Extract Content Research Articles

Impact of alkaline solution, carbohydrase and biomass:solvent on extraction efficiency, and protein and amino acid profiles of Palmaria palmata protein extracts

The impact of using different alkaline solutions, carbohydrases and changing the biomass to solvent volume ratio (biomass:solvent) on protein content, protein and biomass yield recovery in protein enriched extracts from Palmaria palmata (red seaweed) was studied. Protein extraction with alkaline solutions, i.e., NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2 and Na2CO3 (at 0.12 M) along with (and without) carbohydrases B, BD and L (containing xylanase, a mixture of xylanase and cellulase, and a combination of cellulase, xylanase and polygalacturonase activities, respectively) was assessed. Principal component analysis was used to assess correlations (if any) between the different alkaline solvents, carbohydrases and changing biomass:solvent on extraction efficiency. The highest protein content (56.64 ± 0.43 % (w/w)) was obtained using KOH assisted extraction with carbohydrase BD. The highest protein and biomass yield recoveries (70.65 ± 1.38 and 21.99 ± 0.43 % (w/w), respectively) were obtained on extraction using NaOH assisted with carbohydrases BD. Electrophoretic, amino acid profile and amino acid score analyses displayed differences depending on the alkaline solvent used for protein extraction. Appropriate selection of the alkaline solvent, carbohydrase and biomass:volume combination during protein extraction can contribute to the production of compositionally enhanced high-quality protein concentrates from P. palmata.

Assessment of ethanolic extract of Dittrichia viscosa from Kardoussa Douar region of Taza in Morocco as antioxidant and green inhibitor for carbon steel corrosion in acidic medium

This study targeted evaluating the anticorrosive and antioxidative characteristics of Dittrichia viscosa (ZS-OH) extract. ZS-OH was first extracted by deploying a soxhlet and characterized by chromatographic analysis (GC/MS). In addition, a quantitative assessment of the total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoids (FC) content of the ZS-OH extract, as well as phytochemical analyses, were carried out. Antioxidant testing was conducted using the bioassay: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The ability of ZS-OH extract to stymie the corrosion of carbon steel in 1.0 M HCl was considered through potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). ZS-OH extract yield was 4.73 %, and GC-MS revealed 32 distinct chemicals. Neryl isovalerate (29.8 %), 1,10-di-epi-Cubenol (25.4 %), and 2,5-dimethoxy-p-cymene (11.6 %) made up the majority of the ZS-OH extract. The electrochemical results reveal that the ZS-OH extract acts as a mixed-type with an inhibition efficiency of up to 96.8 % at 500 ppm under 303 K. Surface analyses using SEM/EDS confirmed the formation of the protective layer of ZS-OH extract molecules on the C-S surface. The three major components are fully optimized in the DFT through the B3LYP functional and 6–311++G(d,p) basis sets. Molecular dynamics simulation data show the molecules of ZS-OH extract oriented beneficially on metal surfaces, providing a high surface coverage, and thus, a high inhibition performance.

Influence of Maternal Dietary Protein during Late Gestation on Performance of Black Bengal Does and Their Kids.

The present study aimed to elucidate the effect of different levels of dietary protein during late pregnancy on the performance of Black Bengal does and their kids. Twelve does were divided into three groups, with four in each, and three diets, i.e., high protein (18% CP), medium protein (14% CP), and low protein (10% CP) were supplied for 50 days, commencing from 100 days post-coitum to parturition. During the first 100 days of pregnancy, uniform rations with similar ingredients were provided to fulfill the nutrient requirements depending on the live weight of does. All three diets were isocaloric (10.0 MJ/kg DM). Data were subjected to one-way ANOVA, and the significance of the difference among means was determined by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The main effects of diet and sex, as well as their interaction, were analyzed by two-way ANOVA by using the GLM procedure. The relative expression values of qPCR were calculated by using the 2-ΔΔCt analysis method. Live weight gain was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in high-protein-fed dams than other groups during the experimental period. The milk yield of does was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in high-protein-fed goats than in the low-protein group. The lactation length of does was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the high- and medium-protein-fed does than in the low-protein-fed does. The duration of post-partum anestrus of does was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the low-protein-fed dams than in the high-protein group. The birth weight of kids tended to be higher in the high-protein group but did not differ significantly among the treatment groups. In male kids, weaning weight, final weight, live weight gain, and average daily gain were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than in female kids. Weaning weight was higher (p < 0.05) in kids of the high-protein-fed does than the low-protein group. Final weight and live weight gain were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in kids of the high-protein-fed does than in the low-protein-fed group. On the other hand, average daily gain was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in kids of the high- and medium-protein-fed does than the low-protein group. The average body length and wither height of kids at the 32nd week was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in kids of high-protein-fed does than those of the low-protein-fed group. The average heart girth of kids at the 32nd week was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in kids of high-protein-fed does than the medium- and low-protein groups. The survival rate of kids was higher in the medium- and high-protein-fed does than in low-protein group. Hot carcass weight and ether extract content of meat were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the high-protein group than in the other groups. The dressing percentage was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the kids of high-protein-fed does than low-protein-fed goats. The expression of the H-FABP gene was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in kids of high-protein-fed does than those of the medium- and low-protein groups. In conclusion, maternal dietary protein levels positively influences the production performance of Black Bengal does and their kids.

