Contemporary Psychiatry Research Articles

TIKTOK TEENS: NEW RESEARCH REVEALS HOW SOCIAL MEDIA AFFECTS MENTAL HEALTH

Social media engagement among youth has rapidly become more prevalent and pervasive, particularly with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, during which time it became the default method of socialization for many. Typical characteristics of social media habits are evolving rapidly along with their effects on mental health, limiting the utility of older data and making an understanding of the latest research invaluable for practitioners. We present novel work by leading researchers documenting patterns and parameters of youth social media engagement and their significance for contemporary psychiatry.

Gender (r)evolution and contemporary psychiatry.

Perlson et al's editorial 'Envisioning a future for transgender and gender-diverse people beyond the DSM' heralds the arrival of the ICD-11's gender incongruence categories among conditions related to sexual health, brightening the spotlight on the re- (or rather de-)classification of gender-related disorders, which is a step in the right direction.

Some Issues Concerning the Concept of Mental Illness

Our main objective is to locate and analyze some philosophical issues about the concept of mental illness and the manner it is used, especially in contemporary psychiatry. It is even difficult to find a standard meaning in the main psychiatric textbooks; and, when there is some exposition of the concept, it is sparse, uncritical and vague. As an immediate consequence of these issues, practical guidelines and protocols for the clinic arise, which become almost “automatic”, unreflective behaviors, practices translated as health interventions and public mental health policies. An example is the problem of overdiagnosis, in which the use of medical technology (categories, drugs, clinical exams, etc.) has generated more harm and risks to the subject's health than benefits. Exposing these issues from a philosophical perspective can eventually contribute to the field of mental health. For this work, the main manuals and textbooks of psychiatry were selected to analyze how they deal with the concept of mental illness or disorder, in addition to locating the present discussion in authors from both philosophy and the psychiatric field and how they contribute to its clarification.

Bifocal perspective in the work with families with mentally ill parents

HintergrundPsychisch erkrankte Eltern stellen einen Risikofaktor für die transgenerationale Weitergabe psychischer Störungen dar. In der Psychiatrie mit ihrem Fokus auf das Individuum werden Patient*innen nicht immer als Eltern erkannt.Ziel der ArbeitEntwicklung und Evaluation eines Trainings für medizinische Fachkräfte zur Unterstützung einer Familienorientierung in der Psychiatrie unter der Maßgabe einer bifokalen Perspektive, die den Indexpatienten und die Familie mit Schwerpunkt auf die Kinder im Blick behält, werden vorgestellt.MethodenZur Etablierung der bifokalen Perspektive in Einstellungen, Wissen und Fertigkeiten wurde ein halbtägiges Training, bestehend aus einer Vorlesung und einem Seminar, entwickelt. Dieses wurde im Rahmen des Konsortiums Children of Mentally Ill Parents – Research-Network (CHIMPS-NET) an 7 Standorten in Deutschland in den dortigen Erwachsenen- sowie Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrien durchgeführt. Der Bedarf wurde vor dem Training per Online-Fragebogen erfasst. Die Implementation wurde durch die qualitative Auswertung von Gedächtnisprotokollen der Trainerinnen begleitet.Ergebnisse und DiskussionDas Training konnte erfolgreich mit 120 Teilnehmenden durchgeführt werden, wobei das Ziel einer berufsgruppenübergreifenden Schulung des gesamten Personals, auch pandemiebedingt, nicht realisiert und die übenden Elemente des Trainings nicht gut genutzt werden konnten. Die Auswertung der Fragebogen, die ca. 50 % der Teilnehmenden ausfüllten, ergab bei der Gruppe der teilnehmenden Psychologinnen und Ärztinnen bereits eine deutliche Familienorientierung. Die qualitative Protokollauswertung aller Standorte zeigte den hohen Bedarf nach institutionsübergreifender Vernetzung und klaren Standardprozeduren, z. B. im Umgang mit Kindeswohlgefährdung.

