Energy Drink Consumption Research Articles

Female High School Athletes Regularly Consume Energy Drinks with Moderate and High Caffeine Content

Introduction: The consumption of energy drinks can result in unhealthy caffeine intake for children. The objective of this study was to better understand energy drink consumption in young female athletes.Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study on self-reported energy drink prevalence and perception of a convenience sample (n=203) of U.S. female high school athletes (age 15.9±1.1 years). Results: Of the athletes responding, 64.5% reported use of an energy drink at some time during the last 12-months. Of this group, >25% reported using energy drinks 3-4 times a week or more. Roughly half of the athletes reported using energy drinks with a high caffeine content (~150-300 mg/serving), and they reported more positive opinions about caffeine's potential (negative) side effects compared to athletes not using energy drinks.Conclusions: A majority of female high school athletes reported the regular use of energy drinks, including those with a high caffeine content, and athletes that reported higher dose usage expressed more positive opinions about the side effects of energy drinks. High schools should include discussion about energy drinks as part of healthy lifestyle education, allowing athletes to make safe choices about the use of such products.

Association between Beverage Consumption and Sleep Quality in Adolescents.

The objective of this study was to verify if the consumption of different beverages (such as water, 100% pure fruit juice, and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs)) is associated with adolescents' sleep quality. French-speaking adolescents were recruited in person and online throughout the province of Québec (Canada) from the end of March to early July 2023. Beverage consumption and sleep quality were measured using French versions of validated questionnaires specifically designed for adolescents. A total of 218 adolescents (14-17 years; 55.5% female) completed the online survey. Among caffeinated SSBs, energy drink (rs = -0.16; p = 0.0197) and sugar-sweetened coffee (rs = -0.33; p < 0.0001) intake was correlated with adolescents' sleep quality. Energy drink consumption (β = -0.0048; p = 0.0005) and being male (β = 0.6033; p < 0.0001) were associated with adolescents' sleep quality. There was an interaction between sugar-sweetened coffee intake and biological sex that was associated with adolescents' sleep quality (p = 0.0053). Sugar-sweetened coffee consumption was correlated with adolescent girls' abilities to go to bed (rs = -0.21; p = 0.0203) and fall asleep (rs = -0.28; p = 0.0020), while in boys, it was only significantly correlated with their abilities to go to bed (rs = -0.27; p = 0.0069). Public health interventions aimed at adolescent boys should primarily target lowering energy drink consumption, while those aimed at girls should prioritize sugar-sweetened coffee intake to possibly improve their sleep quality.

Acute Liver Failure and Liver Transplant After Excessive Energy Drink Consumption.

Acute Liver Failure and Liver Transplant After Excessive Energy Drink Consumption.

Acute effects of energy drink on arterial stiffness and endothelial function in young male bodybuilders with habitual caffeine consumption

Elite bodybuilders consume energy drink (ED) immediately before or during strength training. However, the effects of ED on cardiovascular responses have not been fully understood. In this study, the carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and flow-mediated dilation (FMD), which are indices of arterial stiffness and endothelial function in response to acute ED consumption, were examined. Forty-five young men (30.0 ± 3.9 years) were investigated: sedentary (CON, n = 15), physically active (PA, n = 15), and bodybuilders (BD, n = 15). After they consumed commercial ED, their vascular function was analyzed at the following time points: pre, post, 30 min and 60 min. At baseline, the age, height and systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the groups did not significantly differ; conversely, their weight, body mass index, lean mass, fat percent and grip strengths significantly differed (p &lt; 0.05). After ED consumption, central and peripheral blood pressure markedly increased in the PA and CON groups (p &lt; 0.05) but not in the BD group. cfPWV, augmentation index and wave reflection were not different among the groups and did not change at any time point (p &gt; 0.05). However, FMD notably differed among the groups after ED consumption. The FMD of the BD group increased sharply and significantly after ED consumption at post-time points (pre, 6.5% ± 1.7%; post, 13.1% ± 2.6%; 30 min, 10.7% ± 2.9%; 60 min, 8.9% ± 2.4%, p = 0.001). The FMD markedly increased after ED consumption in the PA group (p = 0.004), but it did not change in the CON group (p &gt; 0.05). ED consumption acutely triggered the increase in endothelial function in the BD and PA groups. Therefore, these findings helped elucidate the distinct cardiovascular responses to ED intake among different populations with varying physical activity or training levels.

