Family Consumption Research Articles

Family characteristics, consumption patterns, food security and nutritional status of under-fives, before and during COVID-19 pandemic in Banten Province, Indonesia

Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic is vital for every family, especially regarding under-five consumption patterns and nutritional status. This study aimed to analyze the dietary pattern, food security, and nutritional status of under-fives before and during the implementation of Large-Scale Social Restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic in Banten Province. A total of 178 respondents from four regions in Banten Province (e.g., Pandeglang, Lebak, Tangerang, and Serang) participated in this crosssectional study. The data was collected through interviews using the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS). The underfive nutritional status was assessed using WAZ, WHZ, and BAZ. The paired t-test was performed to analyze the differences in food security and the under-five nutritional status. There was a significant difference (p = 0.000) in food security scores before and during the Large-Scale Social Restrictions. Significant differences were also found in the WAZ (p = 0.000), WHZ (p = 0.000), and BAZ (p = 0.000) of under-fives before and during the Large-Scale Social Restrictions. It is suggested that families should strive for adequate nutrition for the under-fives during the COVID-19 pandemic to avoid malnutrition problems that may result in health problems in the next life.

Jordanian children involvement within family consumption decision‐making during COVID‐19

AbstractThe whole of society has been passing through difficult times due to the effects of COVID‐19. Such a lengthy period has greatly impacted lifestyles and living standards. Accordingly, this paper aimed to examine the role of Jordanian children in purchasing decision‐making within the framework of parental mediation during COVID‐19. A quantitative methodology was applied, and a questionnaire targeted 287 children aged 8–12. Findings demonstrated a correlation between the influence of COVID‐19. They changed the purchasing behaviour of children, as their daily habits have changed to increased periods of stay at home, leading to a long preoccupation with watching the Internet/commercials.

How consumer-initiated platforms shape family and consumption

Research has recently highlighted processes of platformization through which consumer activities are shaped by socio-technical features of digital environments. Prior theorizations have focused on corporate-initiated platform dynamics and affordances, emphasizing either the managerial facets of platformization or how consumers use and interact with these platforms. Our interpretive research on Familyship.org offers a contrasting case and theorizes how ordinary consumers, thwarted by social and legal constraints in their desires to create families, leverage platformization for family creation and consumption. Our findings conceptualize consumer-initiated platforms and show how their key affordances— embeddedness, privacy, modularization, and scaling—shape one of the most sacred spheres of life, the institution of family. Our study contributes by theorizing how consumer-initiated platform affordances differ from dominant corporate-initiated ones and why the differences matter. We discuss how they can help consumers to find solutions to acute consumption problems and to reimagine dominant cultural institutions.

Everyday consumption during COVID-19

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted everyday consumption routines and rituals, as well as their accompanying relationships. In doing so, the importance of such familiar activities to social meanings, cohesiveness, and wellbeing was made apparent. Often overlooked in their familiarity, the day-to-day and mundane aspects of consumption that take place in the immediate surroundings of consumers, are shown in this article to help define, preserve, and give meaning to everyday life. Autoethnography of everyday familial consumption during COVID-19 develops themes of retreat, reconfiguration, and resistance, whereby routines initially disrupted by the pandemic were recalibrated using digital technologies and altered habits and reasserted via minor resistances. Illustrated is the resilience of everyday consumption rooted in the practical, imaginative, and cynical responses of family to restrictions upon.

Unleashing the link between the relaxation of the COVID-19 control policy and residents' mental health in China: the mediating role of family tourism consumption.

COVID-19 has negatively influenced industrial development, family consumption, and residents' mental health. Unfortunately, it has not yet been studied whether this adverse situation can be alleviated after the relaxation of the COVID-19 control policy (RCC). Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the effect of the RCC on the resident's mental health and the mediating effect of family tourism consumption. By using the PSM and mediating effetc model to research the panel data of two periods (April 2021 and April 2023) for Shaanxi province, China. The RCC negatively inhibited the mental health severity of residents, and the mental health severity decreased by 0.602. In particular, the RCC showed the most substantial negative effect on residents' stress, followed by anxiety and depression. Meanwhile, it is found that the impact of the RCC on the mental health of residents is highly heterogeneous. The RCC indicates a linear significant effect on the mental health of residents under 60 years of age, while the results were found insignificant for residents above 60 years of age. Meanwhile, the RCC's improvement effect on urban residents' mental health is greater than that of rural residents. In addition, mechanism analysis showed that tourism consumption plays a mediating role in the influence of the RCC on the mental health of residents, and the mediating effect accounted for 24.58% of the total effect. Based on the findings, the study proposes that government and policymakers should strengthen mental health intervention, improve access to mental health counseling, stimulate economic development, expand the employment of residents, and track the mutation of the novel coronavirus.

