Snack Package Size and Variety Differentially Influence Energy Intake and Food Choices in Healthy Adults

Abstract

BackgroundWhile energy and nutritional content of snacks can contribute to overconsumption, other factors within the modern food environment may also influence the amount and types of snacks consumed. ObjectivesThe aim was to examine whether snack package size and variety influence free-living snacking behavior in healthy adults. The impact of intuitive eating score on snacking behavior was also examined. MethodsThirty adults [age: 23.6 ± 0.8 y; BMI (kg/m2): 22.8 ± 0.5] participated in a randomized crossover-design study. Participants were provided, in randomized order, with the following isocaloric snack exposures to consume for 3 d/exposure—1) CONTROL: highly appealing/appetizing snacks (e.g., dessert snacks, candy, savory snacks, fruits and vegetables, protein snacks); 2) LARGE-PACKAGE: similar snacks as CONTROL but in larger package sizes; and 3) VARIETY: larger variety of snacks. The primary outcomes included the 3-d average ad libitum snack energy, macronutrient content, and food choices for each snack exposure. The secondary outcome was the intuitive eating score and snacking behavior. ResultsLARGE-PACKAGE increased snack intake by 11.9% (1150 ± 81 kcal) compared with CONTROL (1030 ± 71 kcal, P = 0.04), whereas VARIETY snack intake (1030 ± 69 kcal) was no different from CONTROL (P = 1.0). LARGE-PACKAGE increased consumption of desserts compared with CONTROL (P = 0.03) and VARIETY (P = 0.02). Alternately, VARIETY increased consumption of fruits and vegetables compared with LARGE-PACKAGE (P = 0.01) and CONTROL (P = 0.01). Intuitive eating score was not significantly associated with snack intake or snack choice (all, P > 0.05). ConclusionsSnack package size and variety differentially influence energy intake and food choices in healthy adults. This trial was registered atclinicaltrials.gov (NCT03940105).