Content Of Lipid Peroxidation Products Research Articles

The effect of intravenous administration to rats of magnetite nanoparticles with various shells on the functional state and morphology of the endothelium and on antioxidant status

Background . Today, the development of nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery is underway. A separate place is occupied by magnetic nanoparticles based on iron oxides (MNPs) due to their chemical stability, relatively high biocompatibility, and comparative ease of preparation. Unmodified MNPs can easily be oxidized, that can to lead to toxic effects and a loss of magnetic and colloidal stability, in order to avoid these effects, it is necessary to coat their surface, then to study of their effect on vascular endothelium and antioxidant status. Objective . The aim of the work was to study the effect of intravenous injection to rats of magnetic nanoparticles of iron oxide with various shells on the functional condition and morphology of the endothelium and on antioxidant status. Design and methods . In this work, we used colloidal solutions of magnetite nanoparticles (MNP) in a 0.9 % NaCl solution. MNPs were coated with albumin (MNP + albumin), polylactide (MNP + polylactide) and polysaccharide (MNP + polysaccharide). The study was performed on male rats of the Wistar SPF-category. MNP were injected once into the lateral tail vein of rats. Vascular morphology was studied by histological methods. The functional activity of the endothelium was studied by wire myography method. The concentration of nitric oxide and the concentration of lipid peroxidation products were evaluated by enzyme immunoassay. Total antioxidant activity and total antioxidant capacity of plasma were evaluated by using the method of luminol-activated chemiluminescence. Results . A single intravenous injection to rats of MNP + albumin and MNP + polylactide does not provide changes in vascular reactivity, however, the introduction of MNP + polysaccharide causes a decrease in endothelium-dependent relaxation while maintaining the ability to reduce. The studied types of magnetic nanoparticles do not affect the metabolic activity of the endothelium and vascular morphology. It was found that the introduction of the studied agents causes a decrease in the level of lipid peroxidation. MNP + albumin, MNP + polylactide, and MNP + polysaccharide, when it injected once intravenously, provide a similar effect, but different mechanisms of realization on the antioxidant status. Conclusion . The obtained data indicate that the studied species of MNPs have equal biocompatibility when they are once administered intravenously to rats.

P0529THE DIFFERENCE IN DIETARY RESTRICTION-INDUCED NEPHROPROTECTIVE MECHANISMS IN YOUNG AND OLD ANIMALS

Abstract Background and Aims Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a widespread disease affecting mostly old people. Dietary restriction (DR), based on the reduction of food intake, is believed to be one of the most efficient approaches ameliorating damage in different pathological conditions including age-associated diseases. The aim of the study was to investigate the protective mechanisms of DR in the model of AKI in young and old rats. Method All experiments were made on young (3-4 months) and old (22-24 months) male rats. DR was performed by limiting the amount of food for 35% of the ad libitum (AL) daily intake. Since earlier, we showed ineffectiveness of 4-weeks DR in old rats, in this study we applied 35% DR lasting 8 weeks for old rats and 4 weeks for young rats. During DR, we registered the weight loss and measured the level of adiponectin, as this hormone is closely associated with adipose tissue metabolism. Renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) was used as a model of ischemic AKI. I/R was performed by clamping the left renal pedicle for 40 minutes followed by reperfusion with simultaneous contralateral nephrectomy. The severity of AKI was evaluated by measuring blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr) and the levels of protein biomarkers of AKI (NGAL and L-FABP) in urine. Proliferation in kidney epithelium in response to I/R was analyzed by PCNA protein level in kidney tissue. We evaluated the function of mitochondria by measuring TMRE/MitoTracker Green ratio in vital kidney slices; in kidney homogenates, we also analyzed levels of Bcl-XL and Bcl-XS proteins. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated by staining vital kidney slices with DCF. The content of lipid peroxidation products was measured using Image-iT Lipid Peroxidation Kit, and the level of carbonylated proteins was determined by OxyBlot Protein Oxidation Detection Kit. The activation of autophagic-lysosomal system was estimated by western blotting to LC3 II/LC3 I ratio and LAMP1 level, as well as by staining vital kidney slices with LysoTracker Green probe. Results The body weight of rats during DR dropped as far as 20% by the end of 4 weeks in young rats and 30% by the end of 8 weeks in old rats. Nevertheless, adiponectin concentration elevated during DR only in the serum of young rats. DR strongly influenced mitochondria function, in particular, elevated mitochondrial membrane potential both in kidney cells of young and old rats. DR also resulted in increasing the Bcl-XL level. We revealed the decrease of ROS and lipid peroxidation products in vital kidney slices, but only in kidneys of young rats. However, DR reduced the content of carbonyl groups more than 2 times in animals of both ages. We showed that activation of autophagy in response to DR and I/R occurred only in the kidneys of young rats, indicating deterioration of autophagy signaling in old animals. We also found that 48 h after I/R PCNA level increased 19 times in young kidney, although old rats showed only 4-fold elevation of kidney cells proliferation. Estimation of kidney injury markers (NGAL, L-FABP) in urine revealed that 2-month DR led to some protection in old rats. Nonetheless, despite all positive alterations in kidney tissue of old rats, DR was not able to ameliorate impairment of kidney function after I/R, whereas all young rats showed significant improvement of SCr and BUN levels. Conclusion Short-term DR has a significant nephroprotective effect against renal I/R in young rats. Old animals require longer periods of food restriction, after which some protective alterations are observed. We propose, protection of kidney in old and young rats is implemented through slightly different mechanisms and some of them are missing in old animals.