Improving the nutritional and livelihood security of landless laborer through the Backyard Farming System

IntroductionIndia is home to around 140 million landless laborers who live below the poverty line and are the most vulnerable group in terms of food and nutritional security. The three critical problems faced by the poor laborer families are poverty, hunger, and malnutrition. To address these problems, a backyard farming system was conceptualized and evaluated with an aim to ensure the nutritional security of landless laborers. The main objective of this work was to utilize the homestead area of 100-150 m2 for ensuring year-round food availability.MethodsIntegration of vegetables, pulses, fruits, spices, fishes, and ducks was done in the available area. Technological interventions with the integration of ducks (Khaki campbell), fish (carps and Self-recruiting species), pulses, and leafy vegetables can help in improving nutrient consumption.Result and discussionA total of 1400 kg of vegetables (including root vegetables and leafy vegetables) can be produced annually from an area of 150 m2 that can fulfil 30-70% of the vitamins (RDA of 70 % of B1 and 30% of B3) and mineral requirements (RDA of 45% of Iron and 30% of Ca) of the average family, as well as providing an annual saving of INR 25,000/annum and an extra income of INR 10,000/annum that can be earned from selling the extra produce. Herbs (Coriander, Mint, and Fenugreek) and spices (Ginger, Turmeric, and Chilli) with antioxidants ranging from 2-13 millimol/100 gm can help in developing a good immune status. Integration with ducks, pond dyke utilization with cucurbits, spices and herbs, and the introduction of self-recruiting species in a composite fish culture system can further enhance the income by INR 14,000/annum after family consumption. Year-round cultivation made the optimum use of the available resources. A net return of INR 30,000 from 300 m2 could be obtained with a B:C ratio of 2.98 as well as generating an employment of 136 mandays. The food produced from the system can contribute to the nutritive requirements throughout the year and lead to a greater diversity in the food consumption pattern of the family.

Characterization of Base Oil and Additive Oxidation Products from Formulated Lubricant by Ultra-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

Automotive formulated lubricants are high value products composed of 80% base oil and 20% various additives. During their life service, lubricants are exposed to several factors that will cause degradation over time, such as high temperature, shear, and oxidation. Base oil is a complex combination of hydrocarbons that are relatively sensitive to oxidation. During the initiation phase of oxidation, free radicals are formed, leading to the production of hydroperoxide ROOH and an alkyl radical R•. These compounds will react with the base oil molecules to form aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids in the termination phase. Owing to the molecular complexity of these mixtures, Fourier transform mass spectrometry seems to be the most appropriate tool to cover their wide range of compounds due to its ultra-high resolving power and mass accuracy. In this study, a native formulated lubricant and its different oxidized states at 140 °C under air flow (3, 5, 7, 8, and 9 days of oxidation) were analyzed by FTICR MS. The combination of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) was used to achieve a non-selective ionization of molecules, including base oils, while Electrospray ionization (ESI) was used to selectively ionize acidic molecules. Apparent Kendrick mass defect (aKMD) plots were used to separate homologous series of molecules on different horizontal lines on the basis of the CH2 repetition unit. Aging of lubricants was mainly characterized by a rapid consumption of certain additive families, such as molybdenum dithiocarbamates (MoDTCs) and zinc dithiophosphate (ZnDTPs), but also by the emergence of many oxidation products. Thus, the presence of aldehydes, ketones, and acids was characterized in the early stage of aging while larger products from polymerization were observed in a more advanced stage of aging. Interaction products between peroxy radicals and hindered phenols/alkyl diphenylamines (ADPAs) antioxidations were elucidated toward the high m/z. The formation of such products can be explained by trapping mechanisms of these additives at high temperature (>120 °C). Other types of interaction products were observed with the formation of antioxidant complexes. Additive degradation products were also characterized. For instance, polyisobutenyl succinimide dispersant oxidation products were clearly evidenced on the aKMD plots due to the gaps of 56 Da between each point. Overall, this study demonstrated the efficiency of the aKMD approach, and the use of ESI/APCI to characterize base oil and additive oxidation products.

