Theory Of Planned Behavior Constructs Research Articles

Understanding Pro-Environmental Behaviors and Intentions in Visitors to a Zoo-Based Seal Encounter

Increasing pro-environmental behavior may combat environmental deterioration and promote animal and human welfare. Using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), we investigated how an Australian zoo-based seal encounter influenced participants’ pro-environmental intentions and behavior at 1-month follow-up. Participants were 113 seal encounter visitors, with n = 29 providing 1-month post-encounter data. Pre-encounter, participants reported past and intended pro-environmental behaviors, and TPB constructs (attitudes, perceived behavioral control, subjective and moral norms). Post-encounter, participants rated their experience and future pro-environmental intentions. At 1-month follow-up, participants again reported their pro-environmental behaviors. The model explained past pro-environmental behaviors and future behavioral intentions (but not plastic use specifically), with subjective norms being the most important. Unlike past research, moral norms were not significant, perhaps due to the zoo-based research context. Importantly, participants reported a decrease in plastic use 1-month post-encounter. These findings provide suggestions for zoos to design encounters targeting subjective norms to promote pro-environmental behavior.

Applying a Combination of SEM and fsQCA to Predict Tourist Resource-Saving Behavioral Intentions in Rural Tourism: An Extension of the Theory of Planned Behavior.

How to save resources and protect the environment at destinations is one of the hot issues in tourism. One effective solution is to cultivate tourist resource-saving behavioral intentions (TRSBI). Prior studies mainly use Structural equation modeling (SEM) to explore its antecedents, whereas other potential methods (i.e., fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, fsQCA for short) have been less adopted. This study combines SEM and fsQCA to examine TRSBI in a rural tourism context. Specifically, SEM is executed to investigate how environmental concern influences TRSBI based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), while fsQCA is applied to uncover the multiple configurations in the TRSBI formation. The findings from SEM indicated that (1) environmental concern positively and directly influenced TRSBI; (2) TPB constructs (i.e., attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control) positively and separately mediated the associations of environmental concern with TRSBI. The fsQCA outcomes showed that three configurations result in a high level of TRSBI: (1) high attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, (2) high attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms, and environmental concern, and (3) high attitudes toward the behavior, perceived behavioral control, and environmental concern. The combined approaches offer a systematic and holistic solution to explore TRSBI in rural tourism.

Applying an extended prototype willingness model to predict back seat safety belt use in China

<abstract> <p>The risk of injury and death in traffic accidents for passengers in the back and front seats can be reduced by utilizing safety belts. However, passengers use back seatbelts far less frequently than those in the front. More investigation is therefore required into the psychological constructs that affect individuals' attitudes toward using back seat belts. In this study, four models were used to analyze individual intentions and actual back seat belt use: the standard theory of planned behavior (TPB); the standard prototype willingness model (PWM); a model that integrates the TPB and PWM constructs; and a model that integrates the TPB construct, PWM constructs, descriptive norms and perceived law enforcement. The results showed that the standard PWM has much more explanatory power than the standard TPB in explaining the variance in behavioral intention and behavior. Incorporating perceived behavioral control (PBC) into the standard PWM did not improve the model fit considerably, while incorporating descriptive norms and perceived law enforcement moderately improved the model fit. Attitude greatly impacted behavioral intention and the use of back seat belts, followed by perceived law enforcement and descriptive norms, while subjective norms, prototype favorability, prototype similarity and PBC had no significant effect.</p> </abstract>

The moderating role of individualism/collectivism in predicting male Chinese university students' exercise behavior using the theory of planned behavior

The purpose of this study was to check the moderating role of individualism/collectivism in predicting male Chinese university students’ exercise behavior using the theory of planned behavior (TPB) model. The TPB model was validated through SEM (structure equation model), and the moderating effect of individualism and collectivism was validated through a hierarchical regression and simple slopes analysis using a sample collected from 115 male Chinese university students. The results showed that the product terms of individualism and TPB factors were not able to significantly predict exercise intention after inclusion in the regression equation, nor were the product terms of collectivism and PBC (perceived behavior control) able to do so. However, the product terms of collectivism and attitude, as well as collectivism and SN (subjective norm) were able to significantly predict exercise intention when included in the regression equation. That is, horizontal and vertical collectivism can significantly moderate TPB constructs, primarily by moderating the relationship between attitude-exercise intention and SN-exercise intention. This study found that the predictive validity of exercise attitudes on exercise intentions in TPB constructs is greater only at low levels of horizontal and vertical collectivism and low at high levels. The predictive validity of SN is greater at high levels of horizontal and vertical collectivism and low in the inverse case. This research serves to enrich the theoretical framework for the theory of planned behavior and provides useful information for understanding university students’ exercise intentions and behaviors.

