Content Of SnO Research Articles

The blackening of organotin catalyzed silicone adhesive via low dose rate gamma irradiation

Low dose rate gamma irradiation blackening effect of organotin catalyzed silicone adhesive is presented. When the total dose accumulated to 350 kGy at low dose rate (0.03 Gy/s), there is a significant blackening of the color changing from transparent to black by the increasing of dose, which is simultaneously deepened by the decreasing of dose rate. That is, low dose rate and accumulated dose both affect the final color of silicone adhesive. The structure changes of silicone adhesive before and after blackening are characterized by UV–vis, FTIR, and SPME-GC-MS, and the mechanism of blackening is deduced to be related to the content of SnO.

Three-dimensional porous aerogel assembly from ultrathin rGO@SnO2 nanosheets for advanced lithium-ion batteries

High capacity, ultra-fast charge/discharge rate, and long cycling life are external targets for Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) to satisfy modern energy storage, but it is still challenging to realize them simultaneously. Here, we report a three-dimensional (3D) porous rGO@SnO 2 nanosheets aerogel (rGO@SnO 2 NSA) based on in-situ growing two-dimensional (2D) SnO 2 nanosheets on graphene oxide (GO@SnO 2 NS), subsequent controllable assembly and reduction. The 2D structure of SnO 2 can shorten the electron-transfer path, and the porous architecture of the 3D aerogel endows the aerogels with external ion-transfer channels and exceptional capacitive contribution. As a result, the LIBs using our 3D aerogels as anodes can endure ultrafast charge/discharge (10 A g −1 ) rate and exhibit ultra-long cycling life with a high energy density (512.1 mAh g −1 after 10,000 cycles). For application exploration, the LiFePO 4 /rGO@SnO 2 NSA cell also possesses excellent energy storage performance (364.5 mAh g −1 after 100 cycles). Our electrode design strategy of combining 2D active materials and 3D porous architecture provides a new path to develop next-generation rechargeable energy storage devices. The rGO@SnO 2 NSA based on in-situ growing two-dimensional (2D) SnO 2 nanosheets on GO, subsequent controllable assembly and reduction realizes a combination of high capacity and long-term cycling performance even at ultrahigh current density when used as anodes in LIBs, which have rarely been achieved in previous reports. This aerogel shows great potential in applications of LIBs to obtain stable and long-term fast charge/discharge. • 3D porous aerogels assembly based on rGO and ultrathin SnO 2 nanosheets achieve high content of SnO 2 and fully help SnO 2 nanosheets to fit the 3D porous architecture. • Excellent capacity and long-cycling performances at 10 A g -1 with long cycling life (10000 cycles). • Unique construction contributes to superior capacitive contribution and the stability of the structure of the electrode during the high-rate charge/discharge.

Preparation of pyramidal SnO/CeO2 nano-heterojunctions with enhanced photocatalytic activity for degradation of tetracycline

Pyramidal SnO/CeO2 nano-heterojunction photocatalysts were successfully synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method. The structural characterization was investigated by using common characterization tools. The content of SnO affected the morphology and photocatalytic performance of the SnO/CeO2 nano-heterojunctions. With the increase of the SnO content, the morphology of the samples changed from a spherical structure to a pyramidal structure. The photocurrent of the SnO/CeO2 (1:6) sample was about 36 times that of pure CeO2. With SnO/CeO2 (1:6) as the photocatalyst, the degradation rate of tetracycline (TC) was 99% within 140 min under visible light and after five cyclic tests the photocatalytic efficiency of TC remained at 98%, which suggests that the SnO/CeO2 (1:6) nano-heterojunction had a high photocatalytic efficiency and stable photocatalytic performance. These results indicate that SnO/CeO2 (1:6) nano-heterojunction possesses broad prospects for industrial application.

