw), water-soluble carbohydrate ( m dw and m dw), and lipid contents ( m dw and m dw) were recorded between the two sites chosen on the Brittany coast (France). The yield of R-phycoerythrin (R-PE) contained in the seaweed also varied according to the sampling site ( m dw versus m dw). In addition, the effect of storage conditions on the preservation of R-PE was studied. The results demonstrated that freezing is the best preservation method in terms of R-PE extraction yield and purity index. In conclusion, this study shows that the sampling site influences the biochemical content of the red seaweedGrateloupia turuturu. Moreover, the extraction yield of R-phycoerythrin and its purity index depend on both the sampling site and the sample storage method.

Identification of the quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying water soluble protein content in soybean

Water soluble protein content (SPC) plays an important role in the functional efficacy of protein in food products. Therefore, for the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with SPC, 212 F(2:9) lines of the recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the cross of ZDD09454 × Yudou12 were grown along with the parents, in six different environments (location × year) to determine inheritance and map solubility-related genes. A linkage map comprising of 301 SSR markers covering 3,576.81 cM was constructed in the RIL population. Seed SPC was quantified with a macro-Kjeldahl procedure in samples collected over multiple years from three locations (Nantong in 2007 and 2008, Zhengzhou in 2007 and 2008, and Xinxiang in 2008 and 2009). SPC demonstrated transgressive segregation, indicating a complementary genetic structure between the parents. Eleven putative QTL were associated with SPC explaining 4.5-18.2 % of the observed phenotypic variation across the 6 year/location environments. Among these, two QTL (qsp8-4, qsp8-5) near GMENOD2B and Sat_215 showed an association with SPC in multiple environments, suggesting that they were key QTL related to protein solubility. The QTL × environment interaction demonstrated the complex genetic mechanism of SPC. These SPC-associated QTL and linked markers in soybean will provide important information that can be utilized by breeders to improve the functional quality of soybean varieties.

A comparative analysis in the macro and micro nutrient compositions of bakery food products available in the Chittagong city corporation, Bangladesh

PurposeThe chicken sandwich is familiar fast food, not only in Bangladesh but also all over the world. The purpose of this paper is to make a comparative analysis of nutrient composition of this bakery product.Design/methodology/approachFor the study, four well reputed food industries of Chittagong city are selected: Well food (sample 1), Sizzle (sample 2), Food fair (sample 3), and Bonoful (sample 4). Among the parameters, the following were analyzed: ash, total protein, total lipid, water soluble protein, total sugar, reducing sugar, non‐reducing sugar and some mineral content. The nutrient composition was measured by using standard procedure and minerals were measured by using atomic absorption spectroscopy.FindingsProximate analysis indicated total protein content in the range of 11.73 to 16.18 gm/100 gm, while water soluble protein content varied from 0.006 to 0.029 gm/100 gm in the samples. Total sugar ranged between 3.5 and 6.46 gm/100 gm and lipid was high in sample no 4 (34.83 gm/100 gm). The sample no 2 is considered to be superior as it contained the highest amount of minerals such as potassium (76.58 mg/100 gm), calcium (234.83 mg/100 gm), manganese (70.50 ppm) and zinc (106.33 ppm).Originality/valueThe results of this research can be utilized to improve the nutritive value of foods and might be helpful in creating public awareness.

Changes in physiochemical properties of water-soluble proteins from crucian carp (Carassius auratus) during heat treatment.

In order to understand physicochemical properties of water-soluble proteins obtained from crucian carp, turbidity, total sulfhydryl content, hydrophobicity and SDS-PAGE of crucian carp water-soluble proteins during heat treatment were investigated. Turbidity remained unchanged up to 44°C and considerably increased from 46°C to 54°C, one peak of increase rate was found at 50°C; total SH content decreased rapidly when heated from 50°C to 55°C; hydrophobicity increased sharply when heated up to 45°C, indicating the conformation of water-soluble proteins from crucian carp began to unfold and expose the buried nonpolar amino acids at temperatures above 45°C; analysis of SDS-PAGE indicating the formation of disulfide linkage of creatine kinase and glyceraldehy-3-phosphate dehydrogenase when the temperature reached 65°C and 80°C, respectively.

A comparative analysis on the physico-chemical composition of four different varieties of jute seeds before and after germination

Jute (Chorchorus capsularis), one of the most important commercial crops, is widely cultivated in Bangladesh. A comparative analysis of major nutrients of jute seeds was analyzed before and after germination. Different varieties of jute seeds contain moisture with a range of 6.6 to 7.7 (g%) whereas for ash it is 3.5 to 5.6 (g%). The total protein content was found to range between 105 and 157.5 mg/gm before germination and between 191.5 and 227.5 mg/gm after germination. The water soluble protein content was found to range between 41.2 and 53.2 mg/gm and between 65.2 and 94.2 mg/gm before and after germination, respectively. The results indicated that the protein content increased remarkably after germination. Total sugar content of jute seeds was found to range between 7 and 15 mg/gm and between 3 and 10 mg/gm while total lipid content was 182.1 to 268.7 mg/gm and 191.7 to 297.2 mg/gm before and after germination, respectively. Keywords: Chorchorus capsularis, jute, seeds, germination

Study of silicon effects on antioxidant enzyme activities and osmotic adjustment of wheat under drought stress

The effect of silicon (Si) was investigated on the major antioxidant enzyme activities including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD), relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll and soluble protein contents, proline (Pro) and glycine betaine (GB) accumulation in three different growth stages (2<sup>nd</sup>, 4<sup>th</sup> leaf and tillering stages) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants under drought stress. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design for three treatments including control, drought and Si-drought (2mM silicate sodium/kg) with three replications in a greenhouse. The results indicated that Si partially offset the negative impacts of drought stress increasing the tolerance of wheat by rising Pro and GB accumulation and soluble protein content. Compared with the plants treated with drought, applied Si significantly enhanced the activities of SOD, CAT, APX and POD. In contrast, drought stress caused a considerable decrease in RWC, chlorophyll and soluble protein contents. This Si effect was time-dependent and became stronger in the tillering stage. The results of the present experiment coincided with the conclusion that Si alleviates water deficit of wheat by preventing the oxidative membrane damage and may be associated with plant osmotic adjustment.