Effect of Educational Intervention Based on Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) on Doing Breast Self-examination in a Sample of Iranian Women.

Breast self-examination (BSE) is an important part of health care for all women in every stage of life. This study aimed to investigate the effect of theory of planned behavior (TPB) on doing BSE in a sample of Iranian women. A cross-sectional study was carried out to examine the factors affecting the BSE in 400 women. Then, a quasi-experimental study was conducted on 200 subjects (100 in experimental group and 100 in control group). The educational intervention for the experimental group consisted of 8 training sessions. A questionnaire including demographic characteristics, knowledge, and constructs of TPB was used to measure BSE performance before and 6 months after the intervention. Constructs of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control predicted the intention to do the BSE. The mean age of the subjects was 31.65 ± 7.59 years. The studied variables predicted 38.7% of behavioral intention (P < .001, odds ratio = 0.387). Six months after the intervention, the experimental group showed a significant increase in the knowledge, attitude, perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, intention, and BSE performance compared with the control group (P < .001). This study showed that educational intervention based on the TPB was effective in promoting breast cancer screening behavior such as BSE. Therefore, it is suggested that health educators and health care planners use educational texts based on these constructs of TPB to increase their influence on individuals via screening behavior for breast cancer.

Mask-Wearing Onboard Airplanes During COVID-19 - Identifying Passenger Segments Using Cluster Analysis

The COVID-19 crisis has had an unprecedented impact on air traffic, but its long-term effect on how people view and conduct air travel could be more significant. While some studies have identified factors that can affect the perception of COVID-19 and behaviors in transportation, few have examined factor impact at the segment level, especially with respect to mask-wearing as a protective measure onboard airplanes during COVID-19. This study fills the research gap by identifying passenger segments with different perceptions of mask use onboard airplanes, and which factor in the theory of planned behavior (TPB) model can be best distinguished in the different segments. Survey data was collected from MTurk for cluster analysis, which considered the comfort of mask-wearing, risk avoidance, and information-seeking jointly as the cluster variates. The analysis led to the formation of three passenger segments: 1) Comfort First – most attention was paid to the comfort of mask-wearing; 2) Risk Avoider – the greatest importance was given to avoiding the risk and searching for information about COVID-19; and 3) Balanced Group – having a balanced view on the importance of the three cluster variables. The multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that the three passenger segments differed most in their attitude toward masks, suggesting that attitude, compared to the other two TPB constructs (subjective norms and perceived behavioral control) can best predict the cluster membership of air travelers with regards to mask-wearing onboard airplanes. The findings provide useful guidance for the airline industry to recover safely and effectively from the COVID-19 pandemic, and may aid in preparations for future pandemics.

Reducing single-use plastic on college campuses: Theory of planned behavior-based brief interventions

Single-use plastic has devastating impacts on the natural environment and scalable theory-based interventions are urgently needed to curb plastic consumption. The purpose of this study is to test the impact of two brief plastic reduction interventions on consumption on college campuses and whether these effects will be mediated by changes in the extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) model consisting of attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, moral norms, descriptive norms, and self-identity. 375 undergraduate students (77% female) from two colleges in the southeastern US completed baseline measures of plastic consumption beliefs and behavior in line with the extended TPB model. Participants were then randomized into one of three groups - control group (n = 152), app intervention group (who tracked plastic behavior on a mobile phone app for a week and received TPB-based daily messages via push notifications; n = 89), or pledge intervention group (who made a pledge to reduce plastic for a week and received TPB-based daily messages via email; n = 134). All participants completed the survey again after the intervention week. Results showed that the extended TPB model along with the intervention condition significantly predicted changes in plastic behavior over the week, (R2 = 0.24, p < .001). Additionally, mediation analysis revealed that the pledge group (compared to the control group) reported a significant decrease in plastic consumption over the week-long intervention, with indirect effects via changes in attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and descriptive norms. The app group (compared to the control group) decreased plastic consumption less and showed no change to the extended TPB constructs. Results suggest that plastic reduction interventions that influence the extended TPB constructs can be expected to have corresponding changes in plastic consumption behavior.

