Castor Oil Content Research Articles

Influence of Natural Oil Polyol on Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid

The aim of this work was to improve the mechanical properties of polylactic acid (PLA) by natural oil polyol. Castor oil is natural oil polyol used for this work. It was directly extracted from castor seed and without chemical modification. The contents of castor oil were varied from 0 to 10 wt%. The effect of castor oil content on mechanical properties of PLA were evaluated by tensile and impact testings. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and morphology analysis were used for explanation of the result. The result showed that the elongation at break and impact strength of PLA /10 wt% castor oil blend were increased about 108 and 30 % as comparing neat PLA whereas tensile strength tended to decrease about 24 %. The changes in glass transition temperature, crystallinity content and morphology of PLA corresponded well with the result of mechanical properties.

Production and characterization of polyurethane foams from a simple mixture of castor oil, crude glycerol and untreated lignin as bio-based polyols

Polyurethane foams from bio-based polyols have been studied to produce sustainable and eco-friendly materials from biomass industrial wastes. Semi-rigid polyurethane foams were synthesized from physical mixtures of kraft lignin, castor oil and residual glycerol. The influence of different lignin contents (10, 12.5, 15, 17.5, 20, 25, 30 and 40%) on the foam properties was evaluated. An increase in the density and a decrease in the thermal stability were observed upon an increasing amount of lignin. The foam synthesized with 17.5% lignin showed better dimensional and thermal properties as well as the best cell homogeneity and this formulation was chosen for further investigation of the effects of the castor oil content, isocyanate/hydroxyl molar ratio (NCO/OH) and the blowing agent type. Increased foam densities and compressive strengths were observed with increased castor oil content in the foams. Similar results were observed upon increasing the NCO/OH molar ratio due to the higher amount of crosslinking reactions. The evaluation of the blowing agent effect showed that using cyclopentane and n-pentane, the foams showed higher densities and lower compressive strengths in comparison to the foams synthesized with the chemical blowing agent (water). This result can be explained by the faster volatilization of these organic blowing agents, producing smaller cells in comparison to the CO2 generated by the reaction of water with isocyanate. Green polyurethane foams with good properties and industrial interest were produced using a mixture of residual raw materials (glycerol and lignin) and castor oil as bio-based polyols.

Performance of Compression Ignition Engine with Coated Piston for Multiple Blends of Methyl Castor Oil

Fossil fuel is getting exhausted at a fast rate and contributes to high carbon monoxide emissions. Biodiesel, being environmentally friendly, has better performance than diesel. Castor oil is an easily available vegetable oil in India. But its high viscosity leads to blockage of the fuel lines. The amount of free fatty acid more than 1% leads to soap formation which necessitates the biodiesel production in a two step process. The first step of acid catalyzed esterification process reduces the free fatty acid content of castor oil to below 1%. The second step of transesterification process converts the preheated oil to castor biodiesel. This two step process gave a maximum yield of 90%.The methyl castor oil (biodiesel) is blended with diesel in different proportions on volume basis as 15:85 (B15), 25:75 (B25), and 35:65 (B35). These blended oils are used to run a single cylinder four stroke compression ignition engine with different coatings of pistons, to study and compare the engine performance and emission characteristics at different load conditions.

Modification of Mechanical Properties, Polymerization Temperature, and Handling Time of Polymethylmethacrylate Cement for Enhancing Applicability in Vertebroplasty.

Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement is a popular bone void filler for vertebroplasty. However, the use of PMMA has some drawbacks, including the material's excessive stiffness, exothermic polymerization, and short handling time. This study aimed to create an ideal modified bone cement to solve the above-mentioned problems. Modified bone cements were prepared by combining PMMA with three different volume fractions of castor oil (5%, 10%, and 15%). The peak polymerization temperatures, times to achieve the peak polymerization temperature, porosities, densities, modulus and maximum compression strengths of standard (without castor oil), and modified cements were investigated following storage at ambient temperature (22°C) or under precooling conditions (3°C). Six specimens were tested in each group of the aforementioned parameters. Increasing castor oil content and precooling treatment effectively decreased the peak polymerization temperatures and increased the duration to achieve the peak polymerization temperature (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the material, including density, modulus, and maximum compression strength, decreased with increasing castor oil content. However, preparation temperature (room temperature versus precooling) had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on these mechanical properties. In conclusion, the addition of castor oil to PMMA followed by precooling created an ideal modified bone cement with a low modulus, low polymerization temperature, and long handling time, enhancing its applicability and safety for vertebroplasty.

