Language Constructs Research Articles

A Multimodal Discourse Analysis of the Geographical Indication trademark of China Intangible Cultural Heritage

Guided by the theories of systemic functional linguistics and social semiotics, this paper analyzes the specific embodiment of representational, interactive and compositional meanings of the geographical indication trademark of China intangible cultural heritage within the theoretical framework of multimodal discourse analysis. Based on the analysis results, this paper aims to reveal the effective linkage and meaning construction of language and images while expressing the deep value meaning of intangible cultural heritage geographical trademark and provide ideas to raise people’s concern over and multimodal literacy of China intangible cultural heritage, thus better protect and promote it.

Black Women Abroad: Constructions of Gender, Race, Language, and Culture

In this qualitative study, we describe how gender, race, language, and culture cumulatively shape researcher development. Using a collaborative autoethnographic design, we theorize about our experiences as two Black women who conducted their dissertation research in Brazil and Ethiopia. Our data sources include retrospective interviews, journal reflections, and researcher memos. We arrive at four themes that reflect our development as researchers: (a) the importance of a boundary spanner, (b) the power of local knowledge, (c) negotiating the use of local and “international” languages, and (d) researcher assumptions developed due to the perceptions of others. We make sense of these themes using an integrative framework that combines a researcher development model and a conceptualization of Black feminist qualitative inquiry. Our findings have implications for practitioners supporting doctoral students of color and researchers who use Black feminist epistemologies to conduct autoethnographic work. By sharing these themes, we contribute to theory, research, and practice about underrepresented researchers in postsecondary environments, particularly related to the linguistic and cultural aspects of doctoral research.

Best Practices for Test Construction based on Test of English for Aviation Personnel (TEAP)

The paper presents best practices necessary for constructing mandatory tests for aviation/aeronautical purposes. Based on the TEAP test, we will show an example of the test form and content in accordance with the ICAO recommendations. We will analyse all the components and talk about their functions. The TEAP test has been used in Ukraine since November 2007. The Test specifications were piloted on 1114 Ukrainian ATCOs during the years of 2007–2009. The TEAP has been authorised by Ukrainian Civil Aviation Authority as a test to be used in Ukraine for licensure purposes of both controllers and pilots. In this paper, the language construct is considered as a benchmark for all aspects of ICAO language proficiency requirements implementation through aviation personnel teaching and testing. According to the Dictionary of Language Testing (1999), a ‘construct’ is defined as an ability or sets of abilities that will be reflected in test performance, and about which inferences can be made on the basis of test scores. The Test practices will be presented on a large-scale format including examiners and raters’ functions which should be viewed as crucial factors to provide the best test qualities – validity, reliability and practicality. Therefore, the TEAP specifications will be presented with the reference to the ICAO Chapter 6 provisions and the roles of examiners/raters as part of the testing system.

FUNDAMENTALS OF MEDICINAL BIOMAGNETISM

Medicinal Biomagnetism (MB) is a therapy for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases using static magnetic fields. It is based on physical-chemical and physiopathological principles. To understand the technique, it is necessary to present the concepts of magnetism, potential of hydrogen, magnetic resonance, entropy, symbiosis, homeostasis, and the rheology of fluids. Understanding the fundamentals of MB is the first step towards the construction of a scientific language, as well as for the understanding and clinical interpretation of its results. This study is a narrative review of the literature that aims to present the fundamentals of MB within the principles of physics, chemistry, biology, physiology, and biochemistry to serve as a basis for technique application and for new scientific research projects in the area. Most of the studies that have applied the technique could not be considered for analysis due to a lack of the necessary methodological rigor, while others were derived from end-of-course papers and are not yet published. Regarding the investigated fundamentals, a vast body of literature was found, and its relationship with MB can be explored. It is concluded that there is coherence between the theoretical bases already substantiated in science and the principles of MB.

HOTS Questions Validity Test Class VII at MTs Nurul Falah Palembang

HOTS is a learning evaluation activity that trains students' higher order thinking skills. Based on the results of observations, it showed that students had not been able to work on questions at the HOTS level. This is caused by several things (1) there is no guideline for preparing HOTS questions for teachers (2) the awareness of teachers to make HOTS questions is still very low. Based on this urgency, the purpose of this research is to produce valid hot questions at MTs Nurul Falah Palembang. This research uses the Tessmer model. The formative research type Tessmer development model is adopted as the research model. The self-assessment stage, the formative evaluation stage (prototyping), which includes expert and one-to-one evaluation (low resistance to revision) and small group feedback, and the field test stage are the four stages of this study (high resistance). The results of the research and discussion have been carried out that the validity test after being tested through 3 aspects, namely aspects of language assessment, material and construction that the hots question development product at MTS Nurul Falah Palembang was declared valid.