Identification of salivary volatile organic compounds as potential markers of stomach and colorectal cancer: A pilot study

ObjectivesThe purpose of the pilot study was to determine the potential diagnostic capabilities for the analysis of oxygen-containing salivary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in stomach and colorectal cancer. MethodsSaliva samples of 11 patients with stomach cancer, 18 patients with colorectal cancer, and 16 healthy volunteers were analyzed through capillary gas chromatography. The levels of lipid peroxidation products and catalase activity were determined in all samples. To assess saliva diagnostic potential, we constructed a Classification and Regression Tree (CART). ResultsIt was shown that the use of a combination of saliva VOCs (acetaldehyde, acetone, propanol-2, and ethanol) allowed classification into Cancer/Control groups with a sensitivity and specificity of 95.7 and 90.9%, respectively. To clarify the location of the tumor, it was necessary to add a methanol level; in this case, the sensitivity for detecting stomach and colorectal cancer was 80.0% and 92.3%, respectively, while the specificity in both cases was 100%. When the lipid peroxidation product content was added to the VOC indicators, they were selected as the main factors for constructing the decision tree. For classification into Cancer/Control groups, only the triene conjugate and Schiff base content in saliva was sufficient. The combination of VOCs in saliva and lipid peroxidation indices improved the sensitivity and specificity for classification to 100%. ConclusionPreliminary data were obtained on the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis of stomach and colorectal cancer, which confirmed the promise of further studies on saliva VOCs for the purpose of clinical laboratory diagnostics.

Effects of nanoplastics on antioxidant and immune enzyme activities and related gene expression in juvenile Macrobrachium nipponense

Nanoplastics are widely distributed in aquatic environments, and nanoplastic pollution has become a global concern. However, few studies have evaluated the toxicity of nanoplastics to freshwater crustaceans. In this study, by adding different concentrations of nanoplastics to water, we explored the effects of nanoplastics on the survival, antioxidant activity, immune enzyme activity, and related gene expression levels in juvenile Macrobrachium nipponense. The results showed that the 96 -h half-lethal concentration of nanoplastics to juvenile shrimp was 396.391 mg/L. As the concentration of nanoplastics increased, the activities of antioxidant enzymes generally decreased, while the contents of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation products increased. The activities of non-specific immune enzymes first increased and then decreased with increasing nanoplastic concentration. The trends in the expressions of antioxidant-related genes were generally consistent with those in the activities of antioxidant enzymes. As the nanoplastic concentration increased, the expressions of immune-related genes generally increased at first and then decreased. These results indicate that low concentrations of nanoplastics (5 mg/L) may enhance the viability of juvenile shrimp, whereas high concentrations (10,20, 40 mg/L) have inhibitory and/or toxic effects. The findings provide basic information on the toxic effects of nanoplastics in juvenile shrimp.

Hypertonic seawater solution with brown algae extract Ascophillum nodosum in the treatment of acute rhinosinusitis

The article presents modern approaches to the modulation of cellular factors of innate immunity, oxidative stress factors when using a hypertonic seawater solution withAscophillum nodosumbrown algae extract (NaCl 15 g/l) in patients with acute rhinosinusitis.Characteristics of the children and research methods. The authors examined 102 children aged from 5 to 8 years, with a history of more than 5 episodes of acute rhinosinusitis per year. We evaluated the quantitative and qualitative composition of neutrophilic granulocytes in washes from the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by neutrophilic granulocytes, the content of lipid peroxidation products, enzymes of the antioxidant system – superoxide dismutase and catalase in nasal washes.Results.The authors found that the nasal spray of a hypertonic seawater solution withAscophillum nodosumbrown algae extract helps to normalize clinical picture, reduce number of relapses, restore functional and metabolic status of neutrophils of the nasal mucosa surface, restore balance of lipid peroxidation factors, antioxidant sustem enzymes – superoxide dismutase and catalase.