Thermal, mechanical and biodegradation properties of pure, epoxidized and methoxylated castor oil based polyurethane

A series of biodegradable polyurethane (BIOU) elastomers were obtained by chain extension of polyurethane (PU) prepolymer with the addition of castor oil (CAO), epoxidized CAO (ECAO) or methoxylated CAO (MCAO). The BIOU elastomers obtained were characterised by Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and tensile tester. The melting peak of BIOU became undetectable with an increase in the content of the chain extender regardless of its type. Some BIOU films, including BIOU-CAO16wt%, BIOU-ECAO16wt% and BIOU-MAO16wt%, showed elastomeric properties with higher tensile strength than pure PU. However the elongation at break and hardness of samples decreased with CAO, ECAO and MCAO content. The biodegradation was also measured by the modified Sturm test method of the BIOU films in a cultured medium with Pseudomonas aeruginosa E7 and Lysobacter soli LW1-1 strains at 37°C. As the increasing three types of chain-extenders the degree and rate of biodegradation of BIOU increased as compared with pure PU. But even then the biodegradability of BIOU by both the strains did not exceed 26% during the modified Sturm test for 31 days.

Synthesis of bio-castor oil polyurethane flexible foams and the influence of biotic component on their performance

A series of bio-based polyurethane flexible foams were synthesized by substituting polyether polyol with castor oil and polyethylene glycol (PEG). The influence of the castor oil component in the prepolymers on the structure and properties of the castor oil-based polyurethane flexible foams were investigated and compared. FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) results confirmed that bio-based polyurethane was successfully synthesized by castor oil, PEG and MDI (diphenyl methane diisocyanate), and its urethane group content decreased as the castor oil content increased from 40 to 60 wt.%. TG (thermogravimetry) and DTG (derivative thermogravimetry) results showed that the thermal degradation of the bio-based polyurethane flexible foams occurred at about 150, 320 and 420 °C. The Young’s modulus improved from 0.196 to 1.235 KPa and the compression resilience improved from 97.76 to 99.65 % with increased content of castor oil. Moreover, these bio-based foams exhibited lower water absorption and higher contact angle with increased castor oil content.

Effect of castor oil/polycaprolactone hybrid polyols on the properties of biopolyurethane

Organic solvent soluble castor oil/polycaprolactone diol (PCL) based polyurethane for artificial leather was prepared by a one-step polymerization with 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) at different castor oil contents. The PCL and MDI acted as soft and hard segments, respectively, and the castor oil acted as a dendritic point in the castor oil/PCL based polyurethane structure. The tensile properties and shape memory of castor oil/PCL based polyurethane were enhanced remarkably, compared with the PCL based polyurethane because of the increased hard segment portion and crosslinking density by the three urethane bonds formed per molecule in the castor oil/PCL mixed system. The dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the storage modulus of castor oil/PCL based polyurethanes increased with increasing castor oil content. In the enzymatic degradation test, castor oil/PCL based polyurethane degraded faster than conventional petroleum based polyurethane. This research suggests the potential to use the castor oil/PCL based polyurethane as a biobased coating materials.

Preparation and properties of castor oil/pentaerythritol triacrylate-based UV curable waterborne polyurethane acrylate

Abstract Castor oil (CO)/pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA)-based UV curable waterborne polyurethane acrylate (UV-WPUA) was prepared by using isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), poly(caprolactone diol) (PCL) and dimethylolbutyric acid (DMBA) as the main materials. A series of emulsions and films with different content of CO were obtained. The infrared spectra, together with the nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, demonstrated the presence of CO and PETA in the UV-WPUA chains. The surface roughness of the curing film was measured by atomic force microscope. In addition, the effects of CO content on particle size, thermal properties, glass transition temperature and tensile performance of the emulsions and films were investigated. With the content of CO increasing from 1.72 to 8.58 wt%, the particle size of the UV-WPUA emulsion increased and the particle size distribution gradually widened. The appearance of the emulsions transformed from blue transparent into opaque and the stability decreased gradually. Water resistance, glass transition temperature for soft segment and thermal performance of the films were improved. The tensile strength of the films firstly increased and then decreased.

