Family Consumption Research Articles

Trends in food consumption by adults in a Brazilian northeastern state

ObjectiveThe economic and political crisis experienced by Brazil, together with the COVID-19 pandemic, may have negatively impacted the food consumption of Brazilian families over recent years. This study aimed to analyze trends in food consumption among adults in a Brazilian northeastern state. MethodsThis was an epidemiological study which involved the analysis of data from the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN) relating to the food consumption of adults (20–59 years-of-age) in the state of Ceará in 2015 and 2020. Data are presented by frequency distribution. ResultsIn the year 2015–2020, the food consumption of 14,840 adults were registered in SISVAN. There was evidence of a decline in the habit of having three main meals a day (−63.5%), mainly among women (−67.9%). Between 2015 and 2020, there was a decline in the consumption of beans (−7.4%) and an increase in the consumption of fruits (68.2%) and vegetables (82.9%). When considering ultra-processed foods, there was a significant increase in the consumption of hamburgers and sausages (83.3%), cookies (39.1%) and sweetened beverages (25.5%). ConclusionsOur findings indicate that the habit of having three main meals a day decreased between 2015 and 2020 in the adult population of Ceará, as determined by public data available in SISVAN, especially among women. In addition, there was an increase in the consumption of ultra-processed foods. Therefore, health interventions aimed at nutritional education and the fight against hunger are essential to face these challenges that affect society.

Impact of Maize Production on the Welfare of Small-Scale Famers in Uasin Gishu County; a Case Study of Moiben Constituency

When a community engages in economic activity, they always expect to use it as a resource to elevate their economic status. Residents of Uasin Gishu county have over the years engaged tremendously in maize farming expecting it to aid in elevating their economic status. However, despite the heavy investment in the farming of maize, the majority of small-scale farmers in the region still languish in poverty despite farming maize every season. As a result, the study aimed at determining the impact of maize farming on the economic welfare of small-scale farmers in the region. The study looked at how maize farming influenced the income, food security, and employment status of the farmers. The study was carried out in the Moiben constituency which had a population of 300 maize farmers and it was able to sample a total of 75 farmers from the constituency who were sampled through a simple random sampling technique. The study used a structured questionnaire to interview the farmers. The study used simple linear, Poisson, and binary logistic regression models to determine the effect of maize production on income, food security, and employment of small-scale farmers in the region. The results of the linear regression model showed that maize production had a positive significant effect on the income of the farmers in the region (p<0.05). An increase in the size of land for maize production by 1 ha was determined to increase the income of the farmer by approximately Kshs 55,945/=. Based on the results of the Poisson regression model, maize production was determined to have a positive significant effect on the food security of the farmer (p<0.05). An increase in land size under maize production by 1 ha was determined to increase the number of bags of maize stored for family consumption by 1 bag. Lastly, the logistic regression model showed that maize production had a significant effect on the employment of small-scale farmers (p<0.05). The results showed that a farmer with 1 ha of land more was 3.942 times more likely to only carry out farming as a source of employment compared to a farmer with 1 ha of land under maize farming. In conclusion, the study was able to determine that maize farming was able to increase the income of the farmers, increase food security and provide employment opportunities for small-scale farmers. Therefore, this showed that maize production was able to improve the welfare of maize farmers in the region.

Impact of Cultural Elements on Brand Preferences An Explorative Research

Building a brand and creating a professional image requires a thorough understanding of culture. Different civilizations have unique passions, convictions, values, and traditions. Culture-specific expectations and boundaries exist. Products and services reflect culture, and they frequently express the symbolic cultural meaning associated with them. A marketer has an advantage over rivals by being aware of the culture and family structure and consumption patterns. Cultural variables have a big impact on people's decisions to purchase and consume. The research aimed to verify whether there is an impact of cultural elements on brand preference and whether their profile factors differentiate the impact of culture on brand preference. The research reveals that the influence of culture on brand choice is consistent across age groups, family sizes, family types, jobs, and respondents' religious affiliations. Regarding how culture influences brand choice, male and female responses differ significantly. The languages that they speak have an impact on how much culture impacts brand preferences. Keywords: Culture, Brand, Preference, Cultural Elements. JEL Classification: M 31 DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/15-10-03 Publication date: May 31 st 2023

PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF CHICKEN EGG IN ONE YEAR PANDEMIC COVID-19 IN CENTRAL LOMBOK

This study was conducted to determine the level of egg production and consumption of purebred layer chickens for one year of COVID-19 and finding the dominant factors affecting layer chicken production and consumption in Central Lombok. Determination of the sample used purposive sampling method. The data collected in the form of primary data. Primary data were obtained through direct interviews with farmers and consumers using a structured questionnaire and then analyzed using a qualitative descriptive method. The results showed the number of population and egg production in Central Lombok before and after the COVID-19 has sequentially increased by 6.1 % and 5.6 %. Egg production was 49,127 eggs/d during the pandemic, which was previously 46,520 eggs/d. The average family consumption was 3-8 eggs/week, which was higher than the average regional consumption. The COVID-19 pandemic has no effect on production and consumption of chicken eggs. Expensive feed prices are the biggest problem faced by farmers during the COVID-19 pandemic

Sensory Characteristics and Acceptability of air potato Dioscorea bulbifera L. bulbils products

Air potato, Dioscorea bulbifera L., bulbils are known to contain primary metabolites such as ash, carbohydrates, crude fiber, lipid, moisture and protein. It also exhibited secondary metabolites: anthrones, anthraquinones, coumarins, essential oils, fatty acids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, tannins and triterpenes. Cytotoxicity analyses also revealed its non-toxic nature and thus, safe to be consumed. These scientific data were the bases for developing products for maximum utilization of the crop for household consumption and additional income generation through cultivation. This study focused on the sensory characteristics and acceptability of the identified products of air potato (AP) bulbils for consumption and adoption by farmers. It used the descriptive research design. A researcher-made questionnaire was used as the instrument for gathering the data needed. The data were analyzed using the Hedonic scale, frequency count and mean. The findings showed that air potato halaya (jam) and ice cream were liked and accepted extremely; air potato polvoron and maja (white pudding) were liked and accepted very much; air potato chips and flour were liked and accepted moderately. Air potato flour, mainly the ingredient for polvoron and maja, was slightly liked and accepted due to its bitterness. These evaluations revealed that air potato bulbils when adequately nurtured and prepared can be a vital aid for family consumption, additional livelihood and a cheap rich nutritious source of raw materials. Thus, these significant results strongly recommend air potatoes for cultivation and promotion of the diversity and conservation of their species.

Pola konsumsi makanan keluarga miskin perkotaan dalam pusaran kapitalisme nutrisi

Low-income families' understanding of nutrition is still irrational because they still use myths about consumption that cause malnutrition in their children. It is exacerbated by the influence of advertising so that the behavior of family consumption patterns is systematically constructed. The research explores the transformation of consumer behavior that causes malnutrition and the role of nutrition capitalism in meeting nutritional needs. A qualitative study design using a critical paradigm was conducted in Makassar City in 2021. Research informants are urban low-income families. Data were collected using interviews and Focus Group Discussions and analyzed qualitatively. The result is that malnutrition in low-income families is caused by people's knowledge and tastes constructed by industrial power and leads people to consume industrial food. The transformation of consumption behavior of low-income families is caused by the operation of nutritional capitalism, which is present in various forms such as industrial processed food advertisements and franchise outlets. In conclusion, the consumption behavior of the poor is constructed by food and beverage capitalism. In addition, the advertising factor has an impact on nutritional capitalism.