Specification of the Procedural Programming Language

A simple procedural programming language is considered, each program of which can input integer values, process them and output new integer values as result. A program is a block with description of local integer variables and procedures and a list of statements. The language has data processing statements: assignment, input, output, conditional, loop, procedure call and block. Main purpose of the block is to enter local data (integer variables and procedures) that are used in the body of the block – a list of operators. The scope of the name of the local data described in the block is the text of the block except for nested blocks, where this name is redefined. A mechanism of automatic memory allocation for variables entered in the block is also associated with the block. Memory for local variables is allocated when entering a block, and freed when exiting a block. A block containing only a list of statements is valid. The procedure has a name, list of formal parameters, and a body – a statement (most often a block). Formal parameters are applied only in its body. A procedure is calculated by the procedure call statement, whose actual parameters are only variables. Parameters are passed by reference (pass-by-reference).A formal specification of a programming language is a description of its syntax and semantics. A concrete syntax, finite set of rules, singles out syntactically correct sequences of symbols of the alphabet of language. To describe the semantics of a language, as a rule, abstract syntax is used, adding contextual conditions to it. The task of semantics is to introduce the denotations (“meanings”) of the basic constructions of language and semantic functions that build the denotations of complex syntactic constructions based on the denotations of their components, including the program.The article provides a specification of a procedural programming language that uses the extended Backus-Naur form to describe a concrete syntax, and the tools of the functional language Haskell to describe other parts. Abstract syntax is defined by the types Program, Proc, Stmt, Expr and Op. Additional contextual conditions are predicates that use information about program data. Most of the context conditions are related to the correct use of data in the program. The leading predicate that checks the context conditions of the program pr is iswfProgram pr.The language denotations are based on the Work type. The value of this type – a tuple (inp, stg, out) models the environment in which the language program is executed: inp - input data, stg – memory containing variable values, out – resulting data. The semantics of main constructions procedure, statement and expression are functions of the type Work -> Work or Work -> Integer. The semantics of the program is a function of the type [Integer] -> [Integer]. Semantic functions build these denotations according to syntactic constructions, which are described by abstract syntax – Proc, Stmt, Expr, Program types. The semantics of the program (Program) pr is built by function iProgram pr.All functions: contextual conditions, denotations and semantic functions are pure functions. Using Haskell tools, a function called parsePLL is built, which connects concrete and abstract syntax. It is shown how by combining the functions parsePLL, iswfProgram and iProgram you can get a procedural language – a pure function with the name interpret.

The Validity And Reliability Of The Turkish Version Of The Modified Yale Food Addiction Scale Version 2.0

Introduction and aim: Randolph first proposed the concept of food addiction (FA) in 1956, but it has become more emphasized with the spread of obesity in recent years. In this study, we aimed to test the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the modified Yale food addiction scale version 2.0, which has been developed to evaluate the substance use disorder criteria in DSM V in 2017 in terms of food addiction.
 Materials and methods: The methodological and descriptive study was performed in seven family medicine units between June 2017 and March 2018. A total of 271 people was included in the study, and the questionnaire was asked to answer a total of 32 questions, including 13 questions about phrasing, socio-demographic characteristics, habits, current diseases, and 19 questions about weight. In statistical analyses, the validity of the scale was tested for language validity, content validity, factor validity, and construct validity. In the reliability analysis, internal consistency and time invariance of the scale against time were evaluated. A p-value of

Static Profiling of Alloy Models

Modeling of software-intensive systems using formal declarative modeling languages offers a means of managing software complexity through the use of abstraction and early identification of correctness issues by formal analysis. Alloy is one such language used for modeling systems early in the development process. Little work has been done to study the styles and techniques commonly used in Alloy models. We present the first static analysis study of Alloy models. We investigate research questions that examine a large corpus of 1,652 Alloy models. To evaluate these research questions, we create a methodology that leverages the power of ANTLR pattern matching and the query language XPath. Our research questions are split into two categories depending on their purpose. The Model Characteristics category aims to identify <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">what</i> language constructs are used commonly. Modeling Practices questions are considerably more complex and identify <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">how</i> modelers are using Alloy's constructs. We also evaluate our research questions on a subset of models from our corpus written by expert modelers. We compare the results of the expert corpus to the results obtained from the general corpus to gain insight into how expert modelers use the Alloy language. We draw conclusions from the findings of our research questions and present actionable items for educators, language and environment designers, and tool developers. Actionable items for educators are intended to highlight underutilized language constructs and features, and help student modelers avoid discouraged practices. Actionable items aimed at language designers present ways to improve the Alloy language by adding constructs or removing unused ones based on trends identified in our corpus of models. The actionable items aimed at environment designers address features to facilitate model creation. Actionable items for tool developers provide suggestions for back-end optimizations.