Acute effects of energy drink consumption on microvascular reactivity in young male volunteers at rest: a randomized trial.

Energy drinks are nonalcoholic beverages whose main ingredients are sugar, taurine, and caffeine. The consumption of energy drinks is increasing worldwide, but only a few conflicting studies have investigated the vascular effects of energy drinks in young adults. The aim of this study was to evaluate microvascular reactivity before and after energy drinks consumption in young healthy male volunteers. This was a cross-sectional prospective study. Microvascular reactivity signals were evaluated in the skin of the forearm using laser speckle contrast imaging with acetylcholine (ACh) iontophoresis before and 90 and 180 min after the randomized consumption of one ED or the same volume of water (control), followed by a postocclusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) test. Thirty-two volunteers were evaluated (age: 25.4±4.3 years). Energy drink consumption prevented the rest-induced reduction in cutaneous vascular conductance over time that was observed in the control group. In the control group, there were significant reductions in microvascular vasodilation at 90 and 180 min compared to baseline (P=0.004), but this was not the case in the energy drink group (P=0.76). Our results demonstrated that the reduction in microvascular conductance associated with prolonged immobility can be prevented by the consumption of one energy drink, highlighting the vasodilator effects of this beverage in young individuals at rest. The between-study variability in terms of the brand of energy drinks and the ingested volume, as well as the method of vascular evaluation and the inclusion criteria, may explain the discrepancies among previous studies on the vascular effects of energy drinks.

Implementation of Principles of a Healthy Lifestyle by Contemporary Russians from Different Socio-Demographic Groups

Introduction: Despite all significant efforts taken by the government, the issue of a healthy lifestyle remains highly relevant for the Russian population. Objective: To assess changes in behavioral practices of Russian people from various socio-demographic groups in terms of commitment to a healthy lifestyle. Methods: The main source of empirical information was the Russian sociological survey conducted on April 17–26, 2023 in 29 regions of the Russian Federation. The sample consisted of 1,516 people aged 18 years and older who were interviewed at their place of residence. The results were compared with the findings of previous surveys of the same design. Result: The study has demonstrated a decrease in the proportion of Russians who believe that they lead a healthy lifestyle (from 63.7 % in 2021 to 56.2 % in 2023). At the same time, only 13 % of the respondents were found to adhere to basic principles of a healthy lifestyle. Male sex, having no higher education, and low income were associated with a poor commitment to the latter. We have noted a rising trend in the prevalence of smoking among young people. In the group of 18–24-year-olds, we observed a 1.5-fold increase in the proportion of smokers over the previous year related to the growing popularity of vaping. We have also established an increase in consumption of energy drinks (from 16.6 % in 2013 to 22.8 % in 2023), especially among young people aged 18–24 (53.2 %). Only 27.2 % of the respondents under 40 having children reported regular physical activity and/or sports compared to a similar group of citizens without children (40.2 %). Conclusion: Recommendations given based on the survey results are related to the importance of improving directions in social policy that promote commitment to a healthy lifestyle taking into account the needs of representatives of different socio-demographic groups.

Effects of Energy Drinks and Flunitrazepam on Some Cardiac Biomarkers, and Oxidative Stress in Wistar Rats.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of some energy drinks on cardiac biomarkers (tropin and creatinine phosphokinase) and oxidative stress in male Wistar rats. 45 Wistar rats were divided into 8 groups. Group 1 received distilled water; Group 2 received an energy drink (A) (3.75 mg/kg). Group 3 energy drink (A) (7.5 mg/kg) Group 4 received energy drink (B) (3.75 mg/kg). Group 5 energy drink (B) (7.5 mg/kg) Group 6 received flunitrazepam (0.03 ml/kg), Group 7 received 3.75 ml/kg of energy drink (A) and 0.03 ml/kg of flunitrazepam, and Group 8 received 3.75 ml/kg of energy drink (B) and 0.03 ml/kg of flunitrazepam. The result showed that in Group 2, there was a significant increase (p&lt;0.05) in cardiac troponin kinase and no significant change in bicarbonate. Group 3 showed a significant increase (p&lt;0.05) in the level of cardiac troponin, a significant increase (p&lt;0.05) in creatine kinase, and no significant change in bicarbonate. Group 4 showed a significant (p &gt; 0.05) decrease in cardiac troponin and creatine kinase and no significant change in bicarbonate. Group 5 showed a significant (p &gt; 0.05) decrease in cardiac troponin and creatine kinase and no significant change in bicarbonate when compared to the control group. Group 6 showed a significant (p&lt;0.05) increase in cardiac troponin and a decrease (p&gt;0.05) in creatine kinase, but no significant change in bicarbonate. Group 7 showed a significant decrease in cardiac troponin and creatine kinase and no significant change in bicarbonate level when compared to the control group. Group 8 showed a decrease in cardiac troponin and creatine kinase. It was concluded therefore that the consumption of energy drinks and Flunitrazepam led to an increase in oxidative stress and cellular damage.