Nanoemulsion of Ethanolic Extract of Sungkai Leaves (Peronema Canescens Jack) for Anti-Acne Therapy.

This study investigates the phytochemical profile, total flavonoid content, antibacterial properties, antioxidant activities, and cytotoxicity effect of nanoemulsion ethanolic extract of Sungkai leaves. The ethanolic extract was formulated into three concentrations: 50, 100, and 150 ppm. Phytochemical screening revealed flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, steroids, and terpenoids. The total flavonoid content was 90.542, 91.993, and 91.744% for the respective concentrations. Antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes showed inhibition zones of 17.6, 21.2, and 24.1 mm, indicating strong to very strong activity. Antioxidant activities, evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, showed IC50 values categorized as very strong. The cytotoxicity test exhibited moderate activity. These findings suggest that Sungkai leaf ethanol extract nanoemulsion has rich bioactive compounds with significant antibacterial and antioxidant properties, along with moderate cytotoxic activity, highlighting its potential for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications.

Phenolic content, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of hydromethanolic extract of Limnospira fusiformis TL03 isolated from Telamine Lake, Northwest Algeria

Phenolic content, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of hydromethanolic extract of Limnospira fusiformis TL03 isolated from Telamine Lake, Northwest Algeria

Development of Kopasanda Leaves Extract (Chromolaena odorata (L.)) Phytosome Using Solvent Evaporation Method.

Kopasanda (Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King &amp;H.Rob) or siam weed exhibited various pharmacological activities such as anticancer, antidiabetic, and wound healing activities. The phenolic content of kopasanda leaf extract was high in the range of 56.15 mg GAE/g-242.3 mg GAE/g. But, it reported that phenolic compounds exhibited poor bioavailability because of their physicochemical properties. The phytosomes system improves the effectiveness of phytoconstituents. Aims of the research as prepare and evaluate the phytosome from kopasanda leaf extract. Kopasanda dried leaves were extracted by the sonication method. The solvent evaporation method was used in the phytosome preparation with various concentrations between extract and phospholipid ( 2:1; 1:1; 1:2; and 1:3). Furthermore, phytosome formation was analyzed for its entrapment efficiency, Polydispersity Index (PDI), particle size, spectroscopy infra-red (IR), and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) method. The total phenolic content (TPC) of crude was 110.969 ± 0.752 mgGAE/g. The optimum phytosome was gained with a concentration between extract and phospholipid (1:3). It resulted in the entrapment efficiency of 99.930 ± 0.001%, particle size, and polydispersity index equal to 206.5 ± 8.613nm and 0.528 ± 0.038. The morphology of the phytosome was spherical and the phytosome formation was verified by the IR spectrum by comparing the phytosome and the physical mixture of extract and phospholipid. The results obtained showed that phytosome containing kopasanda leaf extract was formed using the solvent evaporation method.

