Consumption Of Desserts Research Articles

Understanding the influence of physical servicescape on consumers’ intentions to revisit dessert stores using the SOR model

The rise in dessert consumption in Asia, especially in Malaysia, has captivated scholars seeking to understand the factors influencing consumers’ intentions to visit dessert stores. Hence, this research aims to investigate how the physical servicescape affects consumers’ emotional experiences, encompassing feelings of pleasure and arousal, thereby impacting their intentions to revisit, all through the lens of the SOR framework. Data from a survey of 207 participants who visited dessert stores in the past were collected. Subsequently, the data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling. This study finds that aroma and cleanliness exhibit a significant positive influence on pleasure, whereas both music and aroma have a significant positive influence on arousal. Lastly, both pleasure and arousal exert a significant positive influence on revisit intentions. This study provides insights to business owners, policymakers, and other key stakeholders by elucidating the significant determinants of revisit intentions.

The Association between Diet-Exercise Patterns and Cirrhosis: A Cross-Sectional Study from NHANES 2017-March 2020.

Liver cirrhosis (LC) is one of the most significant causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic liver disease worldwide. Nutrition may be an important component of primary prevention of chronic liver disease. Diet-exercise patterns frame the eating behaviors and exercise habits of people through statistical methods related to nutritional epidemiology, which can explore the relationship between living habits and diseases among diverse populations. The purpose of this study was to explore the association between diet-exercise patterns and cirrhosis, and provide guidance on preventive diets for liver patients. This study identified diet-exercise patterns via clustering analysis of principal components and assessed their association with cirrhosis through the population samples of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2017 to March 2020. We identified two diet-exercise patterns that were named the "prudent pattern" (consumption of various staple foods, eggs, meat, fruits and vegetables; less sedentary) and the "dangerous pattern" (higher consumption of desserts, nuts, milk, meat, alcoholic beverages; recreational activities). The t-test demonstrated a significant relationship between patterns and multiple foods. The simple logistic regression test showed a lower risk of cirrhosis in those in the "prudent pattern" (OR = 0.73, 95%CI = 0.59-0.93). Two diet-exercise patterns associated with cirrhosis were identified: "prudent pattern" and "dangerous pattern". The results of this study may be useful for suggesting preventive diets for people at risk of cirrhosis.

Longitudinal associations between food parenting practices and dietary intake in preschool children: The ToyBox Study

IntroductionFood Parenting Practices (FPPs) include the practices parents use in the act of feeding their children, which may further influence their health. ObjectivesTo assess associations between changes in FPPs (permissiveness, food availability, guided choices, water encouragement, rules and limits and the use of food as reward) over 1 year and dietary intake (water, energy-dense/nutrient-poor and nutrient-dense foods) at follow-up in 4- to 6-year-old preschool-aged children. MethodsLongitudinal data from the control group of the ToyBox study, a cluster-randomized controlled intervention study, was used (NCT02116296). Multilevel ordinal logistic regression analyses including FPP as the independent variables and dietary intake as outcome. ResultsNine hundred sixty-four parent-child dyads (50.5% boys and 95.0% mothers) were included. Limited changes on the use of FPPs were observed over time. Nevertheless, in boys, often having F&V at home was associated with higher F&V consumption (OR = 6.92 [1.58; 30.38]), and increasing home availability of F&V was directly associated with higher water consumption (OR = 7.62 [1.63; 35.62]). Also, not having sweets or salty snacks available at home was associated with lower consumption of desserts (OR = 4.34 [1.75; 10.75]). In girls, having F&V availability was associated with higher F&V consumption (OR = 6.72 [1.52; 29.70]) and lower salty snack consumption (OR = 3.26 [1.50; 7.10]) and never having soft drinks at home was associated with lower consumption of sweets (OR = 7.89 [6.32; 9.86]). Also, never being permissive about soft drink consumption was associated with lower soft drink consumption (OR = 4.09 [2.44; 6.85]). ConclusionUsing favorable FPPs and avoiding the negative ones is prospectively associated with healthier dietary intake, especially of F&V, and less intake of soft drinks, desserts, and salty snacks.