The transformation of government employees’ behavioural intention towards the adoption of E-government services: An empirical study

Electronic government is increasingly dominant in the study of public administration. In analysing people's behavioural factors towards the adoption of e-services, most previous studies targeted the adult population, while those on government employees are minimal. Government employees have an essential function in the process of government operation; they can be regarded as the principal medium of communication between the service provider (government) and the end-users (citizens). This study was designed to understand the government employees' behavioural factors on their intentions towards adopting e-government services. A set of semi-structured interview questions was developed based on the prior literature on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and e-government studies. Ten in-depth interviews were conducted in Macao SAR (Special Administrative Region). In addition to analysing the three primary constructs of TPB, the factor of Trust and some enablers and hindrances were identified. Significant findings were yielded while investigating how the government employees perceived the e-services and how they regarded the general public's perception of this issue. This contextualisation would help policymakers look at this issue from different perspectives and design feasible interventions according to group alignment strategies.

Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior Approach in the Sustainability of Electronic Waste Management: Critical Success Factors for Extended Producer Responsibility in Uganda

Governments and its citizens contribute enormously to the electronic waste problem in relation to the consumption and its generation posing serious threat to the management of wastes. Uganda government is yet to enact an Extended Producer Responsibility related laws within their national legislations to manage E-waste effectively. The paper aims to examine the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) system critical success factors based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and consider ecological design concept as a potential extension of the TPB in promoting sustainable electronic waste management. The survey questionnaires were administered to expert environmental-oriented government employees. Data was analysed by means of the Partial-LeastSquares Structural-Equation-Modelling. The findings demonstrate that the developed conceptual framework explain 52.4% variance in the intentions to participate and practice EPR systems, thus reflecting a good explanatory power while confirming the model robustness. The results illustrate all TPB constructs of attitude, intentions, perceived behavioral control and subjective norm, towards EPR schemes have significant positive effect on the outcome of sustainable E-waste management. Exceptionally, it indicates ecological design is the most influential predictor of sustainable E-waste management for implementation of EPR systems. Building on the study results, for proper electronic waste management programs deployment, and successful implementation of EPR systems, developing countries should target the TPB constructs, and ecological design as an extension factor. As policy implication, government should emphasize the nurturing of good ecological design behavior of organizations and also encourage effort toward green actions taken through penalties and incentives and by laws and regulations.

Instrumental vs. experiential attitudes in the theory of planned behaviour: two studies on intention to perform a recommended amount of physical activity

ABSTRACT The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends at least 150 min per week of moderate to intense physical activity to mitigate the negative health consequences of physical inactivity. A great deal of research has applied the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), revealing the importance of attitudes towards physical activity. Most of these studies have focused on instrumental attitudes, at the expense of attitudes based on affective or experiential considerations. In two studies (N = 780), we administered measures of instrumental and experiential attitudes as well as measures of subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, and intentions. Results show that, when instrumental and experiential attitudes were clearly distinguished from each other (Study 1), the latter were better predictors of intentions to engage in the WHO-recommended amount of physical activity than the former, and they significantly increased explained variance in intention by 8% over and above the other TPB constructs. When the two types of attitudes were not clearly distinguishable (Study 2), experiential attitudes accounted for little additional variance in intentions.

Prediction of Helmet Use Behavior among Motorcyclists Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior.

Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are one of the most critical factors that endanger human health. More specifically, head and neck injuries are the main causes of deaths and disabilities among motorcyclists. This study aimed to investigate the predictive factors of helmet use behavior among motorcyclists based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB). This study followed the cross-sectional design. This study was conducted on randomly selected 730 motorcyclist employees in Qom, Iran, in 2021. The data collection tool was a self-administered researcher-made questionnaire, including items on demographic characteristics, history of RTIs, and constructs of TPB. Data were analyzed using descriptive summary statistics, analysis of variance, independent samples t test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and structural equation modeling (SEM). In this study, only 9.8% of the participants reported that they always used a helmet while riding a motorcycle. About 60% reported a history of a motorcycle crash, and 11.5% had a history of head injuries. The direct effect of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control on the intention to use a helmet were statistically significant, explaining 59% of the variation in behavioral intention (intention to use a helmet) (R2=0.59). Moreover, perceived behavioral control and behavioral intention had significant effects on helmet use behavior (R2=0.26). The prevalence of helmet use among the studied population was very low. Moreover, TPB was useful in identifying the determinants of behavior and especially behavioral intention of helmet use among motorcyclists.