Covid-19 Sürecinde Turizm: Hipokondrik Turist Eğilimlerine İlişkin Kavramsal Bir Değerlendirme ( Tourism in the Covid- 19 Process: A Conceptual Evaluation of Hypochondric Tourist Behaviors )

Hypochondria is defined in DSM IV as the belief that a person has a serious illness or fear that they will have it, based on an inability to interpret bodily symptoms correctly. Contemporary psychiatry has classified hypochondria as an anxiety-related somatoform disorder and accepted as the differential diagnosis of a condition that has a negative impact on family, social, and professional relationships with a misinterpretation of physical symptoms persisting for at least six months despite reassuring medical control. The changes that have emerged in tourism trends with the covid-19 epidemic are at a level that will change the structure of tourist types and forms of tourism to be realized. Tourists are in search of business services that will provide personal protection services at the highest level during the epidemic, and this trend is expected to lead to a transition from mass tourism to more individual tourism types in the long run. It is estimated that those who suffer from hypochondria among the tourists will take stricter measures. The question of how these measures affect the tourism preferences of hypochondriacal tourists is the question that the research seeks to answer. According to the results of the study, measures to encourage hypochondric tourists to tourism activities and the opportunities that businesses can offer to tourists are included.

Aspekty prawne terapii konwersyjnej

Legal aspects of conversion therapy The aim of this article is to discuss the issue of conversion therapy provided to adults from the perspective of Polish law and to analyse the postulate to ban the provision of this type of therapy from the constitutional perspective. Conversion therapy refers to various types of activities aimed at changing the sexual orientation of homosexual or bisexual people to a heterosexual orientation. In contemporary psychiatry and psychology, the prevailing view is that such practices are ineffective and even harmful. Nevertheless, in many countries in the world, this type of therapy is carried out. At the same time, with the development of standards against the background of the protection of the rights of LGBT people, it is sometimes proposed to introduce a legal ban on therapy aimed at changing sexual orientation. Such provisions have already been introduced, among others, in Malta, Germany and some US states. However, the solutions adopted in this area differ significantly, e.g. in terms of the scope of the prohibition (in some legislations, the provision of therapy to children is prohibited, in others - also to adults) or the sanctions provided for its violation. So far, Polish law has not introduced any solutions in this regard. The current legal regulations cannot constitute an effective tool to restrict the conduct of conversion therapy - only in extreme cases, involving the use of coercion, deception or invasive forms of influence, could the activities of providers of such practices be qualified as a crime. Civil liability for therapists, although not excluded in certain cases, could also be difficult if the therapy was provided with the consent of the adult concerned and was limited to psychological treatment. At the same time, due to the ineffectiveness of the Act on the Psychological Profession and the Professional Self-Government of Psychologists, there are no effective tools to punish those providing various types of harmful pseudo-therapies. In Poland, however, there are also calls for a ban on conversion therapy. The introduction of such regulations would undoubtedly constitute an interference in the sphere of constitutional freedoms and rights of persons providing therapy and those interested in it, and it would therefore be necessary to comply with the requirements arising from the principle of proportionality. In this regard, it appears that the prohibition of conversion therapy could be considered useful and necessary to achieve important objectives, such as the protection of public health and the freedoms and rights of others. It would also be possible to comply with the proportionality requirement stricto sensu if the concept of conversion therapy were sufficiently clearly defined so as not to hamper the provision of reliable psychological services to persons experiencing difficulties in relation to their sexual orientation and to enable religious organisations to preach the principles of their faith against a moral background in the area of sexuality.

Une psychiatrie sans esprit ?

Philosophy of Mind is currently one of the most prolific fields of research in philosophy and has witnessed a progressive hybridization with cognitive science. It focuses on fundamental questions to neuroscience and psychiatry, such as the nature of mental states and cognitive processes, or the relationships between mental states and the world. Anticipating the accumulation of experimental data from neuroscience, it provides a framework for the generation of theories in cognitive science. Philosophy of mind has thus laid the foundations of the conceptual space within which cognitive sciences have spread: a large part of contemporary theories in cognitive science result from a hybridization of conceptions forged by philosophers of mind and data produced by neuroscientists. Yet contemporary psychiatry is still reluctant to feed on the philosophy of mind, other than through the fragments that emerge from neuroscience. In this paper, we describe the evolution of contemporary philosophy of mind, and we detail its contributions around three central themes for psychiatry: naturalization of mind, mental causality, and subjectivity of mental states. We show how philosophy of mind provide the conceptual framework to link different levels of explanation in psychiatry: from biological to functional, from neurophysiology to cognition, from matter to mind.