IMPROVEMENT OF MOTHER'S BREAST MILK PRODUCTION THROUGH PAPAYA FRUIT DESSERT

Breast milk (ASI) is the primary source of nutrition for infants as it can fulfill all their needs. However, the current rate of exclusive breastfeeding is still low. In Kutai Kartanegara Regency, the coverage of exclusive breastfeeding is only 47.5%. One of the reasons is insufficient breast milk production. Various efforts have been made to enhance breast milk production, such as providing papaya fruit dessert, as it contains lactagogue compounds that have the potential to stimulate hormones like oxytocin and prolactin. Compounds such as alkaloids, polyphenols, steroids, flavonoids, and other substances are believed to be most effective in increasing and facilitating breast milk production. To analyze the influence of papaya fruit dessert consumption on the enhancement of breast milk production among postpartum mothers in the working area of Sungai Merdeka Community Health Center in 2023. This study employs a quasi-experimental design with a "Pretest-Posttest, Control Group Design." The population includes all postpartum mothers who have given birth normally in the working area of Sungai Merdeka Community Health Center, with an average of 30 deliveries per month. The sample size was determined using the minimal sample size formula by Lemeshow, resulting in 26 participants. The measurement tools consist of observation sheets and a real bubee electric breast pump. Data analysis involves an independent t-test. There is an influence of papaya fruit dessert consumption on the enhancement of breast milk production among postpartum mothers in the working area of Sungai Merdeka Community Health Center, with a p-value of 0.000. The breast milk production in the group provided with papaya fruit dessert was significantly higher, with a difference of 39,231 ml compared to the group without papaya fruit dessert. The presence of compounds like alkaloids, polyphenols, steroids, and flavonoids in papaya fruit can enhance breast milk production.

Outbreak Investigation of a Foodborne Illness in Village Bachal Soomro, District Tharparkar, Sindh, Pakistan (December 2020): Retrospective Cohort Study

Background On December 3, 2020, district health authorities reported 15 suspected cases of gastroenteritis, including 4 deaths, from Village Bachal Soomro after a mourning ceremony. Objective Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program (FELTP) fellows investigated the suspected outbreak, with the objective to determine the magnitude of the outbreak and to evaluate associated risk factors. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted on December 3, 2020, at Village Bachal Soomro. The complete cohort was traced back, and a pretested structured questionnaire was adopted to obtain demographic, clinical, and risk factor information. A case was defined as “any individual who attended the mourning ceremony at Village Bachal Soomro on December 3, 2020, and presented with any of the following symptoms: diarrhea, abdominal pain/cramps, and drowsiness.” Descriptive analysis followed by multiple logistic regression was performed. Different blood, stool, oropharyngeal swab, drinking water, and milk samples were sent for microbiological and chemical investigation. Results Of 61 participants, 32 (52%) were males and the median age was 23 years (range 1-70 years). The overall attack rate was 72%, while the most affected age group was 10-19 years, with an attack rate of 85%. The majority of cases presented with diarrhea (47/61, 77%), followed by abdominal pain (44/61, 72%), vomiting (43/61, 70%), body ache (29/61, 48%), drowsiness (10/61, 16%), and fever (4/61, 7%). Among all food items, dessert had the highest food-specific attack rate of 90%. Among all risk factors, consumption of dessert (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 61.3, 95% CI 6.1-613.1), water (aOR 23.9, 95% CI 2.0-276.7), and buffalo milk (aOR 7.9, 95% CI 1.22-51.8) were found to be significantly associated with the attack. Distribution of cases showed a common point source that was probably due to a single pathogen source. Conclusions Dessert was prepared 10-12 hours prior to meal intake, so the outbreak was probably caused by dessert prepared with contaminated milk and water, with enterotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus. Community awareness of personal hygiene, proper storage/preservation of food items, and provision of safe drinking water are suggested.