Indicators of the antioxidant system in the long-term period after acute mercury nitrate poisoning in the experiment

The article presents experimental data on the state of the antioxidant system in red blood cells of white outbred rats 1 and 3 months after acute mercury nitrate poisoning with a semilethal dose. It has been established that this form of intoxication is accompanied by pronounced changes in the state of the antioxidant defense system in erythrocytes of poisoned animals (a decrease in the concentration of reduced glutathione, a decrease in the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, and an increase in the concentration of lipid peroxidation products).It has been shown that the mercury content in the blood of experimental animals remains elevated during the entire study period.The results obtained indicate the importance of impaired functioning of the antioxidant system in the implementation of long-term consequences of acute mercury poisoning. The reasons for the occurrence of these biochemical shifts and their role in the development of the long-term cytotoxic effects of mercury nitrate are discussed.

ESTIMATION OF LIPID PEROXIDATION IN TISSUES OF FISH FROM LAKES OF THE KENTI RIVER SYSTEM, REPUBLIC OF KARELIA

Lipid peroxidation in tissues of pike Esox lucius Linnaeus, 1758 and roach Rutilus ruti‑ lus (Linnaeus, 1758) from Lake Kostomukshskoe (storing tailings from the Kostomuksha ore mining and processing enterprise) was found to be more intensive than in fish living downstream the Kenti River. The content of lipid peroxidation products in the liver of fish from Lake Koivas was significantly lower than in fish living higher up the Kenti River. This may be due to significant differences in the concentration of ions in these water bodies. A high level of primary lipid peroxidation products – diene conjugates and diene ketones, was detected in the liver of roach and pike from the tailing pond, indicating the activation of the initial stages of peroxidation in fish tissues in response to a high level of minerals from the tailings pond. Among all the studied fish tissues the highest level of lipid peroxidation products was found in gills. This can be explained by the higher degree of oxygenation in this organ and, as a consequence, enhanced oxidation of membrane lipids in gills. The high mineralization of the Kostomuksha mining plant’s tailing dump creates an unusual, hypertonic habitat for freshwater fish. This affects, above all, the functioning of their gills, which regulate the body’s water-salt balance. Fine suspended solids in Lake Kostomukshskoe reduce the oxygenation of gills in roach and pike, thus affecting the rate of peroxidation processes. The tissue with the lowest content of lipid peroxidation products was muscles. The activity of peroxidation processes in muscles showed no significant variation among fish from different waterbodies. Fish from Lake Koivas (the farthest away from the industrial source) demonstrated the lowest degree of tissue peroxidation. The activity of peroxidation processes declines in the following sequence: gills-liver-muscles. The most pronounced variation in the content of lipid peroxidation products was found in the liver, presumably due to the high metabolic and detoxification activity of this organ. Based on the analysis of the studied parameters in the two fish species, pike is more resistant to industrial impact, most likely due to the characteristics of its ecology

The state of antioxidant protection system in cows under the influence of heavy metals

A highly relevant problem of modern veterinary science is the study of features and mechanisms of combined action of the most common heavy metals – cadmium and plumbum and their influence on the body of humans and animals in the regions of Ukraine under technogenic pollution. The purpose of the work was to study the influence of heavy metals on the state of the antioxidant protection system of cows, in particular on the content of lipid peroxidation products (malonic dialdehyde, lipid hydroperoxides and diene conjugates), and activity of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase), depending on the distance to the heaps of mines in the coal basin. The study objects were cows of black-and-white breed at the age of 3–7 years. It was established that this parameter in the place with the highest concentration of diene conjugates in the blood of cows was by 25.8 % higher compared to the place of low concentration and 12.1 % higher compared to the place with medium concentration. In the place with the highest content of lipid hydroperoxides in the blood of cows the parameter was 23.7 % higher compared to the cows from the place with the low content. The concentration of lipid hydroperoxides in the blood of cows from the place with the medium content was 16.7% higher compared to the cows from the place with the low content. The parameter from the place with the lowest content of lipid hydroperoxides in the blood of cows was 12.1% lower compared to the place with the highest content. The level of malonic dialdehyde in the blood of cows from the technogenic pollution zone in the place with the largest amount was higher by 36.2; 34.0 and 18.8 % – compared to places with medium and low levels, respectively. The activity of superoxide dismutase in the blood of cows in the place with its highest activity was 0.284 ± 0.0099 % block. reac/g Hb, and in the place with the lowest activity – 0.23 ± 0.0051 % block. reac/g Hb. The activity of glutathione peroxidase in the blood of cows in farms of the technogenic pollution zone depended on the distance to the mine. These researches will further develop effective methods of treating cows under the influence of heavy metals, in particular regarding the antioxidant system.