ANALYSIS OF CONSUMPTION OF ENERGY DRINKS AMONG TEENS IN BUKHARA REGION

Today, energy drinks have become a popular bad habit. However, with the increase in production and circulation of tonic drinks, they have become widely consumed among teenagers. The main consumers are young people aged 18-35 years. The safety of using such drinks has not yet been determined, which requires further research. To date, many scientific works devoted to energy have been carried out and published. This problem does not lose popularity both among young people and among doctors, parents, and teachers. Scientific articles describe the composition of the most common energy drinks. This study showed that of the energy drinks, it is “BURN” that contains the largest amount of caffeine, and therefore requires greater caution in use. The negative impact of energy drinks on the human body has been proven by medicine, and people who consume energy drinks should be aware of the consequences of excessive consumption of them.

The prevalence of beta-blocker use among medical students in Saudi Arabia

Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of beta blockers&amp;apos; use in Saudi medical students in all regions in Saudi Arabia during their college years. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted targeting medical students in all regions of Saudi Arabia during their college years. A total of 745 students were included. The questionnaire used was divided into three main parts. Demographic information, if they were offered or recommended to use propranolol, and details about the use of propranolol. Results: Out of total, 15.3% reported using propranolol, 20.9% participants were recommended beta blockers, but only 17.6% had offered them. Usage of beta blockers was significantly higher among clinical year students compared to junior students. Gender, region, and GPA did not show differences in beta-blocker use among students. The most common reasons for using propranolol were anxiety relief (82.2%), performance enhancement (41.5%), before the objective structured clinical exams (OSCEs; 70.3%). Conclusion: The prevalence of beta-blocker utilization among medical students in Saudi Arabia appeared to be notably elevated compared to reported figures from European nations. The findings from the current research indicated a noticeable increase in beta-blocker usage among students who were engaged in smoking, used illegal or psychoactive substances, or consumed energy drinks. There is a need to raise awareness about the risks and implications of using beta-blockers without medical guidance.

Влияние алкоголя и энергетических напитков на состояние органов и систем: фокус на почки

The article explores two important issues: the impact of chronic alcohol consumption on the human body, particularly the kidneys, and the danger of consuming energy drinks, especially when combined with alcohol. The relationship between alcohol abuse and kidney damage is not fully understood, and existing data is contradictory. Based on the Russian and foreign research, pathogenic mechanisms of the negative effect of alcohol on the body are presented, as well as dangerous doses increasing the risk of development and progress of chronic kidney disease. The review analyzes the literature data on the combined consumption of alcohol and energy drinks, as well as their role in the development of acute and chronic kidney damage.

Screening for the Presence of Some Heavy Metals, Total Soluble Solids and Caffeine Contents in Some Energy Drinks Sold in Jordanian Market

Energy drinks (EDs) are beverages that are devoid of alcohol containing high amounts of caffeine and sugar. Energy drinks are available in the Jordanian market and consumed by Jordanian youth. There is no Jordanian standard for EDs. Establishing a standardization for a certain contaminant requires assessing the heavy metal content in the EDs available in the market. This research aimed to screen the 10 most consumed energy drinks sold in the Jordan market for total soluble solids, caffeine contents, and the presence of some heavy metals. This study, thus, will serve as an initial step for setting a standard for heavy metals in EDs in Jordan. The analyzed EDs didn’t contain detectable amounts of Pb. On the other hand, the analyzed samples contained 0.1 to 2.8, 1.8 to 6.5, 0.01, and 0.2 to 3.5 mg kg-1 Cu, Ni, Cd, and Fe respectively. The total soluble solids content of the studied samples ranged between 4.8 to 15.4 g/100 g. On the other hand, the caffeine content of the analyzed samples ranged between 24.7 to 32 mg/100 mL. It is recommended to establish a Jordanian standards specification for energy drinks including heavy metal, total dissolved solids, and caffeine.