Glycolyzed poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste and castor oil-based polyols for waterborne polyurethane adhesives containing hexamethoxymethyl melamine

Glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) waste using different molar ratio of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG400), was used to produce saturated hydroxyl-functional polyester polyols with castor oil (CO) by transesterification process. The waterborne polyurethane (WBPU) adhesives were synthesized from these saturated polyester polyols, isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA), and hexamethoxymethyl melamine (HMMM) as cross-linking agent by a conventional prepolymer process. The glycolyzed polyols and polyester polyos formations were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the molecular weights were determined using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The cross-linking reaction between WBPU and HMMM was verified using FTIR and 1H NMR analysis. Thermal properties were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TG). Thermal stability of cross-linked WBPU significantly increased with decreasing castor oil content in the process of transesterification to obtain polyester polyol as a soft segment. The T15% and T50% (the temperature where 15 and 50% weight loss occurred) of WBPU increased with the decreasing of castor oil content in the obtained polyester polyols, caused by the steric hindrance of polyester polyol with higher castor oil content, in the process of cross-linking reactions with HMMM. The physico-mechanical properties of WBPU, such as hardness, adhesion test, and gloss of the dried films were also determined considering the effect of participation of HMMM in cross-linking reactions with polyurethane, on coating properties.

Synthesis and characterization of polyesteramide based hot melt adhesive obtained with dimer acid, castor oil and ethylenediamine

Polyesteramide based hot melt adhesives were synthesized from high purity dimer acid (composition: ~1% trimer acid, ~98% dimer acid and ~1% linoleic acid), ethylenediamine and castor oil. The effect of castor oil content on the properties of the hot melts, such as thermal properties: glass transition temperature (Tg), melting temperature (Tm), enthalpy of melting (Hm), crystallization temperature (Tc), enthalpy of crystallization (Hc) and softening point (Ts); mechanical properties: tensile strength, elongation at break and Shore D hardness; adhesion properties: lap shear strength (LSS) and T-Peel strength (TPS); and rheological properties were investigated. Ethylenediamine was replaced by 5%, 10% and 15% (molar basis) of castor oil. It was found that Tg, Tm, Hm, Tc, Hc, Ts, LSS, TPS, tensile strength, Shore D hardness and viscosity, all decreased with increased concentration of castor oil. This is due to the decrease in the crystallinity of the polyesteramide caused by conversion of amide linkages by ester linkages and increased distance between two ester linkages (due to the bulky nature of castor oil).

피마자유를 이용한 초박층 덧씌우기용 바이오 폴리머 콘크리트의 역학적 특성 평가

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to evaluate the mechanical characteristics of castor oil based bio-polymer concrete for use of ultra thin overlays. METHODS : To evaluate the mechanical properties of bio-polymer concrete, the various laboratory tests including compressive, tensile, and flexural strength, and elongation tests were conducted on bio-polymer concrete specimens in this study. The mechanical characteristics of bio-polymer concretes were examined by changing the content of hardener and polymer binder to determine the optimum content for ultra-thin overlays. The bio-polymer concrete developed in this study was used for field trial test of the ultra-thin bridge deck pavement for verifying the workability and monitoring the long-term performance of materials. RESULTS : Test results showed that tensile and the flexural strength of bio-polymer concretes increase and the elongation of bio-polymer concrete decreases with increase of binder content. A field adhesive strength tests conducted on bridge deck pavement indicates the bio-polymer concrete has more than 2MPa of adhesive strength satisfy with the design criteria. CONCLUSIONS : The bio-polymer concrete with more than 20% content of castor oil was developed for ultra-thin overlays in this study. It is found from this study that the 35% of hardener content is most appropriate for maintaining the strength characteristics and flexibility.