Cd and Ni modulate fatty acid composition and oxidative status in the freshwater mussel Anodonta cygnea

To determine the different effects of metal ions with various chemical properties on freshwater bivalve molluscs, the effect of Cd and Ni on Anodonta cygnea was examined. Aside from highlighting some indicators of oxidative damage (i.e. lipid peroxidation product content) and antioxidant defence (i.e. the content of reduced glutathione and the activity of catalase and glutathione-S-transferase), we also analysed the composition of the phospholipid fatty acids in the gills of the mussels. The mussels were exposed to 10, 50 and 100 μg/L of Cd and Ni (the control was no metal exposure) for 1 and 3 days, respectively. Then, the biochemical parameters of the mussel gills, such as the fatty acid composition, the conjugated dienes, thiobarbituric acid reactive species products and reduced glutathione contents and the glutathione-S-transferase and catalase activities were analysed. The one-day effect of Cd induced a decrease in the linoleic acid content and an increase in the lipid peroxidation products and glutathione-S-transferase activity. The one-day Ni exposure caused an increase in the arachidonic acid content without any elevation of the activity of the studied antioxidant enzymes. On day 3, the presence of Cd caused an increase in the linoleic and arachidonic acid content and catalase activity, whereas no changes in the fatty acid composition and antioxidant enzyme activity were noted in the presence of Ni. Different metabolic changes occur with the studied metals (Cd and Ni) in freshwater A. cygnea. Therefore, various mechanisms are involved in their defensive metabolic responses.

CHANGE OF THE OXIDANT AND ANTIOXIDANT STATUS IN THE OFFSPRING FROM RATS WITH EXPERIMENTAL PREECLAMPSIA UNDER THE EFFECT OF GABA DERIVATIVES

The effect of course intragastric administration of gamma-aminobutyric acid derivatives (GABA) such as succicard 22 mg/kg, salifen 7,5 mg/kg, phenibut 25 mg/kg and comparison of drug pantogam 50 mg on the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the plasma of offspring at the age of 8, 14 and 20 months, who was born from rats with experimental preeclampsia (EP), was studied. EP has decreased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and increased concentration of lipid peroxidation products in offspring from females with EP in long periods of ontogenesis (8, 14 and 20 months). The GABA derivatives administration from 40 to 70 days of life to the progeny from rats with EP has decreased MDA level in animals at the age of 8 months treated with salifen, in 14 months - in those receiving succicard and comparison of drug pantogam, in 20 months - pantogam. In addition, the activity of SOD has increased at the age of 14 months in rats, which were treated by succicard, salifen, phenibut, and pantogam, and at 8 and 20 months in those receiving pantogam. An increase in catalase activity was observed at the age of 8 months in the offspring who were treated with phenibut and salifen, at 14 months - who received succicard.

ПЕРЕКИСНЕ ОКИСНЕННЯ ЛІПІДІВ У ХРЯЩОВІЙ ТКАНИНІ ЩУРІВ ЗА УМОВ ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОГО ОСТЕОАРТРИТУ ТА ПРИ ВВЕДЕННІ МУЛЬТИПРОБІОТИКА