CREATIVE PACKAGING SEBAGAI UPAYA PENINGKATAN DAYA SAING PRODUK KULINER “SERUNDENG” SEBAGAI OLEH-OLEH KHAS BALI

The emergence of Balinese Culinary MSMEs indicates that this business is very promising. One of them is the UMKM "Serundeng Bali" in Pesaban Village, Rendang District, Karangasem Regency. Mrs. Nyoman Ambih Hartini as a partner entrepreneur has been running this business for three years by utilizing the results of coconut plantations. So far, the abundant coconut plantation products besides being sold in the form of whole coconuts, are partly processed into a product of serundeng which has been used for family consumption and ceremonial needs as well as partly being traded to traditional markets around the business location. Product marketing is still limited because it does not have special packaging so there are no modern marketing efforts such as the use of social media and e-commerce. The product is also not equipped with a product label as the identity of the brand name and manufacturer. In addition, partner entrepreneurs do not yet have financial records, so they do not know the profit/loss of the business they have been running. Based on the analysis of the situation in the "Serundeng Bali" MSME, assistance is provided for the creation of creative packaging and product labels as an effort to increase product competitiveness so as to expand market and marketing. Through this assistance, it is hoped that partner entrepreneurs and employees will have the ability to innovate products through making attractive packaging and that MSMEs have a corporate identity in the form of product labels. In addition, assistance is provided for the use of social media and e-commerce as promotional media to strengthen branding and marketing activities for serundeng products as traditional culinary souvenirs typical of Bali.

Horticultural Interventions in Improving Livelihood of Tribal Farm Women in Bihar

A case study was undertaken between 2015–2017 in Tharu tribal-dominated Bakwa Chandraul and Parsauni villages in the West Champaran district of Bihar, India. After initially understanding the socio-economic status and major role of tribal farm women in the home and farm decision-making process, horticulture-based interventions were introduced in homestead gardens managed by the women. Interventions included the introduction of high-yielding hybrids and varieties of vegetables (Bottle gourd, pumpkin, okra, cowpea, cauliflower, cabbage, pea and radish) and fruit (mango, litchi, guava and lime), and training and skill development in vermicomposting, mushroom cultivation, and fruit and vegetable processing. During the study period, the farm women were not only able to produce more for their own family consumption but could also sell the produce in the local market. Horti-based interventions improved productivity and increased farm income by more than 20% among the tribal women selected in this study; thereby providing farm women greater leverage to make purchases for the family. Our study shows how existing farming systems can be refined and fine-tuned through horti-based micro-interventions to increase farm and family income among tribal women, and bring about positive changes in the socio-economic and nutritional condition of tribal farm families.

Disposal Pattern of Cold and Home Stored Potato In Some Selected Areas of Bangladesh

A questionnaire survey was conducted with 600 growers in six potato growing areas of Bangladesh viz. Munshiganj, Barisal-Patuakhali, Dinajpur-Thakurgaon, Joypurhat, Jamalpur-Sherpur and Jashore-Chuadanga to collect a detailed information about potato storage at home and in cold storages along with their disposal pattern. The survey revealed that 55.2% growers store their potatoes in the cold storages. Due to the proximity of cold storages (within 1-10 km from the home/field) majority potato growers of Munshiganj (82%), Dinajpur-Thakurgaon (81%) and Joypurhat (70%) stored in cold storages. On the other hand, majority growers of Barisal-Patuakhali (88%) and Jamalpur-Sherpur (73%) could not store due to lack or long distance of cold storages. The growers disposed up their cold stored potatoes mainly by selling to local paikers at cold storage gate or by using as seed. While considering all areas, 56.0 % farmers stored potatoes at home in the studied areas. Majority farmers in Dinajpur-Thakurgaon (91%), Joypurhat (98%) and Jamalpur-Sherpur (65.0%) areas stored potato at home. Farmers of these areas stored upto 150 days at home because of cultivation of local varieties. Regarding disposal of home stored potatoes, the growers mainly sold to local paikers or at local market or used for own family consumption or by other means.&#x0D; Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 47(1): 23-38, March 2022

An Empirical Assessment Of Poverty, Food Security And Nutritional Status Of Former Enclave People In A Selected Area Of Bangladesh