Determining the Ideal Temperature and Fermentation Duration to Enhance Crude Protein Content and Reduce Crude Fiber in Rice Bran Using Solid-State Fermentation with Aspergillus niger (USM F4)

Solid-state fermentation (SSF) offers a sustainable method for enhancing the nutritional quality of agricultural residues such as red rice bran. This study aimed to determine the optimal temperature and duration for SSF of red rice bran, focusing specifically on increasing the crude protein (CP) content and reducing the crude fiber (CF) content. SFF of rice bran with Aspergillus niger (A. niger) USM F4 was conducted over 14 consecutive days at three different temperatures (25°C, 35°C, and 45°C). A total of 63 samples of rice bran were divided into three temperature groups, each containing 21 samples. Three samples per group were collected at 48-hour intervals over the 14-day fermentation period. The fermentation process for the collected samples at 48-hour intervals was halted by oven drying at 60°C for 24 hours. The fermented products were subjected to proximate analysis for crude protein (CP), ash, ether extract (EE), and crude fiber (CF) contents using the methods outlined by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). The results revealed a significant effect of temperature and fermentation duration on CP, ash, EE, and CF content when compared to the unfermented rice bran kept at room temperature (25oC). The peak values of CP and the highest degradation of CF across all temperature levels were observed on day 10 while the maximum increase in ash and EE content occurred on day 8. Among the temperature conditions, the highest CP values and the lowest CF values were recorded at 35°C. Conversely, the lowest improvements in CP and CF degradation were observed at 25°C on day 10. In conclusion, the optimal conditions for SSF of rice bran with A. niger to enhance CP content and degrade CF are a temperature of 35°C and a fermentation duration of 10 days.

Green tech soil analysis: a comparison of potentially toxic element contents among urban, agricultural, and gold mining areas in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon.

Artisanal gold mining can lead to soil contamination with potentially toxic elements (PTEs), necessitating soil quality monitoring due to environmental and human health risks. However, determining PTE levels through acid digestion is time-consuming, generates chemical waste, and requires significant resources. As an alternative, portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) offers a faster, more cost-effective, and sustainable analysis. This study compared total As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti, V, and Zn obtained from pXRF with their pseudo-total contents obtained through acid digestion (USEPA method 3051A) in areas influenced by artisanal gold mining in the Eastern Amazon, Brazil. pXRF data and machine learning algorithms were used to predict extractable Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn. Linear regression models were fitted to compare the two methods, and random forest and support vector machine techniques were used to predict extractable contents. The best regression model fits for the pseudo-total PTE contents were those for Cu, Fe, Mn and Pb in agricultural areas (R2 > 0.80); Fe and Mn in gold mining residue (R2 > 0.70); and Ba, Cu and Mn in urban areas (R2 > 0.80). The best models for predicting the extractable PTE contents were those for Cu (R2 = 0.72; RMSE = 2.58mgdm-3) and Zn (R2 = 0.71; RMSE = 1.44mgdm-3) in agricultural areas and for Zn (R2 = 0.72; RMSE = 0.43mgdm-3) in gold mining residue. The results demonstrated that pXRF can characterize and predict PTE contents in mining-impacted areas, offering a sustainable approach to soil quality analysis.

Influence of Heat Treatment and Lactic Acid Fermentation on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Pumpkin Juice.

Pumpkin is a highly nutritious plant, rich in valuable nutrients that benefit human health. Due to the high perishability of this fruit, the production of pumpkin juice is a practical way to use it effectively. Recently, fermented vegetable juices have been used as a dairy alternative due to their nutritional and potential probiotic properties. This study investigated the fermentation of pumpkin juice using different strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), with and without heat treatment. The effects of fermentation on microbial growth, pH, acidity, extract, sugars, carotenoids, polyphenols, and antioxidant properties were analyzed. The heat-treatment process did not greatly impact the dry matter content, pH, acidity, extract, or sugar content. However, it led to a reduction in carotenoid and polyphenol levels. During fermentation, there was a consistent decrease in pH and an increase in total acidity, with no noticeable differences between bacterial strains regarding their influence on these parameters. The study revealed that there were no distinctions between LAB strains in their effects on pH, acidity, and carotenoid content in fermented pumpkin juice. Nonetheless, both L. sakei and L. plantarum proved to be effective in the fermentation process, with L. sakei demonstrating greater adaptability. The expected pH, acidity, and sugar content changes were consistently observed throughout the fermentation process. Overall, results confirm the efficacy of the used Lactobacillus strains in fermenting pumpkin juice and highlight the potential impact of heat treatment on the nutritional composition of the juice. The purpose of thermal processing of pumpkin juice, which is conducted with lactic acid fermentation, is crucial for the food industry. It extends the product's shelf life, improves its nutritional and taste profiles, and guarantees its microbiological safety.