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of multiprobiotic on the content of lipid peroxidation products in rat cartilage during monoiodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis. The study was carried out on white non-linear, sexually mature male rats (weight 180-240g), according to general ethical principles of experiments on animals. All animals were divided into four experimental groups. The first group – Control: animals got injection into knee ligament 0.05 ml of 0.9% NaCl solution on the first day of the experiment and then got intragastric administration 1 ml of drinking water per 1 kg of the animal weight daily for 14 days from the 8th to 22nd days. The second group – Multiprobiotic: animals got injection into knee ligament 0.05 ml of 0.9% NaCl solution on the first day of the experiment and then got intragastric administration 140 mg / kg of multiprobiotic Symbiter® (Prolisok ", Ukraine) diluted in 1 ml of drinking water per 1 kg of animal weight. The third group, MIA-induced OA: animals got injection into knee ligament 1 mg of sodium monoiodacetate, dissolved in 0.05 ml of 0.9% NaCl on the first day of the experiment and then got intragastric administration 1 ml of drinking water per 1 kg of the animal weight daily for 14 days from the 8th to 22nd days. The fourth group – MIA-induced OA + Multiprobiotic: animals got injection into knee ligament 0.05 ml of 1 mg of sodium monoiodacetate, dissolved in 0.05 ml of 0.9% NaCl on the first day of the experiment and then got intragastric administration 140 mg / kg of multiprobiotic diluted in 1 ml of drinking water per 1 kg of animal weight. All animals were killed on day 30 of the experiment, according to the protocol of the ethics committee with rapid blood sampling. The content of the products of oxidative modification of proteins (OMP) and oligopeptides was determined by the level of carbonyl derivatives that were detected in reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. The content of diene conjugates was determined in the heptane-isopropanol extract by the spectrophotometric method, and of Schiff bases – by the fluorimetric method. The content of TBK-active compounds was determined by reaction with thiobarbituric acid. It has been established that MIA-induced OA the content of lipid peroxidation products (diene conjugates, TBK-active compounds, schiff bases) increases in the cartilage. It was shown that with the administration of multiprobiotic in animals with MIA-induced OA, the above indicators were restored.

Chemical and Toxicological Analysis of Territories Affected by Radiation and Chemical Pollutants: III. Peroxide Oxidation of Lipids and Toxicity Effects of Natural Water (in vivo Studies)

The toxic properties of river water and groundwater samples taken in the Zhizdrinskii and Ul’yanovskii districts of the Kaluga Oblast, which were the areas most exposed to long-lived radioisotopes in consequence of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, are studied using bioassay methods based on an analysis of the cumulative effect of toxic substances that are present in the analyzed water sample on the lipid peroxidation (LPO) processes. The concentrations of LPO products and extracellular DNA in the blood plasma of mice, the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells of mice, the antioxidant status of mouse tissues, and the total number of alterations in the structure of DNA molecules of mouse blood lymphocytes, as estimated based on the value of the relative rate constant of alkaline elution, are determined in in vivo experiments with a single per os administration of hexane–ether extracts from drinking water to experimental animals. The concentration of LPO products in native water samples is determined in the in vitro experiments using LPO liposomes obtained from lecithin, i.e., egg yolk phospholipid, as a model test system. The total set of the obtained data indicates the presence of a relationship between the parameters of the LPO control system and DNA damage and makes it possible to propose a method for the initiated oxidation of liposomes produced from lecithin that can be used in the initial assessment of the intensity of LPO in an aqueous medium.

The effect of two formulations of carbon enterosorbents on oxidative stress indexes and molecular conformation of serum albumin in experimental animals exposed to CCl4

The liver failure means inability to perform its normal synthetic, biotransformation and excretory functions. The disturbance of metabolic processes leads to the development of "metabolic endogenous intoxication" resulting in oxidative stress. Oxidative stress initiates the processes of oxidation of amino acid residues of blood plasma proteins causing the changes in their structure and functions. The effect of administration of highly activated porous carbonic enterosorbents on oxidative stress manifestations and molecular conformation of serum albumin in blood of experimental animals with acute liver failure induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) needs to be investigated. Two forms of activated carbonic enterosorbents such as AC1 (primary beads with the range of diameters of 125–250 μm) and AC2 (secondary granules prepared from micronized AC1 having the mean particle size of ~1 μm) derived from phenol-formaldehyde resin were used in rat model with CCl4 intoxication. The total level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in blood plasma, the activity of catalase (CAT) in blood hemolysates; the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) in liver homogenates, and the level of oxidative modification of proteins (OMP) such as aldehyde-dinitrophenylhydrazone (A-DNPH) and ketone-dinitrophenylhydrazone (K-DNPH) derivatives in blood plasma and liver homogenates were determined. In addition, the level of pro/antioxidant ratio in blood hemolysates and the content of lipid peroxidation product - malondialdehyde (MDA), in blood plasma and liver were determined. Melting thermograms of blood plasma proteins (BPP) and molecular conformation changes of serum albumin were analyzed by biophysical methods (differential scanning microcalorimetry and spectrofluorimetry). The extent of CCl4-induced oxidative damage in blood and liver of experimental animals was shown to be less expressed for AC1 in comparison with AC2 enterosorbent. However, AC2 used in the form of secondary granules positively influenced some biophysical properties of albumin molecule (temperature of melting, shape of melting endotherm and intrinsic fluorescence) after rats exposure to CCl4. In general, administration of both AC1 and AC2 led to the reduction of oxidative stress manifestations and partial restoration of native molecular conformation of serum albumin. These observations are promising in terms of achieving recovery of detoxification potential of organism after severe liver injury.