A low cost mesoporous carbon/SnO 2/TiO 2 nanocomposite counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells

Highly porous carbon/SnO 2/TiO 2 nanocomposite films that can be used as counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are fabricated by coating a homogeneous and viscous carbon paste on F-doped tin oxide conducting glass. The carbon paste is prepared by ball-milling a mixture of carbon, SnO 2 powder and TiO 2 hydrosol in an organic solution. The composite films are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscope, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller and Form Talysruf Profiler. The results indicate that the photovoltaic performances of the composite DSSCs are influenced by the content of SnO 2. When the content is increased to 30%, SnO 2 not only acts as “framework” to strengthen the mechanical stability of the composite film but also increases the specific surface area and root-mean-square roughness, which improve fill factor and short-circuit current, finally increasing power conversion efficiency from 5.12% to 6.15%. Cyclic voltammetry analysis and electronic impedance spectroscopy of the optimum composite film display higher catalytic activity for I 3 −/I − redox reactions and much lower charge-transfer resistance compared with Pt, respectively. Dye-sensitized solar cells based on this nanocomposite counter electrode achieve efficiency as high as 6.15% which is comparable to that of the cells using sputtering Pt as counter electrode at similar conditions.

Sonochemical Synthesis of Ordered SnO2/CMK-3 Nanocomposites and Their Lithium Storage Properties

In this study, we successfully prepare SnO(2) nanoparticles inside the pore channels of CMK-3 ordered mesoporous carbon via sonochemical method. The content of SnO(2) is 17 wt % calculated according to the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) result. CMK-3 with 17 wt % loading of SnO(2) nanoparticles has a large specific surface area and pore volume. Electrochemical performance demonstrates that the ordered SnO(2)/CMK-3 nanocomposites electrode possesses higher reversible capacity and cycling stability than that of original CMK-3 electrode. Moreover, the ordered SnO(2)/CMK-3 nanocomposites electrode also exhibits high capacity at higher charge/discharge rate. The improved electrochemical performance is attributed to the nanometer-sized SnO(2) formed inside CMK-3 and the large surface area of the mesopores (3.4 nm) in which the SnO(2) nanoparticles are formed.

Compositional effect on structural and spectroscopic properties of P 2O 5–SnO–MnO ternary glass system

Glasses with a P 2O 5–SnO–MnO ternary system were synthesized and characterized. Glass forming range was determined to be 5–20 mol% of MnO when the content of SnO was kept below 50 mol%. Various analyses including thermal, optical and structural characterization were performed on (85 − x)P 2O 5– xSnO–15MnO ( x = 30, 35, 40 and 45 in mol%) and (55 − y)P 2O 5–45SnO– yMnO ( y = 0, 5, 10 and 15 in mol%) glasses in order to investigate the compositional effect of SnO and MnO on the properties of glass. Glass transition temperature of all the prepared glass samples turned out to be below 350 °C, but showed a compositional dependency on SnO and MnO, which was discussed in terms of the structural changes derived from Raman spectroscopy. The visible transparency of both glass series was identified with their high optical bandgap of 3.4–3.7 eV and their refractive indices varied between 1.6 and 1.9 depending on the wavelength monitored and composition. Er 3+ doped the glasses to examine their potential as a photonic gain medium. Radiative emission properties, Judd–Ofelt analysis and stimulated emission cross-sections also exhibited the influence of SnO and MnO and suggested the preferred concentrations of SnO and MnO as 35 mol% and 5 mol%, respectively. Modification of the local structure around the Er 3+-ion upon the compositional variation was responsible for the phenomena. This is also discussed with the structural contribution of SnO and MnO.

Synthesis and characterization of tin dioxide/multiwall carbon nanotube composites

Nanocomposites composed of tin dioxide/multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were synthesized by a chemical precipitation method. The content of SnO 2 in the nanocomposites was adjusted by changing the mass ratio of SnCl 4·4H 2O to MWCNTs. The crystalline structure and morphology of the as-prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The electrochemical properties of the composites were investigated with a battery testing system. The results show that the electrochemical performance of a composite is strongly dependent on the content of SnO 2 in the composites. A nanocomposite containing 50 wt.% of SnO 2 gave the best performance, exhibiting relatively higher reversible capacity (523 mAh/g) and excellent cycling ability. The possible reasons why the composite has such an outstanding electrochemical performance are discussed also.