Dampak Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) terhadap Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Keluarga Miskin di Kelurahan Kerasaan I Kecamatan Pematang Bandar Kabupaten Simalungun

The Family Hope Program (PKH) is a conditional cash transfer program for low-income families. The requirement is to be actively involved in education and health. The Family Hope Program in Indonesia was implemented in 2007 to alleviate poverty and prosper low-income families. This research and journal article aims to determine the impact of PKH on family welfare and see if there is a reduction in the poverty rate after the government realizes the Family Hope Program. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. Collecting research data in the form of observations, interviews and documentation with PKH Facilitators and PKH beneficiary families (KPM) Kerasaan I Village, Pematang Bandar District, Simalungun Regency. The results of the study show that the impact of PKH on beneficiary families, including the cash provided, can meet family consumption or needs and help the economy of PKH beneficiary families. Program implementation can reduce poverty in Kerasaan I Village. The percentage of poor people in September 2021 was 0.14% and decreased in March 2022 to 0.02%. The limitation of the research is the impact of PKH on family welfare and wanting to examine whether there is a decrease in the percentage of poverty in Pematang Bandar District or more precisely in the Kerasaan I Village. The practical implication of this research is to provide information to the government that PKH can increase the welfare of low-income families. Its social meaning is to provide an overview to the government and the community that the implementation of social assistance programs, one of which is the Family Hope Program, can reduce the poverty rate in Kerasaan I Village, Pematang Bandar District. The purity of this research is supported by the Kerasaan I Kelurahan PKH Facilitator who helps the community get out of poverty through a family capacity building meeting program (P2K2) which is held every month.
 Keywords: Impact, Family Hope Program, Family Welfare. Kerasaan I Village

Dampak Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) terhadap Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Keluarga Miskin di Kelurahan Kerasaan I Kecamatan Pematang Bandar Kabupaten Simalungun

The Family Hope Program (PKH) is a conditional cash transfer program for low-income families. The requirement is to be actively involved in education and health. The Family Hope Program in Indonesia was implemented in 2007 to alleviate poverty and prosper low-income families. This research and journal article aims to determine the impact of PKH on family welfare and see if there is a reduction in the poverty rate after the government realizes the Family Hope Program. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. Collecting research data in the form of observations, interviews and documentation with PKH Facilitators and PKH beneficiary families (KPM) Kerasaan I Village, Pematang Bandar District, Simalungun Regency. The results of the study show that the impact of PKH on beneficiary families, including the cash provided, can meet family consumption or needs and help the economy of PKH beneficiary families. Program implementation can reduce poverty in Kerasaan I Village. The percentage of poor people in September 2021 was 0.14% and decreased in March 2022 to 0.02%. The limitation of the research is the impact of PKH on family welfare and wanting to examine whether there is a decrease in the percentage of poverty in Pematang Bandar District or more precisely in the Kerasaan I Village. The practical implication of this research is to provide information to the government that PKH can increase the welfare of low-income families. Its social meaning is to provide an overview to the government and the community that the implementation of social assistance programs, one of which is the Family Hope Program, can reduce the poverty rate in Kerasaan I Village, Pematang Bandar District. The purity of this research is supported by the Kerasaan I Kelurahan PKH Facilitator who helps the community get out of poverty through a family capacity building meeting program (P2K2) which is held every month.
 Keywords: Impact, Family Hope Program, Family Welfare. Kerasaan I Village