This article empirically investigates poverty, food security and nutritional status of selected former enclave households. Binary logistic regression was carried out to find out the factors affecting food security of the households. Following simple random sampling technique, a sample of 80 households from two villages of Dibiganj upazila of Panchagarh district of Bangladesh was surveyed in January 2020. On an average, they consumed 20 food items of which their daily per capita intake was 1414.52 gm. Mean of daily per capita protein and calorie intake was 63.14 gm. and 1619.67 Kcal, respectively. Rice occupied the major contributing source of protein and calorie intake as per capita consumption of rice was highest among all other food items (609.35 gm.). Among the respondents, 61.25% belonged to ultra-poor following by hard core poor (20%) and absolute poor (7.5%). Based on FCS, 81.25% of them were in poor diet clusters but consequently 91.25% of them belonged to high dietary diversity as indicated by household dietary diversity score. Assessment of CSI and HFIAS indicated that most of the sample households were suffering from moderately to severely food insecure. But based on MAHFP, 20% of the respondents were found to be food insecure as they had food provisioning for 0- 9 months out of 12 months. At the same time, 51.25% of the sample households were underweight based on their BMI. There was no household member whose physical feature was found to be obese based on BMI characterization. The result of the binary logistic regression shows that food security is positively correlated with total land size and family consumption of food. So, diversification of crop production and diversification of family consumption can be the recommended steps for the enclaves’ households to upgrade their food and nutrition security status&#x0D; Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 46(4): 353-372, December 2021

Consumption Traditional Food Description in Children Under Five in the Coastal Family of Bengkulu City, Indonesia

Background: Traditional food is the most potent food to develop and is an essential component in intervention strategy for increasing toddler daily consumption. Traditional food contributes to micro-nutrition and protein, which are needed for toddler growth. Objectives: This research aimed to identify traditional food and toddlers' traditional food consumption in coastal families in three ethnicity in Bengkulu. Methods: This research used a cross-sectional design. Samples were mothers as food givers in the family, and the analysis unit was the toddler, in a total of 115, picked randomly from 137 households with 12-59 months old toddlers. Data was collected using quantitative and qualitative techniques, in-depth interviews, and food recall forms. Traditional food identification comes from FFQ (Food Frequency Questionnaire). Consumption of toddler fisherman family data that had been collected and compared with RDA 2019. Analyses were done by formulating the results from the in-depth interview and uni variate analysis. Results: Traditional food contribution to fisherman's toddler contained 19.34% energy, 40.86% protein, 17.65% fat, 17.65% carbohydrate, 16,3% PUFA fat acid, and 13.8% MUFA. Many different traditional foods often consumed by Melayu, Serawai, and Minang ethics in coastal families could be classified as fish, vegetables, and snacks. Conclusions: Traditional food contribution could fulfill nutritional needs of energy and macro-nutrients ranging from 17-41%. We must increase traditional food consumption in coastal families by varying processing so that each ethnicity's distinctive taste in traditional food can be maintained.

A Study on the Influence of Chinese Children on Family Online Purchase Intention through Online and Offline Dual Channel Interaction

Most of the previous studies focused on individual consumption behavior, but ignored the investigation of family consumption behavior. In particular, few studies have explored the influence of children on family consumption from an intergenerational perspective. Based on a survey of post-90s children in China, this research attempts to explore family consumption and purchase patterns under the Internet environment in China, and analyze the relationship between online and offline interaction and family online purchase intention and its underlying mechanism. This study was conducted an empirical analysis based on data collected for college students born after the 90s aged 18 to 25. Through empirical research, the results show that offline intergenerational interactions have a positive impact on family online purchase intention through consumption communication, and consumers’ subjective norm plays a mediating role between consumption communication and family online purchase intention, while consumption recommendation and consumption innovation have no significant effect on family online purchase intention; online social interaction has a positive impact on family online purchase intention through participatory interaction and knowledge interaction, and perceived control plays a mediating role in the influence of participation and knowledge interactions on family online purchase intention, sharing interactions have no significant effect on family online purchase intention. These empirical results implicates that not only enrich family consumption behavior and intergenerational interactions, but also gain insight into family consumption patterns and substantially improve enterprises marketing strategies.