Thin nanocrystalline TiO 2–SnO 2 sprayed films: Influence of the dopant concentration, substrate and thermal treatment on the phase composition and crystallites sizes

Thin nanocrystalline TiO 2–SnO 2 films (0–50 mol% SnO 2) are coated on quartz and stainless steel substrates by spray pyrolysis method. The synthesized films are investigated by XRD, Raman spectroscopy and XPS. The diffraction peaks of anatase phase fade while the peaks of rutile phase appear in the X-ray profiles with increasing of the treatment temperature and the content of SnO 2 in the sprayed films. It is found that SiO 2 coming from the quartz substrate stabilizes the anatase phase up to 700 °C. A more pronounced crystallization of rutile is registered with the films deposited on stainless steel substrate, which probably is caused by combined effect of SnO 2 doping and penetration of iron and chromium from the substrate inside the films. Dopant concentration (SnO 2) influences the size of the crystallites of the titania films deposited on quartz substrates The size of crystallites in the titania films decreases from 45 to 25 nm with increasing of SnO 2 amount. The SnO 2 amount does not affects substantially the size of crystallites (about 23 nm) for the films deposited on stainless steel.

Facile synthesis and superior anodic performance of ultrafine SnO 2-containing nanocomposites

Ultrafine SnO 2-containing nanocomposites were synthesized from glucose/SnCl 2 acid solution under hydrothermal environment. The content of SnO 2 in the nanocomposites could be adjusted by changing the mass ratio of SnCl 2 to glucose in the initial solution. The crystalline structure and morphology of the as-synthesized nanocomposites have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The results revealed that the nanocomposites were composed of highly dispersing SnO 2 nanoparticles with the sizes of only a few nanometers (3–5 nm). Electrochemical tests demonstrated that the electrochemical performances were strongly dependent on the content of SnO 2 in the nanocomposites. The nanocomposites containing 75 wt.% SnO 2 exhibited an outstanding reversible capacity of 610 mAh/g and high capacity retention after 200 cycles. The extraordinary performance should originate from the very small size of SnO 2 nanoparticles and carbon precursor matrix derived from glucose which can confer the ability to accommodate the volume changes and prevent the agglomeration of Sn particles during charge/discharge process.

Effect of Tin Additive on the Microstructure and Loss of Ferrite for Switching Mode Power Supply

High frequency manganese-zinc ferrite was prepared by oxide ceramic process. The microstructure of representative samples was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). In addition, the resistivity (p) of samples was tested by YY2812 LCR meter and the magnetic properties were obtained by SY-8232 B-H Analyzer. In combination with the microstructure analysis of material, the effects of SnO 2 additive in MnZn ferrite were investigated, especially on initial permeability (μ i ), resistivity (p), hysteresis loss (P h ), eddy current loss (P e ) and residual loss (P r ). The results show that the amount of SnO 2 additive has an obvious influence on the microstructure and electromagnetic properties of the proposed material, such as μ ι , p, P h , P c and P r . There is an optimum content of SnO 2 which is 0.1% to ensure finer microstructure and lower loss at the frequency of 1MHz.

Preparation and sintering of nanocrystalline ITO powders with different SnO 2 content

The effect of SnO 2 content on the sintering behavior of nanocrystalline indium tin oxide (ITO) ceramics was examined. Nanocrystalline ITO powders with different SnO 2 content from 0 to 12 at.% were prepared by a coprecipitation method. The particle size of the ITO powders was in the range of 20–26 nm. The temperature that showed maximum densification increased as the content of SnO 2 increased. Since the solubility limit of SnO 2 in In 2O 3 is known to be about 6–8 at.%, the samples with 8 and 12 at.% Sn showed second phases after sintering. Various phase development processes of the second phases were observed, i.e., In 2SnO 5, which was observed at a low temperature, decomposed into In 2O 3 and SnO 2 at over 1000 °C, then synthesized again into In 4Sn 3O 12 at over 1300 °C. The densification behavior with respect to the SnO 2 content was explained from a viewpoint of the second phase development at different sintering temperatures.