Too close for comfort: A mixed methods study to understand self-reported tailgating using the theory of planned behaviour

BackgroundTailgating (following a lead vehicle too closely) is a key contributor to crashes and injury. While vehicle technology has the potential to reduce the trauma resulting from tailgating, full market penetration of these technologies is some time away. In the meantime, efforts to improve road safety can focus on supporting safer driver behaviour by targeting motivations for this behaviour. MethodA mixed methods design was used to understand reasons why drivers tailgate and potential countermeasures to reduce this behaviour. Qualitative data from 247 drivers (males = 29 %; mean age = 39.86; SD = 14.39) were sought to understand circumstances when drivers are tailgated and when they report tailgating. In a second study, 736 drivers (males = 41 %; mean age = 37.69; SD = 14.27) responded to questions developed from the qualitative findings to quantify the frequency of tailgating and reasons behind it. The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) was applied to understand whether self-reported intention to tailgate could be predicted by attitudes, perceived social acceptance of the behaviour, perceived behavioural control, and past tailgating behaviour. ResultsTailgating was a common behaviour. All drivers in the first study had experienced being tailgated by other drivers, while 77% had tailgated other vehicles; albeit 55% reported this was rare. Tailgating was unintentional (due to dense traffic; or lack of knowledge of safe following distance recommendations) or intentional (due to pressure from other drivers, anger or to change others’ behaviour). Structural equation modelling showed that TPB constructs of attitude, social norms, perceived behavioural control and past tailgating behaviour predicted intention to tailgate, accounting for 66% of the variance. ConclusionTPB is a useful framework for explaining tailgating behaviour, or at least the intention to tailgate, and to develop interventions. These could focus on education of the risks of tailgating, the recommended safe following distances as well as strategies to support drivers maintaining safe following distances across different speed zones.

Understanding barriers to mental healthcare access by integrating stigma theory and the theory of planned behavior

ABSTRACT The inability to access needed mental healthcare can be a challenge for individuals situated in various social environments and can be understood and predicted via multiple theoretical perspectives. This paper explores access to mental healthcare through the lenses of stigma theory and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) by presenting central tenants of the theories and a brief review of empirical evidence in support of the individual theories. The combined TPB and stigma theory model merges self-stigma with the TPB construct of attitude and public stigma within the construct of subjective norms. A case example illustrates the application of the combined model in understanding barriers to mental health treatment. Discussion of the case study within the combined theoretical framework also acknowledges how culture within the social environment could have impacted mental health outcomes. Thus, it is necessary to intervene in areas of attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and stigma to shape the social environment through policy, practice and research and to improve mental health.

Drivers of support for citizen science across state wildlife management agencies in the United States.

Citizen science (CS) is gaining recognition as a valuable approach to meet data needs for environmental projects while fostering collaboration between scientists and members of the public. Despite increasing implementation of CS by natural resource entities, organizations' motivations for engaging in CS remain poorly understood. We examined the utility of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and social exchange theory (SET) in identifying factors influencing support of CS by scientific organizations. To test predictions of the TPB and SET theories, we surveyed (quantitative, web based) state wildlife agency staff in the United States on their perceptions of organizational engagement in CS. We divided questions that measured TPB items into individual and organizational components to address the influence of personal- and organization-level decision-making on staff perceptions and attitudes. We used structural equation modeling to identify key constructs that influence staff support of CS in state wildlife agencies. The survey yielded 627 responses across 44 states. Both TPB and SET constructs accurately predicted staff support of CS; however, measures from SET (e.g., public engagement benefits and costs of CS to scientific credibility) were most influential (i.e., TPB constructs had less impact). Our findings indicate that organizational support for CS is primarily influenced by assessment of trade-offs among perceived costs and benefits. Indicators of support for CS were further elucidated by including measures from the TPB model. Based on our results, we suggest that natural resource entities give careful consideration to CS project design, develop thorough communication and data management plans, and practice iterative evaluation of CS project productivity.