Learnings from Ancient India

India is one of the oldest civilizations in the world and has a rich cultural heritage. Ancient Indian scriptures (Vedas, Upanishads, and Bhagavad Gita) and epics (Ramayana and Mahabharata) are a great source of knowledge. Some of the principles, described in these texts, have applicability to the discipline of psychiatry in the contemporary scene. Ayurveda, the Indian system of medicine with history dating back to the Vedic period, also recognizes mental disorders, giving their descriptions, and explaining their etiology and management. Bhagavad Gita has given detailed description of crisis management and dealing with anxiety, stress, and depression and elucidated the principles of psychotherapy. Buddhism, one of the religions with origin in India, describes the principles of meditation and ways of dealing with stress and anxiety. Yoga, an important gift of ancient India, has been found to be effective in the management of anxiety and psychosomatic disorders. Various meditation techniques practiced today make the use of principles that date back to ancient India. Epics such as Ramayana and Mahabharata include multiple descriptions of dealing with stress and mental health issues which have relevance in the contemporary psychiatry. The methods of stress and crisis management as described in the ancient Indian literature have also applicability in dealing with certain mental health issues during the crisis situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

‘The medical gaze’: Foucault, anthropology and contemporary psychiatry in Ireland

Michel Foucault developed the concept of ‘the medical gaze’, describing how doctors fit a patient’s story into a ‘biomedical paradigm, filtering out what is deemed as irrelevant material’ (Misselbrook, 2013). Doctors are perceived within this model to focus on selecting the biomedical elements of patients’ problems only, filtering out all other elements of a person’s life story, but this paper argues that in the subspecialty of psychiatry, this is not the case, and such a filter is not so easily applied.

Mental Disorder and Suicide: What’s the Connection?

This paper offers a philosophical analysis of the connection between mental disorder and suicide risk. In contemporary psychiatry, it is commonly suggested that this connection is a causal connection that has been established through empirical discovery. Herein, I examine the extent to which this claim can be sustained. I argue that the connection between mental disorder and increased suicide risk is not wholly causal but is partly conceptual. This in part relates to the way suicidality is built into the definitions of some psychiatric diagnoses. It also relates to the broader normative assumption that suicidal behavior is by definition mentally disordered behavior. The above has significant epistemological implications, which I explore. I propose that the claim that suicide is connected with mental disorder cannot be justified solely by appealing to empirical evidence but also warrants a justification on conceptual and normative grounds.

Demons of the mind: The ‘psy’ sciences and film in the long 1960s

This introduction provides context for a collection of articles that came out of a research symposium held at the Science Museum's Dana Research Centre in 2018 for the ‘ Demons of Mind: the Interactions of the ‘Psy’ Sciences and Cinema in the Sixties' project. Across a range of events and research outputs, Demons of the Mind sought to map the multifarious interventions and influences of the ‘psy’ sciences (psychology, psychiatry, and psychoanalysis) on film culture in the long 1960s. The articles that follow discuss, in order: critical engagement with theories of child development in 1960s British science fiction; the ‘horrors’ of contemporary psychiatry and neuroscience portrayed in the Hollywood blockbuster The Exorcist (1973); British social realist filmmakers' alliances with proponents of ‘anti-psychiatry’; experimental filmmaker Jane Arden's coalescence of radical psychiatry and radical feminist techniques in her ‘psychodrama’ The Other Side of the Underneath (1973); and the deployment of film technologies by ‘psy’ professionals during the post-war period to capture and interpret mother-infant interaction.

A New Characterization of Mental Health Disorders Using Digital Behavioral Data: Evidence from Major Depressive Disorder.

Mental health disorders are ambiguously defined and diagnosed. The established diagnosis technique, which is based on structured interviews, questionnaires and data subjectively reported by the patients themselves, leaves the mental health field behind other medical areas. We support these statements with examples from major depressive disorder (MDD). The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) launched the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project in 2009 as a new framework to investigate psychiatric pathologies from a multidisciplinary point of view. This is a good step in the right direction. Contemporary psychiatry considers mental illnesses as diseases that manifest in the mind and arise from the brain, expressed as a behavioral condition; therefore, we claim that these syndromes should be characterized primarily using behavioral characteristics. We suggest the use of smartphones and wearable devices to passively collect quantified behavioral data from patients by utilizing digital biomarkers of mental disorder symptoms. Various digital biomarkers of MDD symptoms have already been detected, and apps for collecting this longitudinal behavioral data have already been developed. This quantified data can be used to determine a patient’s diagnosis and personalized treatment, and thereby minimize the diagnosis rate of comorbidities. As there is a wide spectrum of human behavior, such a fluidic and personalized approach is essential.

American psychiatry in the new millennium: a critical appraisal.