Structural and photooxidation properties of SnO 2/layer silicate nanocomposites

SnO 2 nanoparticles were prepared by hydrolysis in aqueous medium and stabilized by montmorillonite or hectorite. The tin content of SnO 2/clay nanocomposites varied between 15 and 50 wt.%. Intercalation of tin dioxide nanoparticles between the lamellae of the minerals was verified by X-ray diffraction. Calcination temperature of the samples was changed in the range of 80–1000 °C. It was shown by N 2 gas adsorption measurements that as temperature was increased, the specific surface area of the catalysts (80–210 m 2/g) markedly decreased. The presence of SnO 2 particles measuring 2–6 nm was verified by transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering. The photooxidative efficiency of SnO 2/clay photocatalysts was investigated by degradation of salicylic acid. It was established that the catalytic effect is mainly due to the presence of nanosized tin dioxide particles. By selecting the appropriate experimental conditions, we accomplished size-controlled synthesis of nanocrystalline tin dioxide surpassing microcrystalline SnO 2 in catalytic activity.

Preparation and characteristics of core-shell rutile titania/wollastonite at room temperature

TiO 2/wollastonite composites with core-shell structure were prepared at room temperature. The size of the core, wollastonite, was ca. 200–300 nm and a film of rutile TiO 2 with thickness of ca. 10–20 nm coated around the core. Samples were successfully prepared by dissolving the amorphous TiO 2 of TiO 2/wollastonite in HNO 3 solution and then directly re-precipitating rutile TiO 2 onto the surface of wollastonite with introduction of induced matter SnO 2. When content of SnO 2 surpassed 18%, we could obtain complete rutile TiO 2/wollastonite; while lower than 12% anatase TiO 2/wollastonite would be synthesized.

Influence of SnO 2-doped W-Mn/SiO 2 for oxidative conversion of methane to high hydrocarbons at elevated pressure

The SnO 2-doped 5% Na 2WO 4-2% Mn 2O 3/SiO 2 catalyst for oxidative conversion of methane to high hydrocarbons has been studied in a micro-stainless-steel reactor at elevated pressure. At 1053 K, 1.0×10 5 h −1 GHSV and 0.6 MPa, a CH 4 conversion of 33.0% with C 2+ selectivities of 73.1% is obtained; here the C 2, C 3 and C 4 hydrocarbons selectivities of 36.8, 14.2 and 22.1% are observed. On addition of SnO 2, conversion of methane and selectivities of C 3–C 4 hydrocarbons increase obviously. The observed results show the storage-oxygen capability in Na-W-Mn/SiO 2 catalyst is enhanced with adding SnO 2, for Mn and Na 2WO 4 migrate to near-surface to result in a marked shift to higher molecular weight products. The distribution of products at the operating conditions and content of SnO 2 loading has been described.

ITO films deposited on water-cooled flexible substrate by bias RF Magnetron Sputtering

Indium tin oxide (ITO) films were deposited on water-cooled polypropylene adipate (PPA) substrate using bias RF magnetron sputtering from a ceramic target composed of In 2O 3 (90%)+SnO 2 (10%). Good polycrystalline-structured ITO films with a low electrical resistivity of 6.3×10 −4 Ω cm have been obtained by applying a negative bias of about −40 V to the substrate at a water-cooled substrate temperature (18±2°C). The visible transmittance of all obtained films was over 80% and in the wavelength range of 400–550 nm, the transmittances increase with increasing the negative bias. X-ray diffraction spectra revealed that all the films oriented preferably with [222] direction and [400] diffraction peak decreased with increasing the negative bias. Both the X-ray diffraction spectra and atomic force microscope (AFM) measurement suggested that the average crystalline size, as well as the conductivity have a maximum value at the bias of about −40 V. The influences of argon pressure and the proportion of SnO 2 on the conductivity of the films were also studied. The optimum argon pressure is 0.5–1 Pa, and the proper content of SnO 2 is 7.5–10 wt.%.