Association between Energy Drink Consumption and Sleep in High School Students Based on the 15th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey

Association between Energy Drink Consumption and Sleep in High School Students Based on the 15th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey

A Scoping Review on Energy Drink Consumption Among Adolescents and Young Adults

This scoping review aimed to identify empirical studies that have explored the use of energy drink consumption among adolescents and young adults. Method: A scoping review search was conducted in the following five databases: PubMed, Embase, Lilacs, Scopus, and Psycnet. Some inclusion criteria, such as being published in the last 10 years, and exclusion criteria, such as article type, animal-model usage, and age, were used to select the studies, and 11 were analyzed independently. Results: The results showed that adolescents use energy drinks for many factors, such as connection with peers and family, propaganda, and taste. Some studies have been developed in Australia and the United States of America, and some have explored other variables associated with energy drinks and alcohol use. Conclusion: It is essential to understand how energy drink consumption and behaviors are related to health or risky behavior and its associations with other drugs. More research is needed to explore the long-term health impacts of energy drink consumption during the critical developmental periods of childhood and adolescence, as well as its association with alcohol and other substances. The findings underline the importance of stringent regulations, public health policies, and educational initiatives to mitigate the risks associated with energy drink consumption among adolescents. Future research is essential to understand the long-term implications and develop effective preventive strategies to safeguard adolescent health and well-being.

Soft and energy drinks consumption and associated factors in Saudi adults: a national cross-sectional study.

The consumption of soft and energy drinks poses a significant risk for non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes and heart disease. Studies in Saudi Arabia have reported elevated consumption of soft/energy drinks, but nation-wide data is not available. Therefore, this study aims to explore the prevalence of soft and energy drinks consumption and its associated factors among a representative sample of Saudi adults. The present research is a secondary data analysis of the 2021 Sharik Diet and Health National Survey (SDHNS). Current analysis used data on socio-demographics, anthropometrics, physical activity, and soft and energy drink consumption. The frequency of soft and energy drinks consumption is assessed on a weekly basis. Of the 5,194 Saudi adults, 3,928 were analyzed. Overall, 67% consumed soft drinks weekly, while 30% consumed energy drinks weekly. In multiple logistic regression, consumption of either soft drinks or energy drinks was associated with males, a younger age, lower income, and lower physical activity. Individuals with overweight or obesity were less likely to consume energy drinks [OR (95%CI): 0.83 (0.71, 0.99) and 0.73 (0.60, 0.90), respectively] than those with healthy weight. However, education level was not associated with either soft or energy drink consumption. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions designed to reduce soft and energy drinks consumption in Saudi adults.

Association between self-reported food intake and subjective sleep quality among truck drivers in a city in Southern Brazil.

Sleep is an activity of great importance for maintaining the homeostasis of the human body and some components may interfere with the quality of sleep, including the pattern of food consumption. Truck drivers may constitute a population particularly sensitive to this association, since they are routinely exposed to situations that may interfere with food intake and sleep quality. Thus, this study investigated the association between self-reported food intake and sleep quality in truck drivers. This was a cross-sectional study, with drivers who traveled in a city in southern Brazil. Food intake was evaluated through the average of food intake over the last 30 days. Food intake was evaluated in two forms: division in food groups and evaluation only tryptophan-rich foods. Sleep quality was measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). In addition to the descriptive analysis, to identify possible associations between food intake and sleep quality, linear regression, crude and adjusted for confounding variables, were performed to obtain the Beta and Beta adjusted (Betaadj), respectively, and p-value. A total of 352 truck drivers, mostly males, mean age 48.4 (±11.6) years, with a frequent consumption of meat, fruits, vegetables, sweets, and energy drinks participated in this study. The frequent consumption of dairy products (Betaadj: --0.614. p-value 0.004) and fruits (Betaadj: --0.342. p-value 0.034) was associated with lower PSQI score, while the consumption of energy drinks was associated with a higher PSQI score (Betaadj: 0.923. p-value <0.001). The frequency of consumption of tryptophan-rich foods was not associated with sleep quality. Fruits and dairy products are associated with better subjective sleep quality, while energy drinks are associated with worse sleep quality in truck drivers, whereas dietary tryptophan-rich foods intake was not associated with sleep quality.