Retained fish catches of artisanal fishers is dependent on fishing area, season and fishing gear type: A case study from the south coast of Kenya

The artisanal fishery is one of the sources of livelihood along the Kenya coast. Catches of retained fish of artisanal fishers between two fishing areas on the south coast of Kenya were compared. Artisanal fishers usually retain a portion of their daily catch which is reserved for family consumption while the rest is traded for cash to meet other family needs. This study hypothesized that retained fish catches were influenced by fishing area, fishing gear type and season. Daily fish landings and retained fish catches among artisanal fishers were monitored between August 2020 to July 2021 covering the South East Monsoon (SEM) and North East Monsoon (NEM) in Msambweni and Vanga fishing areas. A total of 60 fishers (30 for each area) were randomly selected and their retained catch monitored on a daily basis. The overall total fish landings were 23.3 tons and 210 tons in Msambweni and Vanga, respectively. The mean catch rate at Msambweni was 3.3 ± 0.12 kg.fisher-1day-1 in the NEM season and 2.2 ± 0.09 kg.fisher-1day-1 in the SEM season. Fish catch rates in Vanga was 8.5 ± 0.28 kg.fisher-1day-1 in the NEM season and 7.9 ± 0.29 kg.fisher-1day-1 in the SEM season. A total of 0.98 tons (only 4.2 %) of fish was retained versus 22.32 tons (95.8 %) not retained by the artisanal fishers in Msambweni, while in Vanga a total of 1.64 tons (only 0.78 %) was retained versus 208.36 tons (99.22 %) not retained. Retained fish catch varied significantly with season and type of fishing gear used (p &lt; 0.05). Among the retained species in Msambweni, Siganus sutor made the highest contribution (53 %), followed by Lethrinus mahsena, (5.08 %). The species Euthynnus affinis and Sphyraena obtusata were mostly retained in Vanga with a contribution of 10.4 % and 10.2 %, respectively. The same retained fish species represented the most abundant species in the overall fish landings, however sizes were significantly smaller than those not retained by fishers (p &lt; 0.05). Results of non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (nMDS) ordination showed differences in species composition between fishing areas, seasons and fishing gear types with implication on fishers’ retained catches.

Alcoholism prevention and recovery - an Orthodox overview

Alcohol produces devastating consequences on the human being and on society as a whole, starting with medical problems that directly affect the consumer, continuing with problems of a social nature (affecting the consumer's family as well), economic problems (regarding the amounts of money spent on the purchase of alcohol, but also problems related to the workplace), as well as problems of a legal nature (increased rate of divorces, the commission of traffic offenses or domestic violence, neglect of children, but also manslaughter or intentional murder), but especially of spiritual order (breaking the connection with God and deepening more and more into sin).

Pitfalls and potential pathways to commercialization of indigenous food crops, fruits, and vegetables in Africa

All foods have local origins, but their commercialization and global acceptance remain challenging. Agricultural commercialization involves producing agricultural products for financial gain and market purposes beyond family consumption. Indigenous foods have vast societal benefits, including cultural, employment, medicinal, food security-related, nutritional, and financial. However, indigenous food consumption and demand are constantly declining because exotic foods are replacing them, despite recent campaigns for their increased commercialization. The study investigates the challenges associated with indigenous food commercialization, possible pathways to commercialization, and the role of the government in commercializing indigenous food. It offers a hypothesized structure and essential blueprint for sustainable indigenous food (crop) commercialization. The methodology involved a review of the literature using various search engines, scholarly sites, and print books, combining quantitative and qualitative research. Scaling indigenous food for sustainable commercialization beyond dependency on the wild product takes specific steps, including domestication, certification, and effective government-private collaboration. Policies to improve the sustainability of indigenous food are urgently required to save them from extinction and meet future demand. Many indigenous foods are hindered by low-status perception, poor value addition, inadequate knowledge of their potential, lack of market penetration, and global acceptability challenges. Indigenous food commercialization lacks a holistic and systematic approach involving careful planning, procedural steps, and an aggressive market-spreading mechanism for global adoption. An excellent strategic relationship between government and stakeholders is a prerequisite for indigenous food commercialization, but the onus is on the government to commit to indigenous food commercialization programs.