Liplytic activity of some fungal species on castor oil

Castor seed is important because of the castor oil content (40 – 57%). The oil enjoys tremendous world demand in the pharmaceutical, paint, cosmetics, textile, leather, lubricant, chemical, plastic, fibre, automobile and engineering industries. Castor oil, aside being a renewable resource, it is biodegradable and eco- friendly. Agricultural products are natural habitats of fungi and these materials contain cellulose, hemi- cellulose, starch, oils and other complex organic compounds. The ability of the fungi to exist in these environment s largely depends on their ability to produce enzymes capable of breaking down the various organic materials to provide their nutrients. Castor seeds and castor oil are good sources of nutrients for fungal growth and development. Fungi are capable of producing lipases which can hydrolyze fats or oils to fatty acids thereby increasing the free fatty acids of the produce and this is a deteriorating effect. Lipid degradation takes place when seeds or their oils are damaged by improper storage conditions or are exposed to certain microorganisms. Studies were carried out on the ability of nine fungal species namely: Aspergillus tamari i Aspergillus chevallieri, Penicillium chrysogenum, Cephaliophora irregularis, Syncephalastrum racemosum, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus ruber, Aspergillus terreus and Aspergillus niger to produce extracellular lipases in stationary liquid medium using quantitative and qualitative indices including, dry mycelia mass, free fatty acid and peroxide values. These studies showed that al l the mould species exhibited lipolytic activity to varying levels as confirmed by formation of blue halo round the fungal colonies. The highest level of lipolytic activity (96.88 % +1.12%) was produced by Aspergillus tamari . which was also characterized b y highest mycelia dry yield (2.54 mg/40ml + 0.20 mg/40ml), while Cephaliphora irregularis produced the least lipolytic activity (3.10 % + 0.18%). T he highest peroxide value (38.1 meq/kg + 1.17meq/kg) was obtained in the medium inoculated with Aspergillus tamarii while the least (6.20 meq/kg +0.58)meq/kg was with Aspergillus terreus after 30 days of storage. The study showed that Aspergillus tamarii and Aspergillus flavus grew well and readily caused lipolytic activity when cultured in medium containing castor oil as the only carbon source, suggesting that these fungal species contributed significantly to castor oil bio -deterioration.

Glass transition and thermal degradation of rigid polyurethane foams derived from castor oil–molasses polyols

Rigid polyurethane (PU) foams having saccharide and castor oil structures in the molecular chain were prepared by reaction between reactive alcoholic hydroxyl group and isocyanate. The apparent density of PU foams was in a range from 0.05 to 0.15 g cm−3. Thermal properties of the above polyurethane foams were studied by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry and thermal conductivity measurement. Glass transitions were observed in two steps. The low-temperature side glass transition was observed at around 220 K, regardless of castor oil content. This transition is attributed to the molecular motion of alkyl chain groups of castor oil. The high-temperature side glass transition observed in the temperature range from 350 to 390 K depends on the amount of molasses polyol content. The high-temperature side glass transition is attributed to the molecular motion of saccharides, such as sucrose, glucose, fructose as well as isocyanate phenyl rings, which act as rigid components. Thermal decomposition was observed in two steps at 570 and 620–670 K. Thermal conductivity was observed at around 0.032 J sec−1 m−1 K−1. Compression strength and modulus of PU foams were obtained by mechanical test. It was confirmed that the thermal and mechanical properties of PU foams could be controlled by changing the mixing ratio of castor oil and molasses for suitable practical applications.

Microstructure and properties of glycerol plasticized soy protein plastics containing castor oil

A series of glycerol-plasticized soy protein plastics containing castor oil were prepared by intensive mixing and hot pressing. The microstructure and properties of the resulting plastics were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and mechanical tests. With small amount of castor oil incorporated (glycerol/oil ratio above 8:2), castor oil dispersed in the protein matrix homogeneously. At high concentrations, phase separation occurred. The adding of castor oil led to significant increase of storage modulus as well as glass transition temperatures attributed to glycerol-rich and protein-rich domains. Plastics containing castor oil exhibited improved tensile strength and Young’s modulus under high humidity (75% RH), compared with neat glycerol plasticized protein plastics. Especially, incorporation of low content of castor oil (glycerol/oil ratio=9:1) would result in the simultaneous enhancement of tensile strength, elongation at break and Young’s modulus. Increasing castor oil content also enhanced the thermal stability of the protein plastics.

The Effect of Content of Castor Oil on Two-Component Castor Oil Based Polyurethane Adhesive

A new two-component polyurethane adhesive was prepared with castor oil used as main agent and castor oil modified TDI used as curing agent.The effect of castor oil on the mechanical properties, adhesion properties and thermal stability of this adhesive were studied.This paper show us that TDI could be used as curing agent after modification. When the NCO/OH in curing agent and main agent:curing agent were 1.6 and 3:5 respectively, high performance adhesive was obtained.