MCM-41 modified SnO 2 gas sensors: sensitivity and selectivity properties

MCM-41 modified SnO 2 (SnO 2/MCM-41) gas sensors were prepared by mechanically mixing SnO 2 with MCM-41 (which is a novel high-surface-area mesoporous material) followed with thermal treatment in air at 700°C. H 2, CO and CH 4 were selected as probing gases to characterize the sensing properties of these sensors. Compared with those of the pure SnO 2 sensor, SnO 2/MCM-41 sensors showed enhanced sensitivities and selectivity to H 2. It was found that the SnO 2/MCM-41 sensor having SnO 2 content of SnO 2/MCM-41=0.7 (weight ratio) possessed the highest H 2 sensitivity. The sensitivities to CO and CH 4 were also found to be improved on the SnO 2/MCM-41 sensors at much higher temperature ranges. The effect of SnO 2 content on the sensitivity and selectivity to CO and CH 4 were also investigated. The mechanistic aspect due to the enhancement of the sensitivity and selectivity of SnO 2/MCM-41 gas sensors to H 2 is briefly discussed.

Morphology and electrochemical activity of RuTiSn ternary-oxide electrodes in 1 M NaCl solution

The electrochemical characteristics of ternary-oxide electrodes with a general formula Ru 0.2 Ti 0.8— x Sn x O 2 for chlorine evolution from 1 M NaCl solution were examined as a function of x by CV and ac impedance measurements. The morphologies of ternary-oxide electrodes were also investigated by SEM. The relationship between q* and C d1 was shown by the results to be linear. q*, obtained by CV, and C d1 obtained by ac impedance could represent the electrochemically active surface area. Introducing SnO 2 into the electrodes improves the performance of the electrodes by increasing q* and C d1 and decreasing R ct. The morphology of the RuTiSn ternary-oxide electrodes depended significantly on the content of SnO 2. Among these electordes, Ru 0.2 Ti 0.7Sn 0.1O 2 gave the best performance.

Electrical conduction through co-evaporated SiOx-SnO thin films

D.c. electrical properties of SiO x -SnO (300 nm) thin films forming part of a metal-insulatormetal (MIM) structure are reported. The conduction process is related to the field-assisted thermal excitation of electrons from the trapping centres in the forbidden band gap to the conduction band (Poole-Frenkel effect). The energy gap between the trapping level and the bottom of the conduction band in 80% SiO x -20% SnO in thin films (300 nm) is found to be equal to 0.50 eV. The level of conduction in the composite films is observed to increase with an increase in the content of SnO.

The effect of composition and substrate temperature on the optical energy gap of SiOx/SnO amorphous thin films

The fundamental absorption edge of co-evaporated SiOx/SnO thin films of various compositions has been investigated. The results have been analysed by assuming optical absorption by non-direct electronic transitions. The optical energy gap is seen to decrease with increase in the molar content of SnO which increases the level of disorder of the complex system. The effect of substrate temperature during deposition on the optical absorption is also studied. The optical energy gap increases with the substrate temperature. This is attributed to the annealing of some of the dangling bonds and hence to an increase in the order of the system. The Urbach tail is related to the broadening of the absorption edge as a result of charged defects present in the films and related to the Franz-Keldysh effect.

Structure and catalytic activity of Sb oxide highly dispersed on SnO 2 for propene oxidation

Two series of SbSn oxide catalysts having different Sb content and different particle sizes of SnO 2 were prepared and their propene oxidation activities were examined. Sb oxide in these SbSn oxide catalysts was noncrystalline in the Sb content range of 5 to 50 at%. The concentration of Sb ions dissolved into SnO 2 lattice was estimated to be lower than 10% from the change of IR transmissions. Laser Raman and Auger electron spectroscopic analyses suggested that part of the Sb oxide is present as noncrystalline Sb(III) and Sb(V) oxides dispersed on SnO 2, whose proportion depends on the particle size of SnO 2. In the propene oxidation, the initial rates of acrylaldehyde formation increased with the increase in surface Sb content and passed through maxima at certain compositions. For both series of catalysts, the high rates and high acrylaldehyde selectivities were obtained at around the surface ratio of Sb Sn = 1 2 − 1 3 . A bifunctional mechanism in propene oxidation over these catalysts is discussed. The differences between SnO 2 and TiO 2 in their role as a support are also discussed.