PELATIHAN PENGELOLAAN PENGELUARAN PRODUKTIF TERHADAP LABA AKUNTANSI PADA UMKM

MSMEs, as small-scale household businesses, often do not have an adequate level of financial management knowledge. The business profit generated, of which the largest portion is usually used to meet family consumption needs, is neglected in favor of business development. with the method of introducing productive finance to their business profits and continuing with management assistance so that MSMEs can make decisions to allocate some of their business profits to productive financial expenditures. Productive expenditure itself can be in the form of business development, investment, or the purchase of productive assets, which can provide additional benefits beyond the business profits that have been realized by MSMEs so far. The program for the importance of productive financial management for MSMEs says that the operating profit generated can support business finances. Implementation of programs and strategies is carried out by providing socialization on productive expenditure to MSMEs actors and providing assistance in choosing productive expenditure according to the resources they have. Financial management assistance allows for consistent monitoring and control of expenditures, particularly productive expenditures. Assistance is expected to improve financial management knowledge of accounting profit and assist SME businesses in making strategic decisions on productive expenditure. &#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: MSMEs, Financial management, productive expenditure, business development

Consumer buying behavior towards online meat and meat products : In tier-I cities of India

Online meat and meat products shopping has become more popular now-a-days. People are willing to spend time and energy on purchasing fresh meat through e-commerce. Most of the existing e-retailers offer their services in metros and major urban centers targeting the urban population.The survey was conducted in Bengaluru city. A representative sample of 120 consumers purchasing meat as well as meat products through online retail outlets like Licious, Zappfresh, Tendercuts, Fipola, Freshmeat, Bigbasket, Amazon, Grofers etc.In comparison to other meat items, chicken meat (broiler/country bird) is chosen by 51.66 per cent of consumers. Eggs account for 41.70 per cent of daily consumer consumption, followed by other meat items. The monthly family consumption of meat and meat products is 43.33 per cent, with 3-5 kg consumed each month. Consumers’ reasons for preferring meat and meat goods on e-commerce websites suggest that 36.70% of the sample consumers prefer buying meat and meat products online due to a wider choice. Customers’ attraction to e-commerce when purchasing meat and meat goods finds that 17.50% of consumers were most drawn to buy online meat and meat products due to ease of use. Consumers who preferred to buy meat and meat products revealed that 51.70 per cent preferred butcher shops, while 32.50 per cent preferred online platform. Consumer preferences for fresh meat and meat products found that 42.50 per cent of sample consumers.

Development of a Python-based algorithm for adaptive thermal comfort: Theoretical formulation and application cases

Adaptive thermal comfort has gained momentum within the scientific community as a cost effective and affordable way of maintaining acceptable levels of comfort in dwellings while abating energy expenditure. At the moment two international standards, namely the European EN16798-1 and the American ASHRAE55-2010 shape the understanding of adaptive comfort around the world. However, in recent years concerns have raised about whether they can accurately represent comfort conditions considering the cultural and societal background of different countries, and whether adaptive thermal comfort will be still feasible in future scenarios of climate change. Considering these challenges, this study presents an algorithm which can model different adaptive comfort models; additionally, it can be implemented into energy simulation engines and therefore used to predict energy consumption under different climates, building typologies, and dynamic comfort conditions. This contribution presents the development of the aforementioned algorithm, called ACCIS (Adaptive-Comfort-Control-Implementation Script), originally written in EnergyPlus Runtime Language (ERL) and later nested in a Python package called ACCIM (Adaptive-Comfort-Control-Implemented Model)”, its main characteristics, and also the implementation into two cases studies: The thermal comfort in social dwellings in Spain and Japan considering present and future climate change scenarios namely Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5 for years 2050, 2080 and 2100. The results show that the predicted energy consumption of low-income families is strongly influenced by the adaptive comfort model chosen to model their thermal routine and suggest that international standards should be put under revision to consider the local particularities of dwellers in subsidized housing projects. The results of this research can be useful to devise public policies aimed at abating energy cost for low-income dwellers that benefit from social housing programs, particularly in the light of the increment of energy costs for heating and cooling associated with climate change..