Snack Package Size and Variety Differentially Influence Energy Intake and Food Choices in Healthy Adults

BackgroundWhile energy and nutritional content of snacks can contribute to overconsumption, other factors within the modern food environment may also influence the amount and types of snacks consumed. ObjectivesThe aim was to examine whether snack package size and variety influence free-living snacking behavior in healthy adults. The impact of intuitive eating score on snacking behavior was also examined. MethodsThirty adults [age: 23.6 ± 0.8 y; BMI (kg/m2): 22.8 ± 0.5] participated in a randomized crossover-design study. Participants were provided, in randomized order, with the following isocaloric snack exposures to consume for 3 d/exposure—1) CONTROL: highly appealing/appetizing snacks (e.g., dessert snacks, candy, savory snacks, fruits and vegetables, protein snacks); 2) LARGE-PACKAGE: similar snacks as CONTROL but in larger package sizes; and 3) VARIETY: larger variety of snacks. The primary outcomes included the 3-d average ad libitum snack energy, macronutrient content, and food choices for each snack exposure. The secondary outcome was the intuitive eating score and snacking behavior. ResultsLARGE-PACKAGE increased snack intake by 11.9% (1150 ± 81 kcal) compared with CONTROL (1030 ± 71 kcal, P = 0.04), whereas VARIETY snack intake (1030 ± 69 kcal) was no different from CONTROL (P = 1.0). LARGE-PACKAGE increased consumption of desserts compared with CONTROL (P = 0.03) and VARIETY (P = 0.02). Alternately, VARIETY increased consumption of fruits and vegetables compared with LARGE-PACKAGE (P = 0.01) and CONTROL (P = 0.01). Intuitive eating score was not significantly associated with snack intake or snack choice (all, P > 0.05). ConclusionsSnack package size and variety differentially influence energy intake and food choices in healthy adults. This trial was registered atclinicaltrials.gov (NCT03940105).

Dairy product consumption and risk of cancer: A short report from the NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort study.

The impact of dairy product consumption for long-term health remains unclear, in particular regarding their involvement in cancer etiology for frequent locations like breast or prostate. Besides, little is known about potentially different effects of dairy product subtypes. Our objective was therefore to evaluate the associations between dairy product consumption (total and subtypes) and cancer risk. A total of 101 279 participants from the French NutriNet-Santé cohort study were included (78.7% women; mean [SD] age=42.2 [14.5] years). Dairy product consumption was assessed using validated web-based 24-hour dietary records. Multiadjusted Cox models were computed. After a median [interquartile range] follow-up time of 5.9 [2.7-8.3] years, we documented 2503 incident cancer cases (783 breast, 323 prostate and 182 colorectal cancers). Total dairy product consumption was not significantly associated with cancer. However, the consumption of "fromage blanc" (a French type of quark/cottage cheese) was associated with an increased risk of cancer overall (HR for 1 serving increment [95% CI]=1.11 [1.01-1.21]; P-trend=.03) and of colorectal cancer (HR=1.39 [1.09-1.77]; P-trend < .01). Besides, sugary dairy dessert consumption was directly associated with colorectal cancer risk (HR for 1 serving increment=1.58 [1.01-2.46]; P-trend=.046]. No association was observed between the consumption of dairy products or sugary dairy desserts and the risk of prostate and breast cancers. In our study, the consumption of dairy products was not associated with the risk of overall, colorectal, breast or prostate cancers. The consumption of "fromage blanc" and sugary dairy desserts were associated to an increased risk of colorectal cancer, but this warrants further investigations.

Alteração da Pirâmide Alimentar Mediterrânea na perspectiva de uma Ilha

ABSTRACT Objective The present study aimed to determine traditional and local food consumption and adherence to the Mediterranean diet in Cyprus. And also, aimed to improve their adherence to the Mediterranean diet and traditional and local food consumption. From this point, this current study aimed to revise the Cyprus Mediterranean Diet Pyramid, based on the Current Mediterranean Diet Pyramid. Methods The sample size was calculated as a minimum of 386 according to a 95.0% confidence interval, and a 5.0% error. This study was conducted online between November 2020-April 2021 in Cyprus. All volunteers were invited to this study on the national public internet platforms. Participant´s adherence to the Mediterranean diet was determined by the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener. Traditional and local food consumption frequencies were determined by a Food Frequency Questionnaire. A novel Cyprus Mediterranean Diet Pyramid was developed with traditional and local food items for Cyprus. The modification was also aimed to safeguard planet health, to increase traditional food consumption and adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Results 1,007 adults (78.0% native islanders/Cypriots) participated voluntarily in the current study. The mean Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener score was 7.55±2.30 points and only 34.4% had high adherence to the Mediterranean diet. According to their responses, there was a need to increase use of olive oil, vegetables, fruits, fish, and red wine consumption and to decrease red meat and dessert consumption. According to responses to the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener and their traditional/local food consumption frequencies an up-to-date Cyprus Mediterranean Diet Pyramid was done hence a national food pyramid for Cyprus. Commonly consumed traditional and local foods were added to the pyramid to facilitate increased adaptation of the Mediterranean diet in the general population. Adequately consumed foods were added to make it more region-specific and rarely consumed foods were added to help to increase consumption. Conclusion This modification is believed to be instrumental to increase Mediterranean diet adaptation, traditional/local food consumption and decrease the impact of nutrition on the planet´s health. And also, this modification can shed light on the development of the other traditional food pyramids.

