Water-soluble Protein Content Research Articles

Chemical changes in esophageal fistula samples caused by salivary contamination and sample preparation.

A chemical comparison of hand-squeezed and non-squeezed esophageal samples with standard hand-clipped samples was made, using four esophageal fistulated steers in each of five trials. Prairie sandreed (Calamovilfa longifolia) and blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) were clipped and hand-fed at varying stages of maturity. Chemical analyses included ash, calcium, phosphorus, chloride, crude fiber, lignin, crude protein, water soluble carbohydrates, total sugars and total fructose. Salivary contamination and mastication resulted in an increase in the ash, phosphorus and chloride content and a decrease in calcium content of esophageal samples, as compared to the forage which was fed. Crude protein, water soluble carbohydrates, total sugars and total fructose were lower in both squeezed and non-squeezed esophageal samples than in samples of that fed. This change was attributed to salivary contamination and preparation of esophageal samples. In most cases crude fiber, and in all cases, lignin, were not greatly affected. The results of this study indicated that acid-detergent crude fiber and lignin of certain forages can be adequately sampled with esophageal fistulated cattle. However, changes occur in the mineral, water soluble carbohydrate and crude protein content of forages which are sampled with this technique. Squeezed esophageal samples have a lower mineral content than non-squeezed samples. Squeezed and non-squeezed esophageal samples have similar water soluble carbohydrates and crude protein contents.

The assessment of herbage legume varieties. II. In vitro digestibility, water soluble carbohydrate, crude protein and mineral content of primary growth of clover and lucerne

The primary growth of eight varieties of three species–white clover (3), red clover (4) and lucerne (1)–was sampled at fortnightly intervals and the percentage dry matter, in vitro digestibility, crude protein, water soluble carbohydrates, P, Ca, K, Na and Mg were determined.Differences between species were nearly always significant and the general order of merit was white clover, red clover and lucerne. The exceptions were for dry-matter percentage where this order was reversed, and red clover had the lowest Na and highest Mg content.

Studies on the Varietal Differentiation of Frost Resistance in the Tea Plant : II. Artificial hardening and dehardening experiment with frost resistance

Five varieties of the tea plant were used for the experiments with artiflcial hardening and dehardening in relation to frost resistance and its related change of osmotic concentration in the leaf cells and the constituents of leaves such as tannins, sugars, and nitrogens. It was after October when the artificial hardening became effective, and whenever the artificial hardening was effective, frost resistance was increased by hardening, accompanied by the increase of total sugars and water soluble protein in the leaf cells. Thus the content of total sugars and water soluble protein have the intimate relation with frost resistance. From December to February when the plant became fully frosthardy, the artificial dehardening was effective, and frost resistance decreased by dehardening treatment. Then accompanied by the decrease of frost resistance total sugars clearly decreased, although water soluble protein did not so manifestly decrease. On the other hand, tannins, total nitrogen and water soluble nitrogen contained in leaves showed no definite relation with frost resistance.

The water-soluble proteins of bovine skeletal muscle

The myogen fraction of eight different muscles of four bovine animals was studied. Of the muscles considered, three were clearly differentiable from the others on the basis of water-soluble protein and aldolase content and “ultimate” pH. The relationship between “ultimate” pH and soluble protein, muscle buffering capacity, and inherent anaerobic glycolytic rate was discussed. Electrophoretic patterns of aqueous extracts of bovine muscle were found to be comparable to those reported previously for rabbit muscle. Considerable variation in relative amounts of components was observed from muscle to muscle and from animal to animal, without any apparent regularity. Ultracentrifuge patterns of these same extracts were qualitatively similar, i.e., the soluble proteins fell into one of three groups: 2.3 S, 4.7 S, and 6.8 S. No systematic variation in relative amounts of components was observed. Extracts of longissimus dorsi were fractionated by ammonium sulfate precipitation and the fractions further characterized. Tentative identification of myogen fraction components was made by comparison of solubilities, electrophoretic mobilities, and sedimentation constants for rabbit muscle proteins with those observed for bovine muscle extracts and fractions.