Phytochemical, biological, and computational investigations of Ephedra alata Decne. growing in salinity conditions of Arabian Peninsula

Ephedra alata Decne is a medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine for the management of bronchial asthma and cancer. Phytochemical analysis and biological activities, including antioxidant and anticancer effects, were investigated in the current work as new findings for the plant E. alata, a species growing wildly in the marsh and saline environments of the central area of Saudi Arabia. The Ultra Pressure Liquid Chromatography coupled with Electron spray ionization-Quadropole-Time of flight (UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF) system was used for the phytochemical analysis of the plant constituents. In addition, Polyphenolic profiling including the total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents of the plant extracts were measured. Phenolic acids were found at the highest relative percentages among all the identified compounds and were measured at 66.07 mg GAE (Gallic acid equivalent). The UPLC analysis of the E. alata extract indicated the presence of chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, rosmarinic acid, umbelliferone, isorhoifolin, and apigenin at the highest relative percentages. Mineral analysis indicated that the microelement content of E. alata was relatively low, except for magnesium (Mg). In vitro antioxidant assays revealed the ability of the plant to scavenge DPPH free radicals, reduced molybdenum ions, and ferrous at levels of 14.63, 19.97, and 27.78 mg Trolox equivalents, respectively. The extract induced transition metal chelation at 31.36 mg EDTA equivalents. The extract induced cytotoxic effects against MDA-231 and A549 cell lines at IC50 levels of 25.31 and 39.81 µg/mL, respectively. The plant extract inhibited the colonization and migration of cancer cells as part of its potential anticancer effects. In addition, major E. alata constituents like isorhoifolin, chlorogenic acid, apigenin, and rosmarinic acid exhibited the lowest binding energy to the CAIX enzyme at − 8.41, − 6.64, − 6.32, and − 6.26 kcal/mol, respectively, compared to the binding energy (− 7.72 kcal/mol) of the co-crystallized ligand (Y0R). The docking results further supported the selection of the CAIX enzyme as a standard predictive therapeutic target, since it exhibited significant binding interactions with the major constituents of the plant.

Comprehensive understanding of impacts of steam explosion on facilitated extraction and transformation of flavonoids from Astragali Radix

Recalcitrant structure of cell walls restricts the extraction of bioactive components from edible plants. In this study, the impacts of steam explosion (SE) on the release and transformation of flavonoids in Astragali Radix (AR) were evaluated. Results revealed that SE destroyed the compact structure of cell walls. Furthermore, the porous network was reformed due to the degradation of hemicelluloses and water-soluble components. The maximum extraction contents of ethanol-soluble and water-soluble flavonoids of 6.34 and 1.48 mg/g were obtained from the pretreated AR (1.5 MPa, 5 min), which were 5.22 and 2.88 times higher than those obtained from the untreated AR, respectively. SE not only released bound flavonoids from cell walls by cleaving glycoside or ester bonds, but also transformed some flavonoid glycosides into aglycones through deglycosylation. In conclusion, SE can reduce mass transfer hindrance and facilitate flavonoid transformation, thus providing a green and facile processing method for traditional edible plants.

Peperomia pellucida's Ingredients, Antioxidant Properties, and Safe Usage as Food and Herbal Medicine.

Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth has traditionally been used as a vegetable and herbal medicine in certain countries, though its safety remains uncertain. In this study, we investigated the plant's ingredients, volatile compounds, antioxidative activities, and toxicity in Drosophila and mice. The results revealed that P. pellucida contains volatile substances that give it a unique flavor, making it suitable for consumption and rich in antioxidant compounds, such as polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, and terpenoids. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of the plant extract were 273.33 ± 4.91 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract and 199.8 ± 0.346 mg quercetin equivalents/g extract, respectively. The remarkable antioxidative properties of the plant extract were demonstrated by nearly doubling the lifespan of Drosophila against oxidative stress. Moreover, the extract did not cause any acute or chronic toxicity in mice after being fed the plant, as indicated by the normal blood parameters and the absence of hepatic shape damage or impaired function. In light of these findings, P. pellucida is deemed safe for consumption and its bioactive ingredients can be extracted to create functional foods and pharmaceuticals.

