Sp3 Content Research Articles

Content of dietary fiber in confectionery products

The article presents experimental data on the content of dietary fiber in confectionery industry products: in raw materials for the production of confectionery products, chocolate, cookies, marshmallow, marmalade, candy, halva, iris. We investigated 30 samples of confectionery raw materials, 10 kinds of chocolate, 9 samples of different kinds of cookies, 20 kinds of candies and 10 samples of marshmallows and marmalade. Of particular interest were non-traditional raw materials for this industry, such as boiled carrots, zucchini, beets, ground roasted rye, wheat germ flour. Candies, candied fruits and purees have been produced on the basis of these raw materials. In the carrot jelly the amount of dietary fiber (FV) content was - 1.2%. In candies with carrot and orange jam the number of PV - 5.0%; in candies only with carrot jam PV content - 4.8%. Candies "Children's" with boiling SP was - 1.74%. In candied carrots the SP content was 5.2%, in mashed potatoes "Solnechnoye" - 1.3%. In fried ground rye the SP content was 13.8%, in rye-based candies "Golden Bells" - 6.38%, in the sweet platters on rye - 3.2%. As the results of the analysis showed that the PV content depends strongly on the recipe of confectionery products. So in chocolate, the amount of PV ranged from 5.7% (chocolate "President", "Rot Front") to 13.84% (chocolate porous "Slava"), halva in chocolate - 1.43%, halva "Friendship" - 1.91% and tahin halva - 5.82%. In the candies with a waffle pro-layer content of SP ranged from 3.96% ("Little Red Riding Hood") to 9.8% ("Golden Rooster" and "Bear the Flying Bear"). In candies without a wafer filling the PV content ranged from 0.6% ("Citron", "Autumn Waltz") to 7.0% ("Tretyakovskaya Gallery", "Yasnaya Polyana")

The effect of heat treatment on temperature-dependent transport and magnetoresistance in polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers

The effects of heat treatment temperatures from 1000 to 2700 °C on the structural, chemical, and mechanical properties of polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers (CFs) were investigated. Structural changes affected mechanical properties, and in particular, a higher sp3 content induced a higher tensile strength below 1600 °C. For a comprehensive study on the heat treatment effect and the mechanism for developing high-strength CFs, electrical transport properties were measured for the CFs. The transport behaviors in temperature-dependent conductivity and magnetoresistance were also significantly modified, which led to crossover from strong localization to weak localization due to sp2 carbon ordering. Interestingly, in samples that were subjected to intermediate heat treatment temperatures ranging from 1100 to 1600 °C, anomalous metallic temperature-dependent behavior was observed at low temperatures of below 40 K. This unusual charge transport was analyzed further with a pertinent heterogeneous model employing three-dimensional variable range hopping, weak localization, and linear metallic transport. The results suggest that mixed noncrystalline and crystalline structures with sp2/sp3 carbons, oxygen, and quaternary N groups in CFs enabled the transition behavior at such low temperatures.

Corrosion behavior of W-DLC and DLC films deposited on plasma nitrided CF170 steel in H2SO4 solution

In this study, the corrosion resistance of DLC and W-DLC films deposited on plasma nitrided samples was investigated. The microstructures of the samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS and Raman spectroscopy. The wettability and surface energy were analyzed by optical contact angle measurement. The potentiodynamic polarization curves were obtained in 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 solutions. The microstructure results indicated that DLC film had higher sp3 content, denser cross-sectional structure and smaller porosity compared to W-DLC film. Corrosion tests results showed that the DLC film deposited on the plasma nitrided sample (PN + DLC) had the lowest corrosion current density and highest corrosion potential among the samples, and the corrosion current density was decreased by more than two orders of magnitude and three times compared to untreated and W-DLC film deposited on the plasma nitrided sample (PN + W-DLC), respectively. By comparing the PN + DLC and PN+(W-DLC) samples before and after immersion, it was found that both the content of the sp3-C was decreased and C–O/C–H was increased. Furthermore, a higher reduction of the sp3-C and more increase in the C–O/C–H was observed for PN+(W-DLC) sample compared to the PN + DLC sample, and the tungsten of PN+(W-DLC) had been obviously oxide.