This article casts a critical eye over the development of American psychiatry from 1980 to the present. It notes the rapid decline of psychoanalysis that followed the publication of DSM III; the rising influence of genetics and neuroscience; the re-emphasis on the biology of mental illness; and the collapse of public psychiatry that accompanied deinstitutionalization. It argues that while genetics and neuroscience have made scientific progress, the clinical utility of their findings to date has been very limited. The fifth edition of the DSM was supposed to base itself on this new science but that proved impossible. Diagnosis remains purely phenomenological and controversial. One of the ironies of research on psychiatric genetics is that has failed to find either a Mendelian origin of schizophrenia and depression or to validate the importance of hypothesized candidate genes. Genome-wide association studies have instead uncovered risk factors for major mental illnesses, but these overlap considerably, and the genetic associations are not dispositive. Most of those who carry these genetic variants do not develop mental illness. The status of psychopharmacology since the mid-1950s is scrutinized, as is the influence of the pharmaceutical industry on contemporary psychiatry, and the implications of its recent decision to abandon work in this arena. The paper concludes with an assessment of the crisis that it contends confronts contemporary American psychiatry: its overemphasis on biology; the urgent questions that persist about diagnosis and therapeutics; concerns about the directions of future research; and its inability to reduce the excess mortality that plagues the mentally ill.

The Potential Role of Psychedelic Drugs in Mental Health Care of the Future.

Serotonergic psychedelics such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), or dimethyltryptamine (DMT), as well as psychoactive drugs that trigger phenomenologically- related experiences like 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and ketamine, belong to the most promising treatment approaches in contemporary psychiatry. Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is not only a new treatment paradigm in psychopharmacology, but it also requires a redefinition of psychotherapeutic processes and the contextualization of psychopharmacological interventions within a new treatment infrastructure. Crucial for future practice and research in the field are (1) informed patient referral and co-treatment practices, (2) screening (e. g., choosing the right patients for these therapies), (3) the dosing preparation sessions, (4) the assisted dosing sessions as well as after-care procedures such as (5) psychological integration and (6) supporting the development of structured patient communities. Definition of future treatment delivery infrastructures and requirements for therapist training are further challenges for research and practice. Finally, the implementation of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy in routine mental health care must be embedded into public communication about the potential and risks of these innovative therapeutic approaches. This paper provides a synopsis of challenges for practitioners, researchers, and regulators to be addressed in the approval processes of psychedelics.

Distinguishing cultural experiences from psychotic symptoms in indigenous settings: Maori and North American perspectives

IntroductionIndigenous people think about mind and mental health differently from contemporary psychiatry, particularly in relation to the symptoms that comprise psychosis.ObjectivesWe aim to present the Maori (New Zealand) and the North American indigenous (primarily Lakota, Cherokee, and Wabanaki) views of extraordinary experience and to explore opportunities for dialogue and understanding among these perspectives, leading to genuine, respectful collaboration.MethodsAuto/ethnographic methodology was used to describe a process in which psychiatrists and traditional cultural healers came to understand each others’ perspectives, dialogued, and forged a collaboration. We describe how this process unfolded in New Zealand and in North America, discussing similarities and differences among these two regions and cultures. We present cases to illustrate the level of cultural collaboration.ResultsThe opportunity for cross-cultural dialogue arose when the psychiatrists observed that the traditional cultural healers were reaching and helping patients with whom they had been unsuccessful. This led to dialogue in the fashion of Two-Eyed Seeing, a North American indigenous concept of explanatory pluralism. We present the case of a young man whom the psychiatrist described as hallucinating and prescribed medication that did not help. The cultural healer assisted the young man to see how he had broken cultural taboos, helped him repair the damage, and the hallucinations disappeared. Other cases further illustrate the collaboration. Two-eyed seeing allows both perspectives to be correct and permits genuine dialogue.ConclusionsThrough cultivation of genuine listening without interpretation or judgment (see Jacques Lacan), cultures can begin to understand and collaborate together for the benefit of patients.

Coronaphobia in Contemporary Psychiatry: Current Status and Future Prospects.

Coronaphobia in Contemporary Psychiatry: Current Status and Future Prospects.