Effect of Freezing Temperatures on Pre‐emerged Dubois Winter Oat Seedlings1

SynopsisThe cold tolerance of pre‐emerged Dubois seedlings decreased with advancing age until the day prior to emergence, then there was a marked increase in cold tolerance. Different survival percentages were recorded from two sources of Certified Dubois seed. There was no significant change in water soluble protein content of the pre‐emerged seedlings with advancing age.

Physiological studies on the defence reaction of potato plant to the infection by Phytophthora infestans

In the previous reports17, 18, 19), it was shown that in the Phytophthora infestans infected tuber tissue of resistant potato varieties, remarkable increase in respiration, water soluble protein, starch, and polyphenol compounds content occurred at an early stage of infection (15-20hrs. after inoculation), while in susceptibles no such a remarkable increase took place, and it was concluded that the resistance of potato tuber to P. infestans accompanies the activation of metabolism in the infected tissue. In the present paper studies on the physiological changes in the potato tuber tissue, and the susceptibility to P. infestans under the influence of ethanol narcosis, are reported.Tuber of highly resistant seedling “41089-8” was cut in halves; one half was immersed in 10% ethanol for 10 minutes, and the other half was immersed in water. After washing for a short time, tubers in each plot were divided into two groups, then the cut surface of tuber of one group was inoculated by zoospore suspension of P. infestans (common strain H1) and that of the other group was left noninoculated. Twenty or 44 hours after inoculation, blockets of tissue were stamped out of the tuber at a right angle to the cut surface by means of a cork borer having a diameter of 2cm. Superficial layer of these blockets was then worked up into slices 0.45mm thick with microtome. After washing the slices in running water, the O2 uptake and the CO2 output were determined by means of Warburg's “direct method”. Slices were also used for determination of water soluble protein-N, total water soluble-N, and polyphenol compounds content.Results obtained are shown in Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4. Twenty hours after treatment, the respiratory rate in the non-anaesthetized tissue both inoculated and non-inoculated, was remarkably accelerated, while in the ethanol-treated tissue of potato tuber such a remarkable increase in respiration was not observed in either inoculated or noninoculated tubers. The RQ value of ethanol-treated tissue of cut surface was lowered slightly in comparison with that of non-anaestized tissue (Table 5). Accompanying the inhibition of respiratory increase, the amounts of water soluble protein and polyphenol content in the ethanol-treaded cut surface of potato tuber were less than those of non-treated tissue 20hrs. after treatment. When non-anaesthetized cut surface of potato tuber was infected by P. infestans, rate of increase in respiration, water soluble protein and polyphenol content was greater in the infected tissue than in the non-infected one. In the ethanol-treated tissue, however, increase in such physiological reactions induced by infection of P. infestans was not so great as that in non-narcotized tissue (shown in Table 4). It was. stated in the previous report that the changes in hyphal substance in inoculated tissue may be negligible in comparison with the physiological changes in host tissue within the period of about 20hrs. On the contrary, 44hrs after inoculation, the content of hyphal substance in the infected tissue may play an important role in the changes of chemical compounds contained in the tissue. Forty-four hours after inoculation, moreover, the content of polyphenol compounds decreases in infected resistant tissue, possibly due to the deposition of the compounds in collapsed cells (Table 3).Above described results show that the excited metabolism in tissue of resistant potato tuber induced by P. infestans may be inhibited by the pre-infectional ethanol narcosis. It may be possible to presume that such an inhibition of metabolic acceleration may result in the reduction of resistance of interspecific hybrids to the infection by common strain of P. infestans.