The Effect of sp2 Content in Carbon on Its Catalytic Activity for Acetylene Hydrochlorination.

We report the influence of sp2 content in carbon catalyst on the catalytic activity for acetylene hydrochlorination. Nanodiamonds (NDs) were used as the precursor and calcinated under different temperatures. The resulting ND500, ND700, ND900, and ND1100 catalysts were characterized, and the sp2 content increased with increasing calcination temperature. The specific activities of the catalysts first increased and then decreased with increasing sp2 content. The highest catalytic activity could be obtained in the ND-900 catalyst with a sp2 value of 43.9%. The density functional theory results showed that the adsorption sites for acetylene and hydrogen chloride were located at the interface between sp2 and sp3 configuration.

Graphene-Derived Carbon Support Boosts Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Catalyst Stability.

The lack of efficient and durable proton exchange membrane fuel cell electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction is still restraining the present hydrogen technology. Graphene-based carbon materials have emerged as a potential solution to replace the existing carbon black (CB) supports; however, their potential was never fully exploited as a commercial solution because of their more demanding properties. Here, a unique and industrially scalable synthesis of platinum-based electrocatalysts on graphene derivative (GD) supports is presented. With an innovative approach, highly homogeneous as well as high metal loaded platinum-alloy (up to 60 wt %) intermetallic catalysts on GDs are achieved. Accelerated degradation tests show enhanced durability when compared to the CB-supported analogues including the commercial benchmark. Additionally, in combination with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Auger characterization and Raman spectroscopy, a clear connection between the sp2 content and structural defects in carbon materials with the catalyst durability is observed. Advanced gas diffusion electrode results show that the GD-supported catalysts exhibit excellent mass activities and possess the properties necessary to reach high currents if utilized correctly. We show record-high peak power densities in comparison to the prior best literature on platinum-based GD-supported materials which is promising information for future application.

Elucidation of Discharge Mechanism in CFx As a High Energy Density Cathode Material for Lithium Primary Battery

Fluorinated graphite (CF x ) is a class of cathode materials with the high theoretical capacity (865 mAh g-1 in case of x=1) for primary (non-rechargeable) batteries. When using Li metal as the anode material, the system possesses a very low self-discharge rate (< 0.5% per year at 25 °C) compared to other current alternative chemistries. This system, with the proposed general governing reaction of CF x +Li→LiF+C, is one of the best candidates for a wide range of applications, such as implantable medical devices and equipment for extreme environment.Although the lithium fluorinated graphite system has been under investigation for a few decades, there is still a lack of fundamental understanding of the reaction mechanism in this system. Here, a multiscale investigation on the CFx discharge mechanism was performed using a novel cathode structure to minimize the carbon and fluorine additives for precise cathode characterizations. Titration gas chromatography (TGC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cross-sectional focused ion beam (FIB), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and scanning transmission electron microscopy with electron energy loss spectroscopy (STEM-EELS) were utilized to investigate this system.The results demonstrated that: (i) There is no lithium deposition or intercalation through the entire discharge. (ii) The CFx structure transforms to a hard-carbon like structure with less sp2 content by increasing depth of discharge. (iii) The crystalline LiF particles uniformly covered the layers of CFx structure with a size range of < 10 nm. A three-step discharge reaction mechanism is proposed in agreement with our electrochemical performances. This work deepens the understanding of CFx as a high energy density cathode material and highlights the need for future investigations on primary battery materials to advance performance. Figure 1

Disposable Paper-Based Biosensors: Optimizing the Electrochemical Properties of Laser-Induced Graphene