Assessment of Quality and Reliability of Electroconvulsive Therapy Videos Available on YouTube

Objective: ECT is still an important treatment modality in contemporary psychiatry. Despite the evidence regarding its efficacy and safety, patients are hesitant about ECT, which is sometimes stigmatized due to disinformation. Today, YouTube, an online media platform, is mostly used as a medical information source. This study investigated the quality and reliability of electroconvulsive therapy videos available on YouTube. Methods: A video search on YouTube (http://www.youtube.com) was conducted on 20 October 2020, using the keywords electroconvulsive therapy schizophrenia, electroconvulsive therapy depression, and electroconvulsive therapy psychiatric disorders in this descriptive study. After applying the exclusion criteria, a total of 79 videos were included in this study. The Global Quality Scale (GQS) was used to assess educational quality and the modified DISCERN tool was used to assess reliability. Video parameters (the numbers of views, likes, dislikes, and comments for per day) were compared among the low/medium/high quality groups. Results: 45.2% (n: 42) of the videos were of low quality, 25.8% (n: 24) were of medium quality and 14% (n: 13) were of high quality. High-quality videos were 38.5% from psychiatrists, 23.1% from academic resources, 23.1% from health-related websites. Modified DISCERN scores were higher in the high quality video group (p

Curing Psychiatry's Schizophrenia: A Commentary in Values-Based PHD Mental Health Practice

Curing Psychiatry's SchizophreniaA Commentary in Values-Based PHD Mental Health Practice K.W.M. (Bill) Fulford (bio) From the perspective of values-based practice (VBP), there is much of interest in Lorenzo Gilardi and Giovanni Stanghellini's "I am a Schizophrenic." Their dialogue exhibits many of the key elements of VBP, it exemplifies the particular challenges presented by VBP in mental health, it illustrates the power of phenomenology in meeting these challenges, and it points by extension to an insight into contemporary psychiatry's professional identity as a medical profession. VBP is a resource for working with values—with what matters or is important to those concerned—in healthcare (Fulford, Peile, & Carroll, 2012). Avoiding preset answers, it offers instead a process that supports those concerned in a given situation finding answers for themselves. Developed first in mental health as a practical offshoot of analytic philosophy and psychiatry (Fulford, 1989; Fulford & van Staden, 2013), VBP is now being extended to other areas of health and social care: the Director of the VBP Centre in Oxford is the vascular surgeon and Oxford's Tutor for Surgery, Ashok Handa (Handa et al., 2016; see also: www.//valuesbasedpractice.org). That "I am a schizophrenic" should be transparently values-based is unsurprising given Giovanni Stanghellini's important contributions to the field (more on this below). Evident in the dialogue between LG and GS are many of the key skills of VBP (notably, awareness of values and listening skills); the approach is dialogic (it is a conversation not a medical monologue); and the dialogue is patient-values-centered (it focuses on what matters or is important to LG). Evident, too, is the importance of narrative. Relegated to the bottom of the evidence hierarchy, narrative comes at the top of the corresponding values hierarchy (Fulford, 2020): and the LG/GS dialogue convincingly illustrates why this should be so. Then again, coming to VBP in mental health, the LG/GS dialogue is co-productive (it is a dialogue between equals); it is positive (it is concerned as much with LG's strengths as with his needs and difficulties (National Institute for Mental Health in England and the Care Services Improvement Partnership, 2008); and it is recovery oriented (it is aimed not at symptom control but rather at rebuilding a good quality of life as defined by what matters to LG as an individual (Slade, 2009). Importantly, there is nothing in the LG/GS dialogue that from the perspective of VBP is peculiar to psychiatry. True, it would be surprising, even [End Page 15] in Oxford, if Schopenhauer, Blankenburg and Nietzsche were all to come up within minutes of each other in a values-based consultation in Ashok Handa's aortic surgery outpatient clinic. But this is a difference only of content. In a consultation about aortic surgery the material values (the things that matter or are important) involve such (conceptually) straightforward issues as side effects (including death), length of stay in hospital, and the likelihood of relapse. The corresponding values in the LG/GS dialogue, by contrast, involve the (conceptually) far-from-straightforward nature of personal identity. Hence, then, the resort in the LG/GS dialogue to Schopenhauer, Blankenburg, and Nietzsche. Hence, too, the more challenging nature of VBP as a whole in mental health as compared with areas of bodily medicine such as surgery. Which is where Giovanni Stanghellini has been early in the field in adding to the originating analytic philosophical resources of VBP, the resources of phenomenology. There is, of course, a long tradition of phenomenological research in psychiatry (Stanghellini & Fuchs, 2013). There have been other initiatives, too, in phenomenological VBP (e.g., in addictive disorders; Messas and Soares, forthcoming, 2020). Stanghellini has given us what he calls a "PHD" model of therapy (Stanghellini, 2019). The LG/GS dialogue nicely illustrates how the PHD model combines the life-world insights of phenomenology with the heuristic methods of the hermeneutic circle in a dialogical form of person-centered phenomenological-dynamic psychotherapy. LG, it is true, is a particularly well-read and philosophically insightful patient. This is perhaps why as their dialogue nicely illustrates, GS and LG speak the same language. But this, again...