(Audio)visual Artivist Research in Anti-Colonial and Anti-Racist Key

This article conceives of the University as a laboratory for the creation of anti-racist and anti-colonial practices through arts, communication, and education. It proposes the realization of (audio)visual artivist practices with an anti-colonial and anti-racist focus as the articulating axis of artistic creation experiences, art education, and educational research. It suggests the creation and exhibition of commented collages and short films of appropriation as instruments for individuals and groups to question colonialism and racism, both in the fields of audiovisual, visual, and sound culture, as well as in the field of their family, school, and cultural consumption formation; while promoting the re-existence of native and Afro-descendant identities, cultures, knowledge, and memories. It employs conceptual and methodological tools of critical pedagogy, visual anthropology, and film studies to describe how anti-“Indian” and anti-“Black” racism and the appreciation for cultural and physical whiteness can be reproduced and resisted. It recovers testimonies from situated processes of critical reflection on one’s personal and family history in relation to the reproduction of colonial and racist violence. It describes a methodological proposal to make (audio)visual artistic analysis and creation tools in the construction of knowledge and emotions for the social transformation of reality, and instruments to build a culture of peace, social justice, and historical memory.

Determinants of Hypertension Occurrence in Women of Reproductive Age (15-49 Years) in the Working Area of the Sungai Tering Community Health Center, East Tanjung Jabung Regency in 2022

The incidence of hypertension is increasing in the world. Many factors cause hypertension both socio-demographic factors, behavior, physical and history of the disease. The purpose of this study was to analyze the determinants of the incidence of hypertension in women of childbearing age (15-49 years) in the Working Area of the Sungai Tering Public Health Center, East Tanjung Jabung Regency in 2022. This study used a cross sectional design. The research variables were age, family history, obesity, physical activity, seafood consumption, and hormonal contraception. Data collection used a questionnaire by conducting interviews, measuring blood pressure, measuring body weight and height. Sampling used Stratified random sampling, 120 samples of women of childbearing age were analyzed using the Cox-Regression test. The proportion of hypertension in the Sungai Tering Health Center working area is 43.35%. Factors associated with the incidence of hypertension in women of childbearing age are family history, physical activity, and consumption of seafood. Factors that are not related are age, obesity, and hormonal contraception. Healthy lifestyle behaviors such as a balanced diet, diligent physical activity, and regular health checks reduce the risk of developing hypertension.

The impact of micro credit programme on rural women livelihood development: A study of Bulathsinhala DS division in Sri Lanka

Micro credit (MC) is a financial service include under micro finance which is provide by consultative group to assist low income people. In global context, it is a very popular credit scheme among people who don't have access to formal financial services and most of them are women. However, this study tried to find the impact of Micro Credit programme on rural women livelihood development in Sri Lanka. The study conducted under main three objectives. Firstly, identify the Micro Credit client base and their intention of granting of Micro Credit loans. Then analyse the impact of Micro Credit loans on rural women livelihood development. Finally, provide suggestions and recommendations to improve effectiveness of credit programme in Sri Lanka. As the way to continue the study 50 Micro Credit women clients were selected from Bulathsinhala DS division by using simple random sampling technique. Then the data collected through structured questionnaires and interviews were analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistical analysis methods. According to the findings of the study, due to on-time & easy access to Micro Credit loans, people tend to use Micro Credit irrespective of the high-interest rate. Anyhow, Micro Credit has not helped to improve the livelihood and living standard of the rural women in the study area. Instead of that, their debtness was increased. Reasons for that were lack of financial literacy knowledge of women and miss utilization for recover previous loan premiums and for family consumption without a proper investment plan. Therefore, the study suggests responsible authorities to create accessible credit schemes for rural women & Micro credit institutions to create evaluating & monitoring process as an after care service of loans & organize programme to improve their client’s Financial Literacy knowledge to create an effective rural Micro Credit programme within Sri Lankan context.

Factors Associated with the Incidence of Hypertension at the Olak Kemang Health Center, Danau Teluk District, Jambi City

The World Health Organization (WHO) states ± 1.28 billion individuals worldwide suffer from hypertension. This study aims to determine the factors associated with the incidence of hypertension. This study used a cross-sectional design. The results of bivariate analysis showed that there was no relationship between age (p=0.454), gender (p=0.665), obesity status (p=0,154) and smoking status (p=0.520) with hypertension. There was a relationship between family history (p=0.004), physical activity (p=0,008) and consumption of fatty foods (p=0.000) with hypertension. Conclusion: Variables related to the incidence of hypertension at the Olak Kemang Public Health Center, Danau Teluk Teluk District, Jambi City, were family history, physical activity and consumption of fatty foods. It is recommended for the public to regularly check blood pressure and avoid risk factors that can cause hypertension.