Predicting young drivers’ safe behaviour of stopping in the dilemma zone

Young drivers are overrepresented in road crashes, half of which occur at intersections in urban areas. One area of focus for crashes at intersections is the dilemma zone, when a driver approaches a signalised intersection at the onset of the yellow light and is unsure whether to continue through or to stop. A challenge in this area of research has been the lack of focus on safe, rather than risky, driving behaviours of young drivers at intersections and a paucity of research on psychosocial factors that motivate driving decisions at intersections. This study aimed to explain young drivers’ intentions and predict their self-reported behaviour of stopping in the dilemma zone (the safe behaviour), using psychosocial factors which influence behaviour in young drivers. Participants were N = 180 young drivers from Queensland. An initial online survey presented three unique scenarios to participants: a general dilemma zone situation, the dilemma zone whilst running late and the dilemma zone where the vehicle in front drives through the yellow light. Participants responded to items measuring Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) constructs extended with prototype perceptions and willingness constructs from the Prototype Willingness Model (PWM). A follow-up online survey measured participants’ self-reported driving behaviours in the previous three weeks, in each scenario. Hierarchical multiple regressions found that the TPB and PWM constructs significantly explained between 59.1 % and 72.7 % of the variance in intentions to stop. This suggested the utility of extending the TPB with a social-reaction decision making model such as the PWM. The follow-up survey (N = 74), found that intentions, but not PBC or willingness, significantly predicted 29 % of the variance in young drivers’ self-reported stopping behaviour for the general scenario and the running late scenario and 10.8 % for the vehicle in front scenario. The findings of this study suggest the value of researching young drivers’ safe behaviours and provide information on psychosocial factors, such as prototype perceptions, that road safety interventions can target in order to reduce road crashes. Additionally, these findings provide evidence for the use of the PWM to extend the TPB, and in investigating young drivers’ decisions in the dilemma zone.

Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior to predict community pharmacists’ intention to provide diabetes care

BackgroundThe role of the pharmacist has changed from dispensing medicines, to working with other healthcare professionals to assure appropriate medication therapy management. This study assessed community pharmacists’ intention regarding diabetes care based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in Alexandria, Egypt.MethodsA sample of 385 community pharmacies with one index per site (one pharmacist per pharmacy) was recruited in the sample using a multistage random sampling technique. This cross-sectional survey was performed using a self-administered questionnaire that measured the constructs of TPB. A structural equation model was used to identify specific factors that most contribute to and predict pharmacists’ intention to provide diabetes care.ResultsThe sample included 385 pharmacies, approximately half of them (51.4%) were males and the majority of them (94%) had a bachelor’s degree in pharmaceutical sciences. Intention was significantly correlated with attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control. “Regular screening for complications can improve quality of life for diabetic patients” (β = 1.131) was the most specific factor motivating pharmacists to perform diabetes care, while “some physicians do not appreciate pharmacists’ involvement in diabetic care” was the most specific factor that negatively influenced intention of pharmacists to provide diabetes care (β = 4.283).ConclusionCommunity pharmacists demonstrated a positive attitude, perceived significant approval from others and felt able to intervene in diabetes care. However, lack of physician collaboration was a specific hindering factor for pharmacists’ practice of diabetes care.

Factors Associated With Anabolic Steroids Use in Bodybuilding Athletes Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior

Background: Athletes’ use of androgenic-anabolic steroids (AASs) is a significant health problem. This study aimed to determine factors associated with AAS in male bodybuilders by applying the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Methods: Using a multistage random sampling procedure, this descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was performed on 429 athletes participating in gyms in Qom, Iran, in 2019. The data collection tool was a questionnaire, including demographic information and questions related to TPB constructs. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, logistic regression, and linear regression using SPSS software, version 16. Results: The results demonstrated that 188 (48.2%) athletes had a history of AAS use. The attitude (β=0.39), subjective norm (β=0.26), and perceived behavioral control (β=-0.36) predicted 38% of the variance of intention to AAS use. Further, behavioral intention was the statistically significant predictor of AAS use among the studied athletes (OR=0.83, 95% CI: 0.78-0.87). Variables such as having friends (OR=2.06, 95% CI: 1.28-3.30) or a sports coach using AAS (OR=3.1, 95% CI: 1.58-6.42) and having a history of supplementation use (OR=5.8, 95% CI: 2.65-12.8), along with age (OR=4.3, 95% CI: 0.35-53.6) had a significantly predictive role in using AAS. Conclusion: The findings revealed that nearly half of the studied athletes had a history of using AAS and supplements. TPB is applicable to identify the determinants of beliefs, intention, and behavior to use AAS among athletes. These findings can be useful in designing appropriate programs to prevent AAS use.