MAIS ALÉM DOS TRANSOTRNOS DO NEURODESENVOLVIMENTO: Desdobramentos para a infância e a educação

A publicação do DMS-5 em 2013, embora marcada por uma série de críticas, introduziu um novo capítulo, intitulado de “Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento”, que foi recebido como uma espécie de promessa da psiquiatria contemporânea. A lógica mais ampla articulada a este grupo diagnóstico, ao abarcar uma série de quadros iniciados na infância sob a égide de uma etiopatogênese ligada ao desenvolvimento neuronal, aponta para novos direcionamentos no campo da psiquiatria, tal como o projeto Rdoc. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar, por meio de bibliografia selecionada, a perspectiva neurodesenvolvimentista articulada à ascensão dos “Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento”, procurando traçar correlações com os fenômenos da neurocultura, neuroidentidades e neurodiversidade, bem como identificar as noções de normalidade e patologia implícitas nesta lógica. Ademais, aponta-se algumas consequências desse paradigma no âmbito da infância e da educação. Pode-se perceber que os ideais sociais ligados às noções de competência e agência têm reconfigurado a percepção da infância contemporânea, associando-a a valores como autonomia e adaptabilidade, tornando a distinção entre crianças e adultos menos marcada. Estes valores estão em sintonia com a noção de neurodesenvolvimento, na medida em que ambos implicam uma trajetória de constante mudança, reconfiguração e aprendizagem ao longo da vida. O campo da educação é afetado por essa discussão, sendo invadido por metáforas cerebrais em torno da neuroplasticidade que, associadas à ênfase no empreendedorismo e do manejo de riscos, levam a deslocamentos na identidade da criança e do adolescente contemporâneos.

Folle analyse : à propos du psychanalyste LGBTQI+

ContextOver the past fifteen years, a generation has emerged that more or less assumes the title of LGBTQI+ psychoanalyst and takes its part in the responsibility imposed by the act of psychoanalysis. ObjectiveOur objective is to highlight the relationship between the topic of curing homosexuality, which spans throughout the history of psychoanalysis, and that of the emergence of the LGBTQI+ psychoanalyst figure, by considering that the latter appears as soon as the former is reverted to its prejudice value. MethodConsidering that LGBTQI+ psychoanalysts are less a symptom than the product of a psychoanalysis practice that remains to be clarified, our exploratory article problematises the question of the LGBTQI+ psychoanalyst by reflecting on the conditions of a more ambitious investigation concerning the psychoanalyst's training in the Freudo-Lacanian field in France. In support of this problematisation, we analyse texts by Freud and Lacan, as well as articles on this theme published in psychoanalysis journals. ResultsIt follows that Freud and Lacan were preoccupied with the issue of curing homosexuality, by signalling from the start that they would render this prejudice meaningless as soon as they arrived at the targeted doctrinal deepening. For Freud, the idea of a cure for homosexuality arose in 1909 in a theoretical context where, since he was unable to explain homosexuality through arguments within the field, he sought an ideological counterpoint to the theory of degeneration that structured the expectations of contemporary psychiatry. For Lacan, the question of curing homosexuality appeared in the mid-1950s, in the form of a bibliographic reference, while he was initiating the doctrinal revision of the theory of the phallus. The reference to the works of Félix Boehm–otherwise known for his participation in the aryanisation of psychoanalysis in Berlin after 1933–was questioned in that it signified Lacan's denial about the situation of psychoanalysis in Germany. Once the prejudice of curing homosexuality had been eliminated, Freud and Lacan would support homosexuals in accessing psychoanalytic practice. The former did so by showing that curing homosexuality is irrelevant for psychoanalysis; the latter did so by being the first to guarantee psychoanalytic practice for homosexuals who had joined the Freudian School of Paris. However, examination of psychoanalysis journals in France shows that the question of homosexuals’ adherence to psychoanalytic associations was hardly topical before the 2000s and before queer theory arrived in the field, in a context of substantial modifications to the rules of alliance and filiation. ConclusionThe history of the emergence of the LGBTQI+ psychoanalyst underlines the value of constant work on the standards and concepts that underpin psychoanalysis, without which the latter loses its heuristic power and clinical effectiveness. However, this deconstruction of knowledge – while at present based on queer theory as a joint discipline – derives its full value from being deduced from arguments within the Freudian field.