Care-seeking practices for non-communicable chronic conditions in a low-income neighborhood in Southern India.

Given that access to healthcare is less challenging in urban India, evidence shows that affordable government healthcare services are underutilized by the vulnerable and disadvantaged groups. There are emerging studies on healthcare seeking behavior in the context of short-term morbidities and communicable diseases that attempted to understand this gap of underutilization of government healthcare services, but similar studies are rare in the context of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and associated chronic conditions. Given the urban health system is ill- prepared and ill-equipped to deliver NCD services, it is important to understand how the vulnerable and disadvantaged groups seek healthcare for chronic conditions. This article investigates the care-seeking practices of these individuals living in a low-income neighborhood and care-seeking pathways for chronic conditions. The study is conducted at Kadugondanahalli-a low-income neighborhood with the presence of a recognized slum, in Bengaluru city. A total of twenty in-depth interviews are conducted with individuals diagnosed with non-communicable chronic conditions. Participants were selected through purposive and snowball sampling method. The data is collected between January 2020 to June 2021. The study participants practice a wide range of care-seeking practices based on the management of comorbidity and multimorbidity, recognizing the symptoms and severity, experiences of family members, belief, and purchase and consumption of medicines. These practices clearly highlighted not only the nuances of non-adherence to the long-term treatment and medications, but it also strongly influences the care-seeking behavior, which in turn make the care-seeking continuum very complex. The care-seeking continuum attempted each of the components (i.e. the screening, diagnosis, treatment, and control) of NCD care cascade but participants often failed to do screening on time, delayed diagnosis, and did not meet the treatment goals, leading to their conditions becoming further uncontrolled due to the care-seeking practices they practice. These practices delayed not only the diagnosis but also the completion of each component of the care cascade. This study emphasizes strengthening of the health system in addressing the individual and community level practices, that significantly affect the entire care-seeking continuum, in the sustained monitoring and adherence to the treatment of chronic conditions.

Individual and collective factors influencing consumer attitudes and behaviour towards edible insects in Kinshasa: a pilot study

ABSTRACT Background: More than 300 peoples in the world consume edible insects either as a component of the traditional diet, or in the event of famine. Despite the benefits of insects, their acceptance by some consumers as a source of human food remains the main obstacle to their consumption. The present study focuses on the consumption of edible insects in the Kinshasa city (DRCongo) in a context of food crisis and shortage. Methods: The study examined individual (attitudes, perceived control, intent); collective factors (subjective norms); context of consumption and emotional factors that influence insect consumption. A semi-directive interview study based on the theory of planned behaviour was conducted among 60 participants. Results: The results showed that the consumption is a common practice in the study area, but that its frequency is influenced by factors related to the individual, such as participants’ positive attitudes towards insect consumption and ease of obtaining edible insects. The consumption of insects is also influenced by collective factors, such as family, friends, etc. The taste of insects, contextual factors such as family consumption, nutritional intake, habit and belonging to some specific tribes were related to greater consumption. Negative emotions, such as fear, insect characteristics or lack of knowledge about edible species were related to reduced consumption. Conclusions: The results suggest that there is a need to implement interventions that focus specifically on changing certain attitudes.

Impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on the consumption potential of families: case study in the municipality of Jaú/SP

Consumption potential indicates how much money families in a given location have available to spend on specific categories during the year, but as the covid-19 pandemic impacted the lives of consumers, there was an influence on the habits and spending of the population due to the fall. income, insecurity about the future and threat to health. In view of this, this article aims to describe the consumption potential and identify the purchase items of families in the municipality of Jaú, in addition to measuring the variation between the years 2020 and 2022. It is a case study, specifically the municipality of Jaú/SP, using quantitative data on consumption potential, number of companies and expenditure items. The results indicated that the consumption of families in this location should move about R$ 5.4 billion in 2022 and occupy the 157th position in the national ranking and 50th of the total consumption potential in the state. As for consumers' consumption habits, basic items continue to be a priority, with a great advantage over the others, with 27.84% of disbursements going to housing, own vehicle (10.89%), food consumption at home (8.39%) and street food (3.91%). It is noteworthy that the business profile of Jaú was affected, with the closing of more than 1,100 businesses in 2022 compared to 2021, with the retail and accommodation sectors being the most impacted.