Comparison of chemical components and quality evaluation of Panax ginseng and its processed products from different habitats in Northeastern China

Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is a widely used dietary supplement in Traditional Chinese Medicine due to its numerous health-promoting properties. However, limited research is available on the distinctions in the chemical composition between different ginsengs. Hence, this study explores the chemical composition of different ginsengs obtained from different habitats in Northeastern China. The fresh, red, and white ginsengs were collected from different places in the Jilin province, China. Ginsenoside and non-ginsenoside contents in the ginseng extracts were analyzed by an Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography system & VION® ion mobility hybrid Quadrupole Time-of-Flight. The results show a notable difference in the ginsenoside content among the samples. The qualification ratio of ginsenoside Re, Rg1, and Rb was 46.2%, with Re being the most abundant, followed by Rg1 and Rb1 in all the ginseng analyzed. Furthermore, the study revealed that white and red ginseng had higher total ginsenosides (8.18 ± 0.04 mg/kg) and total polysaccharides (17.4%) content, respectively. The fresh ginseng samples exhibited higher protein content (20.02 ± 0.2 g/100g) and lower fat content (2.0 g/100g) than others. Further, the ginseng samples analyzed in this study met the requirements specified in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia for total ash, heavy metals, and organochlorine pesticide residues. This study offers a comprehensive comparative analysis of the chemical composition of P. ginseng sourced from various habitats in Northeastern China. It underscores the significance of making informed choices when selecting ginseng types for scientific evaluation.

Cytotoxic activity of callus extract from Vachellia farnesiana (L) Wight & Arn.

The in vitro cultures of Vachellia farnesiana (L) Wight & Arn. have demonstrated cytotoxic activity through callus extract on the HeLa cell line. Explants excised from in vitro-grown seedlings from seeds of two different locations were inoculated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) culture media containing various concentrations of N-6 benzyladenine (BA) or kinetin with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Optimal efficiency in friable callus induction (100%) was achieved in leaf explants cultured on MS media containing 2.32µM BA + 13.57µM 2,4-D. Plant tissues (callus and leaf) were extracted and subjected to quantitative phytochemical analysis, revealing the highest total alkaloid and phenolic content in leaf extracts from Queretaro adult specimens (339.5 ± 20.9mg atropine equivalents (AE) per g dry extract (DE) and 158.4 ± 12.5mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per g DE, respectively). In contrast, callus cultures exhibited significantly higher total triterpene content (356-381mg ursolic acid equivalents (UAE) per g DE) compared to leaf extracts (208-243mg UAE/g DE). Both leaf and callus extracts displayed cytotoxic activity against the HeLa cell line, with a significantly lower half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for leaf extracts (28-32µg/mL) compared to callus cultures (43-66µg/mL), suggesting that alkaloids were primarily responsible for the cytotoxic activity. Furthermore, this study provides valuable insights into the controlled production of bioactive compounds with cytotoxic activity, with callus serving as a rich source.

Comparative Analysis of the Phytochemicals, Minerals, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Rauvolfia vomtoria Leafs

In this study, the phytochemicals, B vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and antimicrobial activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Rauvolfia vomtoria leaves were determined and compared. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis, mineral and B vitamin composition, in vitro antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial properties of both extracts were determined using standard protocols. Precise analysis of R. vomtoria revealed that the moisture content of the leaves was 8.90%, ash content was 7.70% and crude fiber content was 20.00%. The carbohydrate content of the leaves was 41%, crude protein content was 17. 00% and total fat content was 5.28%. Cardiac glycosides, tannins, phenols, saponins, phytates, steroids, terpenoids and alkaloids were detected in both aqueous and ethanolic extracts. However, significantly higher concentrations of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides and phytates were detected in the ethanolic extract compared to the aqueous extract. There was no significant difference in the amount of phenols and terpenoids in the two extracts (p&gt;0.05). The thiamine content in the aqueous extract was 0.20 whereas that in the ethanolic extract was 0.27. The riboflavin content was higher in the ethanolic extract (1.80) than in the aqueous extract (1.40). Similarly, the niacin content of the ethanolic extract was 0.81 whereas that of the aqueous extract was 0.81. There was no significant difference in the calcium, magnesium and phosphorus values recorded for the two extracts (p&gt;0.05). In contrast, there was a significant difference in the sodium, potassium, zinc, iron and copper contents of the two extracts with the aqueous extract containing higher amounts of potassium and zinc. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts had zones of inhibition against Enterobacter faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Cetrobacter freundii and Shigella flexlerii. However, the zone of inhibition of the ethanolic extract against the tested organisms was higher than that of the aqueous extract. At a concentration of 10%, the aqueous and ethanolic extracts showed 87.29% and 92.03% DPPH scavenging activity, respectively. The percentage of inhibitory activity of the extracts against DPPH radical increased in a dose-dependent manner, with the ethanolic extract showing the highest DPPH radical inhibitory activity at a concentration of 50%. The results confirm that ethanol is a suitable solvent for the extraction of biologically active molecules from R.vomtoria leaves.