Are teenagers 'drowning' in sports and energy drinks? The need for upstream and downstream interventions.

Sports and energy drinks are consumed regularly by adults, children and young people (CYP). The dental and wider health implications of their frequent consumption pose a challenge to dental and other health professionals alike, in particular the increasing consumption in CYP, with up to one-third drinking caffeinated energy drinks regularly. The recent popularity of products such as Prime has highlighted the role of social media and marketing on the purchasing and consumption of these drinks, particularly for CYP. This paper describes current consumption of sports and energy drinks nationally and the potential impact on general and dental health. It discusses their popularity in CYP, including purchasing habits and motivations for this age group, and the role of social media in promoting consumption. It then highlights the importance of introducing public health measures to address these factors. Finally, a key role for dental teams is proposed, with an emphasis on the importance of further research to determine the effectiveness of dietary interventions delivered by dental professionals.

Intake of Energy Drinks Before and During Pregnancy and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes

Consumption of energy drinks has increased drastically in recent years, particularly among young people. It is unknown whether intake of energy drinks is associated with health during pregnancy. To examine associations of energy drink intake before and during pregnancy with risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs). This prospective cohort study included data from women enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study 3 (NHS3) between June 1, 2010, and September 27, 2021, and the Growing Up Today Study (GUTS) who reported 1 or more singleton pregnancy from January 1, 2011, to June 1, 2019. Data were analyzed from October 1, 2021, to September 28, 2023. Intake of energy drinks, assessed by food frequency questionnaire. The main outcomes were self-reported APOs, including pregnancy loss, gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, or preterm birth, and a composite APO, defined as development of any of the APOs. Risk of APOs was compared between consumers and nonconsumers of energy drinks. This study included 7304 pregnancies in 4736 participants with information on prepregnancy energy drink intake and 4559 pregnancies in 4559 participants with information on energy drink intake during pregnancy. There were 1691 GUTS participants (mean [SD] age, 25.7 [2.9] years) and 3045 NHS3 participants (mean [SD] age, 30.2 [4.1] years). At baseline, 230 GUTS participants (14%) and 283 NHS3 participants (9%) reported any intake of energy drinks. While no associations were found for pregnancy loss (odds ratio [OR], 0.89; 95% CI, 0.71-1.11), preterm birth (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.71-1.61), gestational diabetes (OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.58-1.35), preeclampsia (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.41-1.30), or the composite APO (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.87-1.26), prepregnancy energy drink use was associated with a higher risk of gestational hypertension (OR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.12-2.29). A significant interaction was found between age and energy drink intake in relation to hypertensive disorders (P = .02 for interaction for gestational hypertension; P = .04 for interaction for any hypertensive disorders), with stronger associations for participants above the median age. No associations of energy drink intake during pregnancy with any of the APOs were found in NHS3 (eg, any APO: OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.41-1.79). In this study, energy drink intake before pregnancy was associated with an elevated risk of gestational hypertension. Given the low prevalence of energy drink intake and low consumption levels among users, the results should be interpreted cautiously.

The Era of Energy Drinks: Consumption Pattern, Awareness, Perception, and Their Adverse Impact on Adolescent Health in Egypt.