Population Aging and Household Tourism Consumption—An Empirical Study Based on China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) Data

The ever deepening population aging has brought opportunities and challenges to the continued expansion of tourism consumption in China. We explore the impact of population aging on household tourism consumption, by using the data from China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) in 2014, 2016 and 2018. We found that population aging has a negative mediating effect on household tourism consumption by reducing household economic conditions. The improvement of health status of the elderly and Internet use have a significant positive moderating effect on the impact of population aging on household tourism consumption, but intergenerational care have no such effect. The results of the heterogeneity analysis show that the negative impact of population aging on household tourism consumption in urban areas is greater than that in rural areas, and the negative impact of population aging on household tourism consumption of families with the old-old elderly is greater than that of families with the young-old elderly. The conclusions of this article provide important references for activating tourism consumption in China in the context of population aging.

Gender Marketing and the Consumption of Family Planning Methods

Questions remain about how we can initiate use of vasectomy and other underutilized birth-control methods for men over contraception medication for women. This paper’s analysis of sex promotion in Nigeria, utilizing the indicators continually featured in the extant literature, uncovers the result of the masculinization of contraception medication marketing and use. People are projected to change their conceptive activities to decelerate populace increase, but the converse is also true. How can we better comprehend the contradiction in the birth control market and the reasons behind birth control manufacturers’ decision to choose a particular business strategy in a time marked by sustainability champions? Although companies hold divergent views on marketing approaches for successful and broad utilization of contraception medication, over the long run, most have zeroed in on mass promotion. Researchers have identified the financial and segment conditions that rouse couples to oversee their fertility, but this study examines gender marketing and family planning methods. We hypothesize that masculinization of birth control marketing induces consumption in men. We adopted the Likert scale of 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) for the data collection on birth control consumption. Data analysis relied on the use of graphs and ANOVA. This study substantiates that masculinization of the marketing mix elements (combined stakeholder engagement, mass marketing, celebrity endorsement, & communications) will induce birth control consumption in males. This discovery is an invaluable contribution to knowledge in both theory and practice.

Current challenges of the modern family – alcohol consumption and violent behaviour

The text aims to provide a theoretical perspective on the relationship between alcohol consumption and violent behaviour in the modern family. The aim is to demonstrate the necessity of involving family members in the recovery process of the alcohol dependent person, with or without violent behaviour, both initially and along the way, even if the effects of such an approach are sometimes extremely difficult to deal with. In this article I will focus on how sociologists and anthropologists analyse the family as a distinct social group, with a particular focus on the differences between the behaviour of traditional family members and modern family members as specified in the literature. I will also highlight how substance use behaviour developed in the modern family is influenced or not by the involvement of family members in the helping process and what would be the consequences on the modern family environment when in particular alcohol consumption leads to violent behaviour. The article deals with the subject of substance use, with a particular focus on alcohol dependence in a theoretical scientific manner to which specific elements from the author’s practical experience are “added”.

Identifying building archetypes based on energy performance as the major criteria: a case of Jaipur, India

ABSTRACT The demand for energy in residential structures is set to outstrip the supply soon. Most studies rely on national databases or previously published datasets. It is crucial to approach this topic using a bottom-up methodology. Therefore, this research aims to analyse the energy consumption pattern of residential buildings in Jaipur by utilizing primary datasets. The present study takes Jaipur as a case study and proposes a way to define architectural archetypes in Indian towns based on their energy efficiency. The collection and analysis of 2,327 primary data samples included energy use statistics and socioeconomic information. This research applies multivariate analysis in a bottom-up manner to a primary database. The clustering method was utilized to determine the energy consumption of Indian families in Jaipur. Low- and middle-income families tend to purchase more appliances when their income increases, yet their energy usage does not increase proportionally. Therefore, residential building standards should not solely be based on per-square-foot energy consumption. This study can help develop energy policies, benchmark energy use, establish tariff structures, determine minimum levels for starting labelling programmes, and create incentive plans based on energy efficiency.