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) on paper substrates is a desirable material for single-use point-of-care sensing with its high-quality electrical properties, low fabrication cost, and ease of disposal. While a prior study has shown how the repeated lasing of substrates enables the synthesis of high-quality porous graphitic films, however, the process–property correlation of lasing process on the surface microstructure and electrochemical behavior, including charge-transfer kinetics, is missing. The current study presents a systematic in-depth study on LIG synthesis to elucidate the complex relationship between the surface microstructure and the resulting electroanalytical properties. The observed improvements were then applied to develop high-quality LIG-based electrochemical biosensors for uric acid detection. We show that the optimal paper LIG produced via a dual pass (defocused followed by focused lasing) produces high-quality graphene in terms of crystallinity, sp2 content, and electrochemical surface area. The highest quality LIG electrodes achieved a high rate constant k0 of 1.5 × 10–2 cm s–1 and a significant reduction in charge-transfer resistance (818 Ω compared with 1320 Ω for a commercial glassy carbon electrode). By employing square wave anodic stripping voltammetry and chronoamperometry on a disposable two-electrode paper LIG-based device, the improved charge-transfer kinetics led to enhanced performance for sensing of uric acid with a sensitivity of 24.35 ± 1.55 μA μM–1 and a limit of detection of 41 nM. This study shows how high-quality, sensitive LIG electrodes can be integrated into electrochemical paper analytical devices.

On-DNA Hydroalkylation to Introduce Diverse Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes and Abundant Alkyls via Halogen Atom Transfer.

DNA-encoded libraries have proven their tremendous value in the identification of new lead compounds for drug discovery. To access libraries in new chemical space, many methods have emerged to transpose traditional mol-scale reactivity to nmol-scale, on-DNA chemistry. However, procedures to access libraries with a greater fraction of C(sp3) content are still limited, and the need to "escape from flatland" more readily on-DNA remains. Herein, we report a Giese addition to install highly functionalized bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes (BCPs) using tricyclo[1.1.1.01,3]pentane (TCP) as a radical linchpin, as well as other diverse alkyl groups, on-DNA from the corresponding organohalides as non-stabilized radical precursors. Telescoped procedures allow extension of the substrate pool by at least an order of magnitude to ubiquitous alcohols and carboxylic acids, allowing us to "upcycle" these abundant feedstocks to afford non-traditional libraries with different physicochemical properties for the small-molecule products (i.e., non-peptide libraries with acids). This approach is amenable to library production, as a DNA damage assessment revealed good PCR amplifiability and only 6% mutated sequences for a full-length DNA tag.

The Microscopic Diamond Anvil Cell: Stabilization of Superhard, Superconducting Carbon Allotropes at Ambient Pressure.

A metallic, covalently bonded carbon allotrope is predicted via first principles calculations. It is composed of an sp3 carbon framework that acts as a diamond anvil cell by constraining the distance between parallel cis-polyacetylene chains. The distance between these sp2 carbon atoms renders the phase metallic, and yields two well-nested nearly parallel bands that cross the Fermi level. Calculations show this phase is a conventional superconductor, with the motions of the sp2 carbons being key contributors to the electron-phonon coupling. The sp3 carbon atoms impart superior mechanical properties, with a predicted Vickers hardness of 48 GPa. This phase, metastable at ambient conditions, could be made by on-surface polymerization of graphene nanoribbons, followed by pressurization of the resulting 2D sheets. A family of multifunctional materials with tunable superconducting and mechanical properties could be derived from this phase by varying the sp2 versus sp3 carbon content, and by doping.

The Microscopic Diamond Anvil Cell: Stabilization of Superhard, Superconducting Carbon Allotropes at Ambient Pressure

AbstractA metallic, covalently bonded carbon allotrope is predicted via first principles calculations. It is composed of an sp3 carbon framework that acts as a diamond anvil cell by constraining the distance between parallel cis‐polyacetylene chains. The distance between these sp2 carbon atoms renders the phase metallic, and yields two well‐nested nearly parallel bands that cross the Fermi level. Calculations show this phase is a conventional superconductor, with the motions of the sp2 carbons being key contributors to the electron–phonon coupling. The sp3 carbon atoms impart superior mechanical properties, with a predicted Vickers hardness of 48 GPa. This phase, metastable at ambient conditions, could be made by on‐surface polymerization of graphene nanoribbons, followed by pressurization of the resulting 2D sheets. A family of multifunctional materials with tunable superconducting and mechanical properties could be derived from this phase by varying the sp2 versus sp3 carbon content, and by doping.