Sağlık Bilimleri Öğrencilerinin Hedonik Açlık Düzeyi: Kesitsel Araştırma

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the hedonic hunger level of health science students. Material and Methods: A face-to-face survey with voluntary students (n=374) was conducted to collect the data including their demographic profile, anthropometric characteristics, hedonic hunger level, and desire for foods. The Power of Food Scale (PFS) was used to determine the hedonic hunger level whereas the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was utilized to check the students' desire for the consumption of palatable foods. Chi-square test and Pearson correlation analysis were performed to analyze the data. Results: The female students felt more hedonic hunger than the male students. However, gender showed no significant difference with respect to the total PFS score (p>0.05). Pearson analysis indicated no correlation between the PFS scores and anthropometric measurements (p>0.05). Ice-cream was found to be the most desired food by students followed by fruits and nuts. Positive significant correlations between the PFS scores and the desire for the consumption of desserts, chocolate, cake, patisserie foods, ice-cream, fast food, fried potato, and snack were determined according to the VAS scores (p<0.05). Conclusion: Students felt hedonic hunger and desired mostly the consumption of calorie-dense foods such as desserts, chocolate, cake, patisserie foods, ice-cream, and fried potato. The consumption of calorie-dense foods can lead to the weight gain which is associated with obesity. Therefore, the awareness of the students on the hedonic hunger should be increased to prevent the risk of obesity in their later life.

Données nutritionnelles de la population urbaine adulte du nord-ouest de l'Algérie et régime méditerranéen

Background: Knowing the eating habits of populations is important to better define appropriate public health interventions. Aims: The aim of the current study was to describe the food consumption among adults in an urban population in North-western Algeria and to compare it to the Mediterranean diet. Subjects and methods: During 2007-2009, 787 individuals aged 30-64 years, randomly selected from the list of insured persons residing in Oran city. A questionnaire on socio-economic and nutritional habits was completed during a face-to-face interview. Results: Mostly, Bread was the most consumed food, three times a day for the majority of the participants (92.2%), followed by vegetal oil (67.9%) and milk (51.2%) twice a day. Dessert was more consumed (64.7%) than vegetables (58.7%), once a day. Olive oil was the least consumed. According to sex, women’s diet appears to be different from men regarding several foods. We observed that young subjects (30 to 39 years) displayed a high consumption of desserts (68.7%, p&lt;0.0001) and potatoes (62.7%, p=0.024), as well as peanuts (44.9%, p=0.032). The most educated subjects, likewise, subjects with a sufficient monthly income consumed significantly more animal proteins, red meat and fish, as well as fruits. The food pyramid in the ISOR (Insulino-résistance à Oran) population was different from the MD (Mediterranean Diet), except for cereals and grain products. Conclusion: The diet of the urban population of northern Algeria is far to be compared to the Mediterranean diet with a high consumption of desserts and animal proteins, in particular among men with a good income. Keywords: Northwest Algeria, urban population, Mediterranean diet, monthly income, educational level.

"디저트 소비의 일상화와 디저트 소비상황의 다양화: 발견적 연구설계"

"디저트 소비의 일상화와 디저트 소비상황의 다양화: 발견적 연구설계"

Secular trend in dietary patterns of Iranian adults from 2006 to 2017: Tehran lipid and glucose study