Molecular docking analysis of Salvia sclarea flower extracts evaluated for protein target affinity based on different extraction methods

AbstractThis study evaluates the antioxidant activity and total phenolic, flavonoid, flavonol, and tannin contents of extracts obtained from the flower parts of Salvia sclarea using different extraction methods, such as maceration and rotavapor (RE). The results indicate that the maceration method yields extracts with higher antioxidant activity compared to the rotavapor method (DPPH IC50: 260.70 ± 65.41 mg/mL vs. 345.48 ± 27.91 mg/mL). Additionally, the maceration method produces higher values in terms of total phenolic (26.4 ± 7.78 mg GAE/g extract), flavonoid (10.44 ± 0.21 mg QE/g extract), flavonol (9.20 ± 0.84 mg QE/g extract), and tannin contents (8.36 ± 0.39 mg GAE/g extract), whereas the RE method shows lower values (phenolics: 19.8 ± 3.31 mg GAE/g extract, flavonoids: 10.35 ± 0.35 mg QE/g extract, flavanol's: 5.45 ± 0.01 mg QE/g extract, and tannins: 7.72 ± 0.10 mg GAE/g extract). The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of the extracts identified various bioactive compounds. Molecular docking studies revealed that Terpinen‐4‐ol obtained through maceration exhibits a strong binding affinity to a specific protein target, indicating potential biological activity. The predicted pharmacokinetic (ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion)) parameters for Terpinen‐4‐ol suggest favorable absorption and central nervous system (CNS) penetration, while Squalene obtained through maceration shows different pharmacokinetic properties. S. sclarea highlights significant antioxidant potential and provides insight into the bioactive compounds obtained through different extraction methods. To further investigate the potential biological interactions arising from these differences, molecular docking studies were conducted.

Algal extracts evaluation as an Antitoxicity sustainable solution against aflatoxin B1 toxicity in rat tissues

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a pre-carcinogenic molecule produced by toxigenic fungi and is widely harmful to public health. Algae extracts are sub-cellular pilot plants rich in bioactive substances that aid detoxification. This study aimed to reduce AFB1-toxicity in biological tissues of administrated rats using two algae extracts, Spirulina (SPR) and Amphora (AMR). Algae extracts were prepared using an aqueous system, concentrated, and lyophilized before being administrated to rats. The extract contents of total phenolic and flavonoids were determined to indicate their bioactive content and antioxidant potency. The animal experiment was designed in 8 groups as the control negative and control positive (AFB1; 20 μg/kg BW/day); groups 3 and 4 were designed for control positive of algae applied at high doses for toxicity evaluation. Otherwise, four groups were classified as G5 and G6 for rats administrated by AFB1, followed by 50 and 100 mg/kg Spirulina extract, respectively. The G7 and G8 were administrated with an AFB1 dose followed by amphora treatment at 50 and 100 mg extract/kg, respectively. The results showed a significant content of algae extracts of phenolic compounds (27.36 ± 1.75 and 39.55 ± 1.14 mg GAE/g DW for the SPR and AMR, respectively), with a valuable antioxidant activity. For rats treated only with the SPR or AMR extracts, no tissue changes were recorded for the liver, kidney, pancreas, or testis. Again, the biochemical parameters of these groups are recorded without harmful impacts, particularly for the tumor markers of AFP, TNF-α, CEA, and ALP. Once more, a higher extract concentration was more effective in AFB1-toxicity reduction, particularly for the SPR on the liver and kidney tissues. The SPR extract manifested a protective impact in sensitive tissue against the AFB1 effect, particularly in the testis. The results recommend the application of SPR extract at 100 mg/kg bw as an effective treatment for AFB1-toxicity regulation (as pharmaceutical or nutraceutical) involved in daily habits.