Physiological studies on the defence reaction of potato plant to the infection of Phytophthora infestans

In the previous reports17, 18, 19), it was shown that in the Phytophthora infestans infected tuber tissue of resistant potato varieties, remarkable increase in respiration, water soluble protein, starch, and polyphenol compounds content occurred at an early stage of infection (15-20hrs. after inoculation), while in susceptibles no such a remarkable increase took place, and it was concluded that the resistance of potato tuber to P. infestans accompanies the activation of metabolism in the infected tissue. In the present paper studies on the physiological changes in the potato tuber tissue, and the susceptibility to P. infestans under the influence of ethanol narcosis, are reported.Tuber of highly resistant seedling “41089-8” was cut in halves; one half was immersed in 10% ethanol for 10 minutes, and the other half was immersed in water. After washing for a short time, tubers in each plot were divided into two groups, then the cut surface of tuber of one group was inoculated by zoospore suspension of P. infestans (common strain H1) and that of the other group was left noninoculated. Twenty or 44 hours after inoculation, blockets of tissue were stamped out of the tuber at a right angle to the cut surface by means of a cork borer having a diameter of 2cm. Superficial layer of these blockets was then worked up into slices 0.45mm thick with microtome. After washing the slices in running water, the O2 uptake and the CO2 output were determined by means of Warburg's “direct method”. Slices were also used for determination of water soluble protein-N, total water soluble-N, and polyphenol compounds content.Results obtained are shown in Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4. Twenty hours after treatment, the respiratory rate in the non-anaesthetized tissue both inoculated and non-inoculated, was remarkably accelerated, while in the ethanol-treated tissue of potato tuber such a remarkable increase in respiration was not observed in either inoculated or noninoculated tubers. The RQ value of ethanol-treated tissue of cut surface was lowered slightly in comparison with that of non-anaestized tissue (Table 5). Accompanying the inhibition of respiratory increase, the amounts of water soluble protein and polyphenol content in the ethanol-treaded cut surface of potato tuber were less than those of non-treated tissue 20hrs. after treatment. When non-anaesthetized cut surface of potato tuber was infected by P. infestans, rate of increase in respiration, water soluble protein and polyphenol content was greater in the infected tissue than in the non-infected one. In the ethanol-treated tissue, however, increase in such physiological reactions induced by infection of P. infestans was not so great as that in non-narcotized tissue (shown in Table 4). It was. stated in the previous report that the changes in hyphal substance in inoculated tissue may be negligible in comparison with the physiological changes in host tissue within the period of about 20hrs. On the contrary, 44hrs after inoculation, the content of hyphal substance in the infected tissue may play an important role in the changes of chemical compounds contained in the tissue. Forty-four hours after inoculation, moreover, the content of polyphenol compounds decreases in infected resistant tissue, possibly due to the deposition of the compounds in collapsed cells (Table 3).Above described results show that the excited metabolism in tissue of resistant potato tuber induced by P. infestans may be inhibited by the pre-infectional ethanol narcosis. It may be possible to presume that such an inhibition of metabolic acceleration may result in the reduction of resistance of interspecific hybrids to the infection by common strain of P. infestans.

On the kind of water the best fitted for fermentation in the distillery of Corn Spirits

Plant-based protein sources impart grassy off-flavors, when used in bland-tasting products like dairy alternatives, reducing their consumer acceptability. This study aimed at improving the aroma of pea protein isolates (PPI) using lactic acid fermentation (LAF) hypothesizing that LAF could mask undesirable aroma from pea protein. LAF treatments were performed by using Lactobacillus plantarum. Solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) was used to compare the volatile profile of plant-based protein undergoing LAF treatment. Evolution of functional properties including emulsifying properties, foaming properties, water holding and oil binding capacities of samples, Bradford protein content and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) profile, were analyzed. Based on the experimental results, water-soluble protein content decreased with increase of fermentation time, and protein configuration was changed, starting from 15-h of fermentation. A 10-h L. plantarum fermentation was found optimal in eliminating off-flavour while maintaining protein functionality. Around 42% aldehyde and 64% ketone content were removed, and a small amount of alcohol was produced. This change in aroma profile was considered desirable for PPI products, which would be used for yogurt substitute production. A descriptive analysis sensory test was performed, and the result showed that LAF treatment improved the PPI aroma and taste.