BackgroundBased on data regarding nutrition transition in the Middle East and North Africa, this study aim to investigate the general structure and secular trend of dietary patterns reported from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) and adherence to these dietary patterns among Iranian population from 2006 till 2017.MethodsWe investigated on four examination waves of TLGS, including wave 1 (2006–2008), wave 2 (2009–2011), wave 3 (2012–2014), and wave 4 (2015–2017), using a validated and reliable food frequency questionnaire. Generalized Estimating Equations was used to assess secular trends in anthropometric, biochemical, and dietary variables across the study period. To identify general structure and secular trend of dietary patterns during each waves, principle component analysis (PCA) and K-mean cluster analysis were used, respectively.ResultsAfter adjusting for potential confounders including age, sex, body mass index, and total energy intake, the carbohydrate and protein intake gradually increased and the total fat intake decreased during study period (P-value< 0.001), although total energy intake remained stable. During the study period, participants consumed noticeably less refined grains, solid fat, dairy products, and simple sugars. Snack and dessert consumption increased and meat intakes showed no significant changes during a decade (all P-values< 0.001). Three dietary patterns extracted using PCA, included: Healthy dietary pattern characterized by higher intakes of vegetable, fruit, dairy products, liquid oil, nuts and seeds, and honey and jam; Western dietary pattern featured by refined grain, solid fat, meat, snack and dessert, potato, and soft drink, and the Mixed dietary pattern, highlighted by tea and coffee, and simple sugar. Based on cluster analysis, 27.8% of participants in wave 4 followed a Western dietary pattern, and 34.1% followed the Mixed dietary pattern. The Healthy dietary pattern was stable among the study population during the last decade.ConclusionsThe structure and the type of foods that participants preferred to eat changed since 2006, a new secular trend in dietary patterns, including a stability of Healthy dietary pattern, a decline of the Western dietary pattern and an increase in the Mixed dietary pattern was obsereved in our investigation.

Dietary knowledge, preferences and behaviors in Ramadan among Muslim patients with type 2 diabetes

AimsTo explore the association between dietary knowledge, attitude, and practices during Ramadan among Muslim patients with type 2 diabetes. MethodsRecruited after Ramadan from public clinics and a hospital in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, 401 outpatients recalled their food consumption frequencies of high-fiber food, deep-fried food, and high-sugar dessert, and relevant knowledge and attitudes. Multivariable logistic regression models were applied to examine the research questions. ResultsVegetable consumption and preference were both high among the patients. However, only 4.5% knew that brown rice is rich in fiber, and 19% agreed that whole-grain foods were accessible. Deep-fried food consumption and its availability at home was common, even though the majority considered it should be avoided. Patients with a lower preference for deep-fried foods were less likely to consume deep-fried foods during Ramadan (OR = 0.239, 95% CI = 0.109–0.523, p = 0.001). Knowledge of the glycemic index’s health implication was associated with more high-fiber foods consumption (OR = 2.733, 95% CI = 1.179–6.332, p = 0.019). Yet, knowing the potential risk of added sugar on blood glucose level was associated with high-sugar dessert consumption (OR = 2.997, 95% CI = 1.482–6.060, p = 0.002). ConclusionThe patients’ low consumption of whole-grain food and common comsumption of deep-fried food during Ramadan would be the first priority to be improved. Along with dietary knowledge and attitude, food environment could be an important factor that influences patients’ dietary behaviors.

Secular trend in dietary patterns of iranian adults from 2006 to 2017: Tehran lipid and glucose study

Based on data regarding nutrition transition in the Middle East and North Africa, this study aim to investigate the general structure and secular trend of dietary patterns reported from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) and adherence to these dietary patterns among Iranian population from 2006 till 2017. We investigated on four examination waves of TLGS, including wave 1 (2006–2008), wave 2 (2009–2011), wave 3 (2012–2014), and wave 4 (2015–2017), using a validated and reliable food frequency questionnaire. Generalized Estimating Equations was used to assess secular trends in anthropometric, biochemical, and dietary variables across the study period. To identify general structure and secular trend of dietary patterns during each waves, principle component analysis (PCA) and K-mean cluster analysis were used, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders including age, sex, body mass index, and total energy intake, the carbohydrate and protein intake gradually increased and the total fat intake decreased during study period (P-value< 0.001), although total energy intake remained stable. During the study period, participants consumed noticeably less refined grains, solid fat, dairy products, and simple sugars. Snack and dessert consumption increased and meat intakes showed no significant changes during a decade (all P-values< 0.001). Three dietary patterns extracted using PCA, included: Healthy dietary pattern characterized by higher intakes of vegetable, fruit, dairy products, liquid oil, nuts and seeds, and honey and jam; Western dietary pattern featured by refined grain, solid fat, meat, snack and dessert, potato, and soft drink, and the Mixed dietary pattern, highlighted by tea and coffee, and simple sugar. Based on cluster analysis, 27.8% of participants in wave 4 followed a Western dietary pattern, and 34.1% followed the Mixed dietary pattern. The Healthy dietary pattern was stable among the study population during the last decade. The structure and the type of foods that participants preferred to eat changed since 2006, a new secular trend in dietary patterns, including a stability of Healthy dietary pattern, a decline of the Western dietary pattern and an increase in the Mixed dietary pattern was obsereved in our investigation.