A survey of the castor oil content, seed weight and seed-coat colour on the United States Department of Agriculture germplasm collection

Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is an important non-edible oilseed crop that can potentially be used as feedstock for biodiesel production. There are 1033 accessions in the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) castor germplasm collection. The range of oil content in these accessions has never been surveyed. For exploiting castor as a feedstock for biodiesel production, the entire USDA castor collection was procured from the National Plant Germplasm System (Germplasm Resources Information Network) and the oil content was measured with nuclear magnetic resonance. The variation of oil content among all castor accessions ranged from 37.2 to 60.6% with an average of 48.2%. One hundred seed weights were determined and seed-coat colour was also recorded from each accession. One hundred seed weight ranged from 10.1 to 73.3 g with an average of 28.3 g. There was a significant correlation between seed weight and oil content but the correlation value was low (r = 0.1572, P &lt; 0.0001). Fifty accessions with a wide range of oil content were selected to be field grown for further evaluation. The results obtained from this survey will be useful for castor breeders seeking germplasm accessions with high oil content in the collection.

Effect of thermal processing methods on the proximate composition, gross energy, minerals and ricin content of undecorticated castor oil seed (&lt;i&gt;Ricinus communis&lt;/i&gt;)

The nutritive value of raw and thermal processed castor oil seed (Ricinus communis) was investigated using the following parameters; proximate composition, gross energy, mineral constituents and ricin content. Three thermal processing methods; toasting, boiling and soaking-and-boiling were used in the processing of the seed as a way of improving its nutritive value. The three methods achieved a drastic reduction in the ricin levels. Toasting, boiling and soaking-and-boiling reduced ricin level by 93.05%, 94.84% and 97.76% respectively. Apart from Iron and potassium the thermal processing methods significantly (P

Stereoisomeric effect on in vitro drug release from injectable poly(lactic acid co castor oil) polyesters

AbstractA systematic study on the influence of lactic acid (LA) conformation on polyester properties, degradation, and drug release profiles is reported. Copolyesters based on L‐ or DL‐LA and castor oil (CO) (triglyceride of ricinoleic acid (RA)) were synthesized by melt condensation. Two feed ratios of LA to CO were used. Copolymers with feed ratio of 60:40 and 50:50 LA to CO were synthesized. P(LA/CO)s 60:40 and 50:50 had weight average molecular weights (Mw) of 4700 and 3700, respectively. All polymers are viscous liquids at room temperature. Copolymer composition and LA conformation had direct effect on polymer properties, degradation rate, and drug release profile. Increase in CO content (hydrophobisity) decreased the degradation and release rates of the polymers. Effect of sample size was also different for all polymers. Choosing polymer composition and LA conformation it is possible to choose desired release profile for the tested drug. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Improved tensile strength of glycerol-plasticized gluten bioplastic containing hydrophobic liquids

The aim of the present work has been to study the influence of hydrophobic liquids on the morphology and the properties of thermo-molded plastics based on glycerol-plasticized wheat gluten (WG). While the total amount of castor oil and glycerol was remained constant at 30wt%, castor oil with various proportions with respect to glycerol was incorporated with WG by mixing at room temperature and the resultant mixtures were thermo-molded at 120°C to prepare sheet samples. Moisture absorption, morphology, dynamic mechanical properties, and tensile properties (Young’s modulus, tensile strength and elongation at break) of the plastics were evaluated. Experimental results showed that the physical properties of WG plastic were closely related to glycerol to castor oil ratio. Increasing in castor oil content reduces the moisture absorption markedly, which is accompanied with a significant improvement in tensile strength and Young’s modulus. These observations were further confirmed in 24wt% glycerol-plasticized WG plastics containing 6wt% silicone oil or polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) liquid rubber.

Biodegradable Foam Plastics Based on Castor Oil

In this work, a simple but effective approach was proposed for preparing biodegradable plastic foams with a high content of castor oil. First of all, castor oil reacted with maleic anhydride to produce maleated castor oil (MACO) without the aid of any catalyst. Then plastic foams were synthesized through free radical initiated copolymerization between MACO and diluent monomer styrene. With changes in MACO/St ratio and species of curing initiator, mechanical properties of MACO foams can be easily adjusted. In this way, biofoams with comparable compressive stress at 25% strain as commercial polyurethane (PU) foams were prepared, while the content of castor oil can be as high as 61 wt %. The soil burial tests further proved that the castor oil based foams kept the biodegradability of renewable resources despite the fact that some petrol-based components were introduced.