Effect of Drying Condition on Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Activity, and Sensory of Sargassum sp. Tea

Sargassum sp. has been known as a natural source of antioxidants. In Indonesia, Sargassum sp. grows very well yet it has not been utilized optimally. Sargassum sp. could be utilized as herbal tea through the drying process. However, the process can affect its antioxidants; therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of drying conditions on phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of Sargassum tea. Fresh Sargassum sp. was harvested from Lima Island, Serang, Banten, Indonesia. Upon arrival at the laboratory, Sargassum sp. was washed with tap water then soaked in 5% lime solution (1:8) for 6 hours. The Sargassum was then dried at three different conditions (sun drying, air oven at 40 °C and 55 °C). The dried Sargassum sp. (2 g) was packed in the tea bag then brewed in 150 ml boiled water for 3 minutes for analysis; i.e., total phenolic contents, antioxidant activity, and sensory properties (color, taste, and flavor). The results showed that the Sargassum tea dried at 55°C had the highest total phenolic content (1.57±0.04 mg GAE/g) and antioxidant activity (56.01±0.52 μmol FeSO4/g) compared to others (P<0.05). It also was the most liked infused tea based on overall sensory scores (P<0.05).

Pigments constituents, phenolic content and antioxidant activity of brown seaweed Sargassum sp

Seaweed contains many biofunctional compounds such as pigment and antioxidants that have the utility to inhibit degenerative diseases that are caused by reactive species oxygen (ROS). This research aimed to measure the constituents of photosynthetic pigment and antioxidant activity of brown seaweed Sargassum sp. from North Sulawesi. Sargassum sp. was extracted using n-hexane, acetone, and ethanol by the maceration method. The research consisted of chlorophyll (a, b, and C1+C2), fucoxanthin, carotenoid, phycocyanin and phycoerythrin, total phenol content (TPC), scavenging radical activity of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The result exhibited that the hexane extract contained higher chlorophyll a and fucoxanthin than ethanol extract. The TPC values of acetone and ethanol extract of sargassum sp extract were 45.382 ± 3.023 and 44.885 ± 2.834 μg GAE (Galic Acid Equivalent) g-1 extract, respectively. Acetone extract of Sargassum sp. had a lower antioxidant activity of DPPH radical scavenger (IC50 2.966±0.178 mg mL-1) than ethanol extract IC50 2.684±0.256 mg mL-1 extract). The FRAP value of acetone and ethanolic extract of S.olygocystum were respectively 14.45±1.425 and 9.09±0.876 μM Fe2+ mg-1. The Sargassum extract is a potential natural source of natural pigment and antioxidant.

The influence of different ratio of Ar and C[formula omitted] gases and ion bombardment on the growth rate and sp3 bonds content in DLC-coatings synthesized in RF discharge

The radio-frequency discharge growth of diamond-like carbon coatings from the Ar + C6H6 gas was theoretically analyzed with the aim to evaluate the role of Ar+ ions and C6H6+ ionized molecules bombardment on the growth rate and sp2/sp3 carbon phase composition. It has been shown that the growth rate changes nonlinearly with the increase of argon content in the gas. Firstly, it increases from 1.9 μm/h at PAr/(PAr+Pbenzol)=0.033 up to 2.15 μm/h at PAr/(PAr+Pbenzol)=0.5 with further rapid decrease down to 0.57 μm/h at PAr/(PAr+Pbenzol)=0.967. By using theoretical calculations as well as experimental methods it has been shown that sp3 content in the coatings increases within the range 0.31…0.41 with increase in the relative partial pressure of argon.

Optimal NaCl Medium Enhances Squalene Accumulation in Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC 26185 and Influences the Expression Levels of Key Metabolic Genes.

Squalene, a natural lipid of the terpenoid family, is well-recognized for its roles in regulating cholesterol metabolism, preventing tumor development, and improving immunity. For large-scale squalene production, the unicellular marine protists—thraustochytrids—have shown great potential. However, the growth of thraustochytrids is known to be affected by salt stress, which can eventually influence the squalene content. Here, we study the effects of an optimal concentration of NaCl on the squalene content and transcriptome of Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC 26185. Under the optimal culture conditions (glucose, 30 g/L; yeast extract, 2.5 g/L; and NaCl, 5 g/L; 28°C), the strain yielded 67.7 mg squalene/g cell dry weight, which was significantly greater than that (5.37 mg/g) under the unoptimized conditions. NaCl was determined as the most significant (R = 135.24) factor for squalene production among glucose, yeast extract, and NaCl. Further comparative transcriptomics between the ATCC 26185 culture with and without NaCl addition revealed that NaCl (5 g/L) influences the expression of certain key metabolic genes, namely, IDI, FAS-a, FAS-b, ALDH3, GS, and NDUFS4. The differential expression of these genes possibly influenced the acetyl-CoA and glutamate metabolism and resulted in an increased squalene production. Through the integration of bioprocess technology and transcriptomics, this report provides the first evidence of the possible mechanisms underscoring increased squalene production by NaCl.