Growth Performance and Nutrient Utilization of Balami and Yankasa Rams Fed Leucaena leucocephala and Dried Poultry Manure Based Concentrates Diets

In this work, two feed concentrates—dried poultry manure concentrate (DPMC) and Leucaena leucocephala-based concentrate (LLBC)—fed to rams of two breeds (Yankasa and Balami) were assessed for their proximate composition, digestibility, and nitrogen utilization. In comparison to LLBC, which has more crude protein (15.26%), lower fiber (12.33%), and somewhat higher ether extract (3.21%), DPMC has higher dry matter (90.54%) and fiber (20.55%) but lower crude protein (13.58%) and ether extract (3.84%). Additionally, LLBC exhibits a greater nitrogen-free extract (46.23%) and ash content (8.45%) in comparison to DPMC, which results in a slightly higher total energy content (18.96 MJ/kg against 17.76 MJ/kg). Breed, feed, or breed × feed interaction impacts on performance indicators are not significant (P&gt;0.05). Breed effects (P&lt;0.05) were noted on digestibility, with Balami rams outperforming Yankasa rams in the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and nitrogen-free extract. LLBC increased(P&lt;0.05) the digestibility of nitrogen-free extract and dry matter compared to DPMC. The findings indicate that as compared to Yankasa rams fed LLBC, Balami rams fed DPMC showed greater (P&lt;0.05) digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and nitrogen-free extract. The effects of breed, feed, and breed × feed interaction on nitrogen utilization were significant (P&lt;0.05). Breed has a significant (p&lt;0.05) impact on nitrogen intake, digestion, and retention; Yankasa has greater values than Balami. In comparison to DPMC, LLBC resulted in increased nitrogen intake and retention. Interestingly, the interaction effect reveals that whilst Balami rams retained more nitrogen with DPMC, Yankasa rams retained more nitrogen with LLBC. With implications for optimizing feed strategies based on breed-specific requirements, this study highlights the impact of both feed type and breed on nutritional efficiency.

PSI-26 Effects of particle size and enzyme supplementation on the energy value of field peas fed to growing pigs

Abstract An experiment was conducted to determine if particle size and enzyme supplementation affects the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and net energy (NE) contents in field peas fed to growing pigs. Male weaned pigs [n = 30; TN70 × TN Tempo; body weight (BW) = 16.5 ± 0.4 kg] were assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments: 4 consisting of 50% peas and a corn-soybean meal basal diet. The experiment was carried out as a completely randomized design with treatments arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design, based on two particle sizes (500μm, 700μm) and two levels of carbohydrase supplementation (0 g/mt, 1,000 g/mt) to give 6 replicates per treatment. Diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2012) requirements. The study was carried out in 3 consecutive periods, each consisting of 15 d; the first 10 d were for adaptation, followed by 5 d of total fecal and urine collection (marker to marker procedure) to calculate DE and ME of diets. The energy content of peas was determined using the difference method. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The model included the particle size, enzyme supplementation, and their interaction as a fixed effect. The period was included as a random effect. Least squares means for each treatment were adjusted using Tukey post-hoc test. Dry matter (DM), acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, gross energy, starch, ash, crude protein, and ether extract contents were analyzed to allow for the prediction of NE content of peas. There were no interactions between particle size and enzyme supplementation on dietary energy values. Also, no main effects of particle size and enzyme supplementation were observed. The average DE, ME, and predicted NE contents for peas were determined to be 3,848, 3,735, and 2,691 kcal/kg DM, respectively. In conclusion, enzyme supplementation and particle size did not influence the DE, ME, and NE contents of the peas.

Unveiling the therapeutic potential of Haloxylon articulatum extract: a comprehensive study on its phytochemical composition, antioxidant, antifungal, and antibacterial activities

ABSTRACT Haloxylon articulatum, commonly known as the salt tree have diverse medicinal benefits. The phytochemical content, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties of the methanolic extract were assessed. The extract demonstrated a high concentration of flavonoids and phenolic components, with a Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) of 186 ± 3 µg QE/mg extract and a Total Phenolic Content (TPC) of 188.1 ± 0.4 µg GAE/mg extract. Bioactive substances with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant qualities, such as quercetin, rutin, chrysin, and caffeic acid, were detected by LC-MS analysis. Through IC50 values of 28.88, 14.13, and 23.03 µg/mL for DPPH, β-carotene, and ABTS tests, respectively, the extract demonstrated considerable antioxidant activity. Antibacterial activity was reported against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with bactericidal effects indicated by MIC and MBC values. The extract also exhibited potent antifungal activity against Thielaviopsis paradoxa and Alternaria sp. These results suggest that H. articulatum extract is a promising source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents with potential therapeutic applications.