Estimating farmers' intention towards institutional credit adoption by using extended theory of planned behavior

AbstractThe role of socio‐psychological factors on farmers' institutional credit adoption intention is rarely studied in the context of developing nations. This study estimates the direct and mediating association of various socio‐psychological factors with farmers' institutional credit adoption intention. An extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) was adopted and empirically tested using the cross‐sectional data from 384 farmers from West Bengal. The study used structural equation model for the mediation analysis. Results showed that primary TPB constructs like attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control were positively and significantly associated with the intention of institutional credit adoption. Besides direct effect, the primary TPB constructs mediated the relationship between institutional credit adoption intention and other explanatory constructs used in this study. Findings predicted a positive partial mediation between trusted information sources, formal education level, coping appraisal, risk perception, and farmers' formal credit borrowing intention. Risk perception displayed a direct and mediated, however, negative, association with farmers' institutional credit adoption intention. These findings provide a clear understanding of factors predicting farmers' intention to adopt institutional credit and comprehensive insight into establishing policies for effective institutional lending at the ground level. The study delivers a paramount scientific perspective to the policymaker of developing countries suffering from insufficient institutional credit penetration in the farming community to design practicable frameworks and incentivize policies to motivate farmers in institutional credit borrowing.

Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to assess community pharmacists' intention to prescribe using the Formulary and Protocol Compendia.

Oregon pharmacists can autonomously prescribe hormonal contraception, naloxone, and various medications and devices from a Formulary and Protocol Compendia (FPC). Prescribing using the FPC has seen limited uptake. (1) Assess Oregon community pharmacists' intention to prescribe using the FPC; (2) Determine the impact that attitudes, subjective norms (SN), perceived behavioral control (PBC), perceived obligation, and past prescribing behavior have on pharmacists' intention to prescribe; (3) Examine the relationship between beliefs and pharmacists' attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. This study was conducted as a cross sectional survey, which was developed based on the results of a previously conducted research project. A modified version of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was the study framework. All Oregon community pharmacists with a public email address were invited to participate. The questionnaire collected information on TPB constructs as well as demographic and practice information. TPB constructs were measured directly (intention, attitudes, SN, PBC, perceived obligation, and past prescribing behavior) and indirectly (attitudes, SN, and PBC). Descriptive statistics were used for all items. Multiple linear regression was used to assess Objectives 2 and 3. There were 175 useable responses included in the analysis of the estimated 1015 community pharmacists that received the survey invitation (17%). Respondents had 16.5±13.3 years in practice, 60% held a PharmD degree, and 69% had prescribed in some manner before. Mean intention to prescribe using the FPC was 5.0±1.5 (7-point scale with 7 indicating higher intention). Attitudes, SN, PBC, and PO were significant predictors of intention to prescribe, while past prescribing behavior was not (Adj R²=0.741, p&lt;.0001). Attitudes were explained by beliefs about increasing patient access (p=.0179). PBC was explained by beliefs about having policies and procedures in place (p=.004) and feeling comfortable prescribing (p=.008). Oregon community pharmacists have a positive intention to prescribe using the FPC, but actual uptake remains low. Efforts to increase uptake should focus on the beliefs that contribute most strongly to pharmacist intention.

Behavioural Theories and Purchase Intention of Renewable Energy Technologies—A Meta-Analysis

Theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and technology acceptance model (TAM) are two behavioural theories that have been widely applied to understand the association between their constructs and purchase intention (PI) of renewable energy technologies (RETs). There is a need to synthesise these studies to understand the overall strength of association between their constructs and PI of RETs. With this objective in view, we conducted a meta-analysis of 41 studies that applied TPB and TAM or both to understand the PI of RETs. The results showed that all the constructs of TPB and TAM have a medium to large association, with perceived utility and attitude showing the strongest relationship with r = 0.536 and 0.487, respectively. To explore the reasons for heterogeneity in studies, moderator analysis was done by considering Hofstede’s cultural dimension of individualism, the economic development level of the countries, and sample-related moderators such as the educational qualifications of the respondents. Moderator analysis gave mixed results.