RF magnetron sputtered deposited metal-doped diamond like carbon thin films: structural, morphological, mechanical, and optical properties

The present study investigates the surface, structural, mechanical and optical properties of (0, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%) palladium doped diamond like carbon (Pd;DLC) thin films prepared by using r. f. magnetron sputtering technique. The structural, mechanical, surface, and optical properties were measured by Energy Dispersive X-rays (EDX), Raman spectroscopy, Vickers Hardness Measurement (VHM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Spectroscopy Ellipsometry, respectively. EDX results clearly indicated the presence of palladium metal into DLC matrix. Raman spectroscopy results reveal that all Raman spectra consist of two main peaks as D-band (1355.7 to 1359.3) and G-band (1558.9 to 1577.9). Additionally, ID/IG ratio increases monotonically from 0.391 to 0.504 with increasing palladium concentration. With increasing doping concentration, AFM shows a modest increase in roughness of Pd-DLC thin films. The decline in the hardness of Pd-DLC films from 9.38 Gpa for 1% to 8.90 Gpa for 5% were observed by using Vickers Hardness Measurement (VHM). Spectroscopy ellipsometry showed that Eg reduced from 2.11 to 1.68 eV by adding the palladium concentration in Pd-DLC film. The decrease in the optical bandgap energy over the wide range is due to enrichment of sp2 contents than undoped film. The results reveal that incorporation of palladium produced prominent change in different properties of DLC film by increasing sp2 content. At 5% doping 1.68 eV band gap is achieved which is very ideal for solar cells fabrication. Therefore, this film is very good for solar cells and LEDs fabrications.

Fabrication of Q-Carbon Nanostructures, Diamond and Their Composites with Wafer-Scale Integration

We report the formation of Q-carbon nanolayers, Q-carbon nanoballs, nanodiamonds, microdiamonds, and their composites by controlling laser and substrate variables. The choice of these parameters is guided by the SLIM (simulation of laser interactions with materials) computer modeling. For a constant film thickness and initial sp3 content, we obtain different microstructures with increasing pulse energy density as a result of different quenching rate and undercooling. This is related to decreasing undercooling with increasing pulse energy density. The structure of thin film Q-carbon evolves into Q-carbon nanoballs with the increase in laser annealing energy density. These Q-carbon nanoballs interestingly self-organize in the form of rings with embedded nanodiamonds to form Q-carbon nanoballs/diamond composites. We form high quality, epitaxial nano, and micro diamond films at a higher energy density and discuss a model showing undercooling and quenching rate generating a pressure pulse, which may play a critical role in a direct conversion of amorphous carbon into Q-carbon or diamond or their composites. This ability to selectively tune between diamond or Q-carbon or their composites on a single substrate is highly desirable for a variety of applications ranging from protective coatings to nanosensing and field emission to targeted drug delivery. Furthermore, Q-carbon nanoballs and nanodiamonds are utilized as seeds to grow microdiamond films by HFCVD. It is observed that the Q-carbon nanoballs contain diamond nuclei of critical size, which provide available nucleation sites for diamond growth, leading to stress-free, adherent, and denser films, which are needed for a variety of coating applications.

High-Temperature Oxidation Resistance and Tribological Properties of Al2O3/ta-C Coating

The focus is on the oxidation resistance and tribological performance of ta-C and Al2O3/ta-C coatings. The wear tests were carried out on the ball on disc tribometer at room (25 °C) and high (400, 450 and 500 °C) temperatures in ambient air with Si3N4 balls as counterbodies. Scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used to analyze the surface morphology and chemical bonding, respectively. The Al2O3/ta-C coating exhibited better oxidation resistance and tribological performance at elevated temperatures than the ta-C coating. The Raman analysis revealed that a thin alumina layer suppresses structural changes in the ta-C coating at elevated temperatures, thus preserving the sp3 content.