Food Consumption Pattern in Rural Areas of Bangladesh

The study was conducted to assess the food habit and dietary patterns of rural people in the Bogura district. A total of 37 households were considered as respondents for the study. A specially designed questionnaire was used as a tool for collecting data. The study revealed the rural people's family background, occupation, consumption patterns and average food intake of carbohydrates, protein, oil, fruits and other food items, factors affecting their food selection, and their satisfaction level regarding food under the specific objectives. The interviewees' mean household size was 5.19, whereas most respondents belonged to agricultural households (35.14%). It was found that rice essentially dominated the average daily food intake per person at 422.60 grams making up 52.37% of total food consumption and also constituted the most share of carbohydrate consumption. The respondent also consumes vegetables (185.10g/capita/day) and leafy vegetables (56.67g/capita/day) in moderate amounts but a lesser amount of fruits(35.45g/capita/day). Nutrition and price were the first and second determinants of food choice (16 and 15 of 37 households), and 54.06% of respondents were satisfied with their present food intake. Most households took protein four days a week, with the highest fish consumption (42.05g/capita/day) as of first preference. By conducting more awareness programmes on the importance of balanced food consumption, nutrition, quality food, and homestead gardening by the governmental agencies and non-governmental organizations working in the study area, the present scenario of quality food consumption can be improved.

Rice as one of antioxidant source for farming family in COVID-19 pandemic: a case study from West Nusa Tenggara Indonesia

The main food consumption of farming families is an important concern during the pandemic. Farmers in West Nusa Tenggara (WNT) survive with the availability of rice to support household health and food security during the pandemic. In addition to its nutritional content, rice also contains phenolic compounds and has antioxidant activity. This study aims are to measure the frequency of rice consumption, food variety, varieties of rice consumed daily during the pandemic in WNT, as well as the antioxidant properties of several rice varieties grown in WNT. This study was conducted from September 2020 to June 2021 in East Lombok, Sumbawa and Bima Regencies, WNT Province, Indonesia using a survey approach. The data collection techniques were observation, Focus Group Discussion, recording, interviews with 74 respondents with a semi-structured questionnaire and study literature related to the nutritional content and bioactive compound of the rice. Quantitative data was tabulated to determine the frequency and average then descriptively analyzed, while qualitative data was thematically analysed. The most consumed rice varieties are seen from the production data of seed breeders in the WNT region, the phenolic content was determined using Folin–Ciocalteu, antioxidant activity was examined using DPPH assay. The result showed that the highest portion of food consumed by farmer households in WNT is rice. The most variety of rice produced by breeders is the Inpari 32 variety. There are about 97% of farmers consume rice for 3 times a day, while 3% of the remaining consume 2 times a day of rice. Food variety includes 7.9% vegetable-rice and 92.1% rice-vegetables-meat protein. The results of the analysis of antioxidant properties and phenolic content in rice is depending on the variety. The antioxidant properties of the Jeliteng, Baroma, Pamelen, Nutrizinc and Inpari 32 rice varieties were 44.85±0.51%, 9.87±1.55%, 9.96±1.22%, 9.75±1.09%, and 14.305±1.24%, respectively, while the phenolic contents were 9.76±0.09, 4.23±0.03, 4.48±0.02, 4.64± 0.07, 4.58±0.42 mg GAE/g dryrice extract, respectively. The results of this study indicate that rice has been used as one of antioxidants source for farming families during the pandemic.