ОТВЕТНАЯ РЕАКЦИЯ АНТИОКСИДАНТНЫХ СИСТЕМ ТРАВЯНИСТЫХ РАСТЕНИЙ НА ПОВРЕЖДЕНИЕ КЛЕТОК В УСЛОВИЯХ ТЕХНОГЕННОГО ЗАГРЯЗНЕНИЯ ГОРОДСКОЙ СРЕДЫ

In this study lipid peroxidation products, carotenoids, phenols, flavonoids and catalase activity were analyzed in herbage from various anthropogenic zones of Tyumen. Red clover (Trifolium rubens) and coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara) were collected near a highway, metallurgical plant, engine building plant, oil refinery, battery manufacturing plant as well as in relatively unpolluted site. Heavy metal concentration in soils was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Cu, Mn, Fe, Pb and Zn concentration in soils from the urban area turned out to be elevated compared to the background level Exceeding maximum permitted concentration was revealed by Pb content in soil near battery manufacturing plant. The percentage of heavy metals mobile form decreased in the order: Mn>Zn>Cu>Fe. Negative correlation between heavy metal content in soils and lipid peroxidation products, carotenoids and phenols in plants was established. The concentration of lipid peroxidation products (Schiff bases and diene conjugates) in plants at industrial sites was decreased by 40–70 %. Pollutants from metallurgical plant influenced lipid peroxidation the most among all other examined sited Carotenoids concentration in plants decreased at all examined sites by 5–40 %. Carotenoids turned out to be the most vulnerable antioxidant among examined. Concentration of phenols and flavonoids both increased and decreased, depending on the examined site. Probably, this is related to chelation of phenols and flavonoids by heavy metals, but at the same time with synthesis of these antioxidants to block lipid peroxidation. Change in phenols and flavonoids level turned out to be species-specific, which is stipulated by plants different persistence to pollutants. Phenols and flavonoids concentration in plants negatively correlated with lipid peroxidation products in coltsfoot, which indicates its antioxidant role. Catalase activity depended on the examined site and plant species, its change was not unilateral. An increase in catalase activity, likely, provided reduce in diene conjugates and Schiff bases concentration.

The ratio of erythrocyte populations in the blood of puppies during postnatal oxidative stress

The article presents new scientifi c data on the ratio of erythrocyte populations in puppies' blood during postnatal oxidative stress. It was established that the number of erythrocytes in the blood of one-day-old puppies was 5.64 ± 0.12 T / l, and half of these cells belonged to the population of "mature", 40% - "young" and 10% - "old". In day-old puppies, the content of lipid peroxidation products in erythrocyte hemolysates is quite high, which indicates the development of postnatal oxidative stress. Thus, the content of diene conjugates, ketodienes and Schiff bases is respectively 1,406 ± 0,023 Conv. units, 0.676 ± 0.004 Conv. units and 0.135 ± 0.003 Conv. units. From one to fi ve days age of puppies the number of erythrocytes in the blooddecrease by 1.5 times (p<0.001), mainly due to the decrease in the number of "mature" cells (by 1.6 times; p<0.001). The intensity of peroxide oxidation in the body of puppies even a month after birth is relatively high, as indicated by the content of Schiff bases in the erythrocytes of the blood of these animals - 0.185 ± 0.002 Conv.units. The inverse correlations of the content of Schiff bases in erythrocyte hemolysate with their number in the bloodstream were found to be r = -0.83 (p<0.001). It should also be noted the direct correlation of the content of diene conjugates in the blood of puppies with the number of erythrocytes in their blood (r = 0,58 p <0,05), but the content of ketodienes and conjugated trienes is inversely related to the content of "young" erythroid cells in the puppies' blood (r = -0.57 p <0.05). Consequently, post-natal adaptation of puppies results in the replacement of fetal erythrocytes by postnatal cells, and this process is associated with the intensifi cation of peroxide oxidation and accumulation of the end products of peroxidationin the cells. This process isaccompanied by an acceleration of the process of "aging" of young forms of erythrocytes, as a result of which prerequisites for the development of anemiaare created. Key words: erythrocytes, oxidative stress, puppies, Schiff bases, ketodienes, diene conjugates.