Despite the risks associated with energy drinks (EDs), the consumption of EDs remains high, especially among adolescents, so the study aimed to assess the consumption pattern, awareness, perception of EDs, and their adverse impact on adolescent health. A cross-sectional design was used. The study setting is Damanhur City, Beheira governorate, Egypt, with a sample size of 350 participants.A structured interview questionnaire was used to collect the data and consisted of five parts: socio-demographic data, pattern of use, negative adverse effects of EDs, knowledge, and perception. The data reveal that 38.5% of the studied sample consumed EDs, and 14.2% of them consumed more than one time per day. The main reason for consumption was feeling fatigue among 46.4%, followed by 28.7% to increase concentration. Only 36% had satisfactory awareness, and 45.7% perceived that excessive consumption has dangerous effects.Age, educational stage, gender, awareness, and perception are significant influencers on the consumption of EDs. The reported adverse impacts were polyuria among 51.4%, followed by tachycardia (40.0%) and insomnia (35%). About one-third of studied adolescents consume EDs regularly and reported several adverse health effects, such as polyuria and tachycardia. The main reason for consumption was feeling fatigued among about half of the studied adolescents. Low awareness levels and negative perceptions were significantly associated with consumption. Implement educational programs about EDs and their possible risks to improve the awareness level among adolescents. Further studies should be carried out across different countries.

Poor sleep is associated with energy drinks consumption among Korean adolescents.

A growing number of Korean adolescents consume energy drinks, which may increase the risk of obesity, anxiety and insomnia. We examined whether poor sleep was associated with energy drink consumption among study participants. We used a cross-sectional design. The Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey data from 2019. To determine the association between sleep and energy drink consumption, we compared the independent variables for 50,455 adolescents in Korea (aged 14-19 years) using multivariate logistic regression and sensitivity analyses. In Korea, 69·5 % adolescents consumed energy drinks, 17·1 % slept for less than 5 h, 22·4 % slept for 5-6 h, 23·8 % slept for 6-7 h, 19·9 % slept for 7-8 h and 16·7 % slept for 8 h or more. Regarding sleep satisfaction, 21·0 % reported sufficient, 32·6 % reported just enough and 46·5 % reported insufficient. Regarding sleep duration, it was found that less than 5 h (OR, 2·36; 95 % CI (2·14, 2·60)) and lower sleep satisfaction (OR, 1·12; 95 % CI (1·03, 1·21)) were highly associated with energy drink consumption, with statistical significance at P < 0·05. Adolescents with lower sleep duration (adjusted OR (aOR), 6·37; 95 % CI (4·72, 8·61)) and a lack of sleep satisfaction (aOR, 1·44; 95 % CI (1·16, 1·78)) reported drinking a high amount of energy drinks, that is, at least once a day. In addition to efforts to decrease the amount of energy drinks consumed, sleep hygiene education needs to be strengthened.

Acute electrophysiological effects of energy drink, energy gum and coffee: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled crossover study

Abstract Background Energy drink consumption is highly prevalent in young adults, especially in males, and has been associated with adverse cardiovascular events, including QT prolongation and atherothrombosis. A proposed mechanism underlying these adverse cardiovascular effects is caffeine, but this has not been systematically evaluated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the acute electrophysiological effects of energy drink consumption with other forms of caffeine consumption in young males. Methods We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study in 16 young healthy males. Each participant underwent electrocardiography assessment at pre- and post-treatment (1-hour and 2-hours) in response to 4 beverage and gum combinations: 1) energy drink + placebo gum (ED); 2) coffee + placebo gum (C); 3) placebo beverage + caffeinated energy gum (EG); and 4) placebo beverage + placebo gum (P). Caffeine content was the same in all treatment combinations and a washout period of at least 1-week was allowed among treatments. Results At 1-hour post-treatment, heart rate increased in response to ED while it decreased in response to EG (p&amp;lt;0.05 for ED vs. EG; Figure 1A). At 2-hours post-treatment, the increase in heart rate after ED and Coffee was significantly greater compared to the change in heart rate in response to the other treatments (p&amp;lt;0.05). The increase in QRS duration 1-hour post-treatment was significantly greater after ED compared to EG and Placebo (p &amp;lt;0.05). Corrected QT (QTc) duration was significantly reduced at 1-hour post-treatment in response to EG vs. ED (p&amp;lt;0.05), but was not different compared to the other treatments. At 2-hours post-treatment, QTc duration was significantly reduced in response to EG and was increased in response to Coffee (p &amp;lt; 0.05 for EG vs. ED and C, Figure 1C). The most prominent increase from baseline in the percentage of participants experiencing ventricular ectopy was in response to ED (Figure 1D). Conclusions The acute electrophysiological effects of energy drink, energy gum and coffee do not appear to be mediated by caffeine content. Further investigations are warranted to better understand the cardiovascular effects of these caffeinated products.