Mechanical and tribological properties of W/WC coating with C2H2 ionization-assisted deposition

In this paper, a wolfram with wolfram carbide (W/WC) coating, which deposited on a 304 stainless steel and Si wafers, is prepared through co-sputtering by unbalanced magnetron sputtering technology with added C2H2 ionization-assisted deposition. The microstructure and the mechanical properties of the W/WC coating are characterized by the equipment of scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman, nanoindenter, scratcher, and Rockwell. Besides, a UMT-3 ball-disk reciprocating friction machine is used to study the tribological properties in the environments of atmosphere, deionized water, and seawater. The experimental results show that the C2H2 ionization gains the deposition rate and the carbon content of the W/WC coating, but significantly reduces the density and the relative wolfram content. Moreover, the sp3 content is increased and the sp2 content and the graphitization degree of coating are decreased. Compared to the W/WC coating without the C2H2 ionization, the hardness and the elastic modulus of the prepared coating are increased from 12.02 GPa and 179.91 GPa to 19.37 GPa and 269.61 GPa, respectively. In addition, the adhesive strength is reduced from 19.31 N to 9.41 N. For the tribological properties, the friction coefficient and the wear rate of the prepared coating are increased. The prepared W/WC coating is mainly abrasive wear in dry friction and in water.

Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Bicarbonate Supplementation on Biomass and Lipid Content of Green Algae Scenedesmus sp. BHU1 Isolated From Wastewater for Renewable Biofuel Feedstock.

In the present study, different microalgae were isolated from wastewater environment and evaluated for higher growth and lipid accumulation. The growth adaptability of all the isolated microalgae were tested for carbon source with supplementation of sodium bicarbonate in BG-11 N+ medium. Further based on the uptake rate of sodium bicarbonate and growth behavior, microalgal strains were selected for biofuel feedstock. During the study, growth parameters of all the isolates were screened after supplementation with various carbon sources, in which strain Scenedesmus sp. BHU1 was found highly effective among all. The efficacy of Scenedesmus sp. BHU1 strain under different sodium bicarbonate (4–20 mM) concentration, in which higher growth 1.4 times greater than control was observed at the concentration 12 mM sodium bicarbonate. In addition, total chlorophyll content (Chl-a + Chl-b), chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm, Y(II), ETR max, and NPQmax), and biomass productivity were found to be 11.514 μg/ml, 0.673, 0.675, and 31.167 μmol electrons m−2 s−1, 1.399, 59.167 mg/L/day, respectively, at the 12 mM sodium bicarbonate. However, under optimum sodium bicarbonate supplementation, 56.920% carbohydrate and 34.693% lipid content were accumulated, which showed potential of sodium bicarbonate supplementation in renewable biofuel feedstock by using Scenedesmus sp. BHU1 strain.

One-step method to enhance biotribological properties and biocompatibility of DLC coating by ion beam irradiation

A one-step method was developed to create a highly biocompatible micropatterned surface on a diamond-like carbon (DLC) through irradiation with a nitrogen ion beam and thus enhance the biocompatibility of osseointegrated surfaces and biotribological performance of articular surfaces. The biocompatibility and biotribological mechanisms were analyzed in terms of the structure and morphology of DLC. It was demonstrated that a layer enriched in sp3 C−N bonds was formed on the surface of the DLC after nitrogen ion beam irradiation. Moreover, with an increase in the radiation dose, the content of sp3 C−N on the DLC surface increased significantly, and the biocompatibility was positively correlated with it. The adhesion of the MC3T3 osteoblasts increased significantly from 32% to 86% under an irradiation dose of 8 × 1015 ions/cm2. In contrast, the micropattern had a significant negative effect on the adhesion of the osteoblasts as it physically hindered cell expansion and extension. The micropattern with a depth of 37 nm exhibited good friction properties, and the coefficient of friction was reduced by 21% at relatively high speeds.