Vitamin E as an inhibitor of oxidative damage to goose meat storage

The vitamin E effect on the lipid peroxidation product content and the endogenous antioxidant activity (at -18 C during the different types of storage) has been studied in goose meat. The goose meat of three samples has been used for storage. Meat of control sample has been obtained from geese fed by the standard diet. The 1st meat test sample of geese differs from the control group by two times higher content of vitamin E (40 mg / kg) in their diet from the 42nd to the 63rd day. Meat of the 2nd test sample obtained from the control group of geese is processed by a vitamin E solution (calculated at 100 mcg per g of meat) immediately before storage. The shelf life of meat is 210 days. It has been established that the intensive accumulation of the secondary lipid peroxidation products begins from the 90th day in the goose meat during its storage. In the goose diet a double increase of the vitamin E has contributed a significant (by 27.6%, p ≤ 0.05) TBA-AP decrease in the first meat test sample in comparison with the control group at the end of the experiment. The addition of vitamin E to the diet of geese has contributed the stabilization of the antioxidant pool in their meat. It has been confirmed by a 1.88-fold lower level of TBA-AP upon initiation of peroxide oxidation of Fe2+ and by the higher coefficient of antioxidant activity (36.0%, p ≤ 0.05) in this sample in comparison with the control on the 210th day. At the end of the experiment, the vitamin E content is higher 41.7 % (p ≤ 0.01) in the first sample than in the control, β-carotene - 15.0 % (p ≤ 0.05), and vitamin A is at the level of the control sample. Processed goose meat with a solution of vitamin E also provides reliable inhibition of peroxidation processes during the first half of the experiment. However, at the end of the experiment the content of TBA-AP reaches the level of the corresponding control indices in the 2nd test sample of meat. From the 120th day, there has been the more intensive use of endogenous antioxidants. The antioxidant activity coefficient decreasing to the control level on the 210th day in this meat sample is its conformation. The meat of this sample differs by a higher content of β-carotene from the control sample significantly (by 13.5%, p ≤ 0.05). Thus, to obtain a prolonged antioxidant effect during low-temperature storage of meat it is more advisable to add vitamin E to the diet of geese in the pre-slaughter period. Key words: geese, meat storage, lipoperoxidation products, antioxidant activity, vitamins E, A, β-carotene.

Influence of 10-(6-plastoquinonyl) decyltriphenylphosphonium on free-radical homeostasis in the heart and blood serum of rats with streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia.

BACKGROUNDIt is known that under conditions of tissue tolerance to insulin, observed during type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), there is an increased production of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, the free radicals can initiate lipid peroxidation (LPO) in lipoprotein particles. The concentration of LPO products can influence the state of insulin receptors, repressing their hormone connection activity, which is expressed as a reduction of the glucose consumption by cells. It is possible that reduction in glucose concentration during administration of 10-(6-plastoquinonyl) decyltriphenylphosphonium (SkQ1) to rats with DM2 may be related to the antioxidant properties of this substance.AIMTo establish the influence of SkQ1 on free-radical homeostasis in the heart and blood serum of rats with streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia.METHODSTo induce hyperglycemia, rats were fed a high-fat diet for 1 mo and then administered two intra-abdominal injections of streptozotocin with a 7-d interval at a 30 mg/kg of animal weight dose with citrate buffer equal to pH 4.4. SkQ1 solution was administered intraperitoneally at a 1250 nmol/kg dose per day. Tissue samples were taken from control animals, animals with experimental hyperglycemia, rats with streptozotocin-induced glycemia that were administered SkQ1 solution, animals housed under standard vivarium conditions that were administered SkQ1, rats that were administered intraperitoneally citrate buffer equal to pH 4.4 once a week during 2 wk after 1-mo high-fat diet, and animals that were administered intraperitoneally with appropriate amount of solution without SkQ1 (98% ethanol diluted eight times with normal saline solution). To determine the intensity of free radical oxidation and total antioxidant activity, we used the biochemiluminescence method. Aconitate hydratase (AH), superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities were estimated using the Hitachi U-1900 spectrophotometer supplied with software. The amount of citrate was determined by means of the Natelson method. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was carried out using an amplifier ANK-32.RESULTSIt was found that the mitochondrial-directed antioxidant elicits decrease of biochemiluminescence parameter values that increase by pathology as well as the levels of primary products of LPO, such as diene conjugates and carbonyl compounds, which indicate intensity of free radical oxidation. At the same time, the activity of AH, considered a crucial target of free radicals, which decreased during experimental hyperglycemia, increased. Apparently, increasing activity of AH influenced the speed of citrate utilization, whose concentration decreased after administering SkQ1 by pathology. Moreover, the previously applied anti-oxidant during hyperglycemia influenced the rate of antioxidant system mobilization. Thus, superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, as well as the level of gene transcript under influence of SkQ1 at pathology, were changing to the direction of control groups values.CONCLUSIONAccording to the results of performed research, SkQ1 can be considered a promising addition to be included in antioxidant therapy of DM2.