Early childhood caries and related risk factors: A cross-sectional study of children in Zhejiang Province, China.

This work aims to exploring the risk factors related to ECC by investigating oral health status, related behaviours and habits of children and their parent's knowledge regarding oral hygiene. A total of 2700 children aged 3-5years and their parents from Zhejiang province were examined. Chi-square test or U test was used to analyse the difference of caries incidence among different groups. Logistic multiple factor stepwise regression model was used to analyse the risk factors influencing ECC prevalence. ECC prevalence rate in these children was 70.7%. The mean decayed missing filled teeth(dmft) scores were 4.33. Through analysis of logistic multiple factor stepwise regression model, risk factors related to the prevalence of ECC in children include: older age, region (coastal or mountainous area), higher frequency of bedtime dessert consumption and poor care of children's oral health by parents. In the questionnaire, 5 of 14 questions showed parents' poor oral knowledge or awareness. The prevalence rate of ECC in children aged 3-5 in this study was high and associated with older age, region (coastal or mountainous area), higher frequency of bedtime dessert consumption and poor care of children's oral health. Parents need to strengthen their understanding and action of dental caries.

Low-Glycemic-Index/Load Desserts Decrease Glycemic and Insulinemic Response in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease whose prevalence is growing worldwide. Consumption of desserts with low glycemic index (GI) and low glycemic load (GL) in a balanced hypocaloric diet has a positive impact on anthropometric and metabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the glycemic and insulinemic response after consumption of desserts with low GI/GL in patients with T2DM. Fifty-one patients consumed either 83 g of the conventional dessert or 150 g of the low GI/GL dessert in random order after an overnight fast. Serum glucose, triglycerides, and insulin were measured at baseline (immediately before ingestion) and at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min postprandially. Subjective appetite measurements were performed using visual analog scales (VASs). There were significant differences at 30 (p = 0.014), 60 (p < 0.001), and 90 min (p < 0.001) postprandially between the two desserts for glucose and at 30 (p = 0.014) and 60 min (p = 0.033) postprandially for insulin. Glucose iAUC was significantly lower in low-GI/GL dessert compared to control (p < 0.001). Serum triglycerides and insulin iAUC did not differ between the two trials. Fullness VAS ratings were significantly higher after consumption of the low-GI/GL dessert compared to conventional dessert. Likewise, hunger, additional food, and additional food quantity VAS ratings were significantly lower after the consumption of the low-GI/GL dessert compared to control. Consumption of low-GI/GL dessert indicates a positive impact on metabolic parameters in T2DM patients.

When dessert comes close: The effects of anticipating indulgent consumption and dietary restraint on healthy food preference at restaurants.

When dining in restaurants, diners often anticipate indulgent consumption, such as enjoying a dessert. This study examined the effects of anticipating such indulgence on preferences for healthy food among restrained and unrestrained eaters. Two experiments revealed that anticipating indulgent consumption reduced restrained eaters' preference for the immediate consumption of healthy food. Conversely, unrestrained eaters' expectation of indulgent consumption increased or did not change their preference for a healthy option. The interactive effect of indulgence anticipation and dietary restraint on healthy food preference held regardless of availability of nutrition information. The findings suggest that, despite increasing concern for healthy eating, restrained consumers ironically show a preference for unhealthy food options when anticipating a dessert consumption opportunity. The present study provides theoretical implications for consumption anticipation, sequential consumption, and dietary restraint, and practical implications for restaurateurs as well as for consumers, health professionals, and policymakers regarding healthy eating.