Isometric Exercise with Large Muscle Mass Improves Redox Balance and Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Adults.

The aim of this study was to investigate the hemodynamic, oxidative stress (OS), and nitric oxide (NO) responses to a submaximal isometric exercise session (IES) involving large muscle mass. Fourteen hypertensive (HTG: age = 35.9 ± 8.1 yr, height = 1.73 ± 0.10 m, total body mass = 78.0 ± 15.8 kg) and 10 normotensive (NTG: age = 41.1 ± 9.4 yr, height = 1.71 ± 0.12 m, total body mass = 82.3 ± 22.4 kg) participants performed two experimental sessions in the leg press and bench press: (i) control session and (ii) 8 sets × 1 min contraction at 30% maximal voluntary isometric contraction with 2-min rest interval. Blood pressure (BP) was measured at rest and during 60 min postexercise. Blood samples were collected at rest, immediately after the session, and 60 min postexercise. NO was obtained through the Griess reaction method. OS parameters were analyzed using commercial kits. A repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test was used to analyze all dependent variables. A significant decrease in systolic BP was observed only for HTG at 45 and 60 min postexercise (baseline vs 45 min: P = 0.03, Δ% = 4.44%; vs 60 min: P = 0.018, Δ% = 5.58%). NO increased immediately postexercise only for HTG (P = 0.008, Δ% = 16.44%). Regarding OS parameters, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances presented a significant reduction 60 min after the IES for NTG and HTG; catalase increased in both groups. The data showed that only 8 min of IES with a large muscle mass elicits an elevated pro-oxidant activity leading to a greater NO bioavailability, increases antioxidant reaction, and consequently reduces BP in hypertensive patients.

Antioxidant Enzymes of Honeybee Larvae Exposed to Oxamyl

Abstract Oxamyl is a carbamate insecticide used to control a broad spectrum of insects. It can also affect non-targeted organisms when applied incorrectly. The world food production depends partially on honeybee pollination abilities and therefore it is directly linked to the health of bees. The success of the colony development depends, among other factors, on the health of the larvae. The first 6 days are crucial for their development. In this stage, the worker larvae grow exponentially and may be exposed to xenobiotics via their diet. In this study, we investigated the effect of oxamyl on honeybee larvae (Apis mellifera) by monitoring the changes in their antioxidant enzyme system. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase were determined in the homogenates of in vitro reared honeybee larvae after their single dietary exposure to oxamyl at doses of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 µg a.i./larva (a. i.—active ingredient). The doses of oxamyl did not cause statistically significant changes in the activities of the enzymes. Even a slight activation of these enzymes protected the larvae from the adverse effects of the reactive oxygen species (ROS). Marked changes in both the enzyme activity and the content of lipid peroxidation products were observed at the oxamyl dose of 10 µg a. i./larva. This fact may indicate a potential oxidative damage to the larvae. These results allowed us to assume that the toxic effects of oxamyl involves not only the inhibition of acetylcholine esterase but is also associated with ROS production.

Hepatoprotective effects of curcumin and taurine against bisphenol A-induced liver injury in rats.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemical to which humans are frequently exposed during routine daily life. Curcumin and taurine are natural products that have also been used as antioxidants against different environmental toxin-induced hepatotoxicity. Furthermore, they have protective and therapeutic effects against various diseases. The present investigation has been conducted to evaluate the therapeutic potential of curcumin (100 mg kg-1) and taurine (100 mg kg-1) for their hepatoprotective efficacy against BPA (130 mg kg-1)-induced liver injury in rat. BPA significantly elevated the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), while it reduced the activities of catalase (CAT), total glutathione S-transferase (GST), total glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total superoxide dismutase (SOD). Besides, these biochemical changes were accompanied by histopathological alterations marked by the destruction of normal liver structure. The histological examinations showed that exposure of BPA caused dilatation of sinusoids, inflammatory cell infiltration, congestion, and necrosis in liver parenchyma. The BPA-induced histopathological alterations in liver were minimized by curcumin and taurine treatment. Furthermore, no necrosis was observed in the liver tissues of curcumin plus BPA and taurine plus BPA-treated rats. Oral administration of curcumin and taurine to BPA-exposed rats significantly reversed the content of lipid peroxidation products, as well as enhanced the activities of GPx and GST, CAT, and SOD enzymes. These findings have indicated that curcumin and taurine might have a protective effect against BPA-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.