The Effects of Snack Exposure, Package Size, and Variety on Subsequent Energy Intake in Healthy Adults

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine whether snack exposure, package size, and variety influence subsequent energy intake and food choice in healthy adults. Methods Thirty-one healthy young adults (age: 23.6 ± 0.7y; BMI: 23.0 ± 0.5 kg/m2) participated in a randomized crossover study. At baseline, participants completed a 3-day snack recall in which they reported any snack foods or beverages consumed outside of breakfast, lunch, and dinner eating occasions (Control). Following baseline, the participants were provided, in randomized order, with the following isocaloric pack-out coolers to consume for 3 non-consecutive days/pack-out type: 1) Standard: containing 11 commonly consumed snacks (e.g., salty snacks, desserts &amp; candy, fruit, vegetables, etc.); 2) Large Package: containing the same snacks at Standard but in larger package sizes; and 3) Variety: containing the same types of snacks as Standard plus an additional eight snacks. During the Control and pack-out assessment periods, standardized breakfasts, lunches, and dinners were provided. Three-day averaged ad libitum snack energy intake and food choices were assessed. Results Three-day average snack intake from Control was 747 ± 59 kcal, Standard was 1121 ± 111 kcal, Large Package was 1274 ± 138 kcal, and Variety was 1110 ± 103 kcal. Regardless of type, the exposure to free, snack pack-outs increased snack energy intake compared to Control (all, P &amp;lt; 0.005). Large Package increased snack energy intake vs. Standard (P = 0.01) and Variety (P = 0.02). Further, Large Package increased consumption of desserts &amp; candy, high fat, high sugar, and salty snacks vs. Standard (all, P &amp;lt; 0.03) and Variety (P &amp;lt; 0.02 to P = 0.06). Alternately, Variety increased consumption of fruits and vegetables compared to Large Package (P = 0.01) and Standard (P &amp;lt; 0.005). No other differences were observed. Conclusions Exposure to free, highly palatable snacks provided in larger package sizes led to greater energy consumption, especially from energy-dense snacks, in healthy adults, whereas snack variety increased nutrient-dense snacking without increased energy consumption. These results suggest that snack exposure, package size, and variety should be considered when developing dietary strategies to promote energy balance and healthy eating habits. Funding Sources Sabra Dipping Company and Internal Funds.

Nudging healthy college dining hall choices using behavioral economics

Objective To apply behavioral economics strategies (i.e., placement changes and signage) to nudge university students’ healthy dining hall eating. Participants: A convenience sample of 4208 students exiting a university dining hall were asked to take a brief survey on meal selections. Methods: Three unique nudges (related to beverage, snack and dessert) were individually introduced and then removed for a week using a quasi-experimental design. Exit surveys during non-nudge and intervention periods were compared using chi-square analysis. Results: The beverage nudge significantly increased water consumption (p=.03) and the dessert nudge significantly increased healthy dessert consumption (p<.001) between comparison and intervention weeks. The snack intervention did not significantly affect snack choice. Conclusions: Simple signage interventions may be effective to encourage healthy eating behaviors in a college dining hall setting. Student health may be improved by nudging students to select healthier beverage and dessert options.

Evaluation of factors that may influence in the insufficient weight loss in patients after two years of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

bariatric surgery is a favorable option for the treatment of obesity, resulting in long-term weight loss. to analyze whether feeding behavior, evaluated by caloric intake, dietary preferences and tolerance, can be considered as a determinantfactor for weight loss in obese patients submitted to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). cross-sectional study of 105 patients with at least two years post-RYGB surgery with a preoperative body mass index (BMI) of ≥ 35kg/m². Caloric intake was evaluated by 24-hour dietary recall and 3-day dietary intake record; dietary habits, by a qualitative dietary frequencyquestionnaire; and food tolerance, with a validated questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression was used for statistical analysis. the majority of the 105 participants were female (84%). The mean age was 43.3 ± 11.4 years in the success group (n = 64) and 43.4± 10.7 years in the failure group (n = 41). Preoperative BMI was not associated with the outcome. Mean caloric intake did not show significantdifferences between groups: 24 hours recall, p = 0.27; 3-day record, p = 0.95. The frequency of weekly consumption of desserts was twice ashigh in the success group. Only two patients in the success group presented daily vomiting.CONCLUSION: the factors that determine the failure of weight loss have not yet been fully elucidated. Caloric intake was not a determining factorof failure, and insufficient weight loss was more prevalent in patients who ceased to lose weight earlier.