A CONSTRUÇÃO DE UM DIREITO POLICIAL: A conexão entre a polícia e a sociedade

In Brazil, there is no continuous doctrine of public security that allows for the convergence of legal points regarding the exercise of police activities. Faced with this reality, this article lecture about the need to create Police Law, still unexplored in the brazilian legal system, for the security of the legal security of police activities and for the promotion of the fundamental rights and guarantees of the citizen enshrined in the constitutional text. The research methodology is qualitative, exploratory and descriptive. Thus, without intending to deepen, the study is guided, especially, by Guedes Valente&amp;#39;s thesis on the General Theory of Police Law and by Niklas Luhmann&amp;#39;s theory of law. Finally, an integrative communication between the social system, the legal system and the police system is proposed for the construction of police legal language which is characterized as a connection between the police and society.

Stories of names: exploring Chinese high school language-other-than-English learners’ foreign name(s) usage and its role in multilingual identity construction

ABSTRACT Names serve as a rudimentary bond that connects us to the world. The relationship between language learners’ foreign names adoption and their identity construction has been receiving increased attention. With most studies conducted in English-learning contexts, this study contributes to this line of research by adopting a multilingual framework to explore the role of name choices in the construction of Chinese high school language(s)-other-than-English learners’ multilingual and linguistic identities. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten students who studied multiple foreign languages, focusing on their self-perceptions in relation to different names and their stories of identity negotiation through name usage in various social and linguistic settings. Findings show that names are vehicles of meaning that transmit messages to both the bearer and the people around them. The learners adeptly navigated among names of different linguistic origins, which enriched their identity as multilinguals. The choice, creation, adoption and rejection of foreign names reflected learners’ agency along with their struggles as multilingual learners and users on various sociocultural levels. It is argued that learners’ usage or non-usage of foreign names and their multilingual identity share a co-constitutive relationship and that names reflect, perform and shape the bearers’ multilingual identity.

Design and construction of the Tracking Written Learner Language (TRAWL) Corpus: A longitudinal and multilingual young learner corpus

This article describes the design and construction of the Tracking Written Learner Language (TRAWL) Corpus. The corpus combines several features that are all rare for learner corpora: it is longitudinal, following individual pupils over several years; it has data from young learners from school years 5 to 13 (ages 10–18); it is multilingual, containing learners’ texts in several L3s (French, German and Spanish), L2 English and L1 Norwegian; and it includes teacher comments on a number of the texts. In addition, some of the texts exist in both a first and a second revised version, all tied to a rich set of meta-data. Not only does such a corpus offer new possibilities for research on language acquisition in general; it can also be used to provide valuable insights for teachers, teacher training and policymaking within the national context of Norway. In this article, we describe the design of the TRAWL Corpus and outline its uses and benefits for the research community. We also describe the compilation process in the hope that it may inspire and enable others to build similar corpora for their own national contexts.

The Use of Written Feedback Strategies to Reduce Tensions in Mentoring Relationships: A Reflective Case Study

In this paper, the author adopts a reflective case study approach to evaluate the management of rapport and power issues in her relationship with her mentee at a postgraduate mentoring programme at a British university. The evaluation focuses on the outcomes of adopting suitable feedback strategies and language constructions for providing verbal and written feedback to her mentee to mitigate tensions in the relationship. The paper also presents insights into the author’s reflective evaluation of her mentoring approach, the nature of the tensions encountered and how she addressed those challenges through feedback techniques. Audio recordings from pre- and post-observation meetings and the researcher’s written feedback reports were used as data in the study. The analysis’s primary focus was identifying distinct language patterns in vocal and written communication and how they might have assisted and constrained the possibility of mentee reflection and rapport. Findings indicate that careful use of language structures, namely, hedged markers, first-person references, conversational registers, and reflective questions, may assist in establishing rapport in mentoring relationships and, consequently, reduce tensions to some extent. The study is helpful for new mentors and teacher educators interested in knowing more about the nature and complexities of near-peer mentoring relations and effective feedback techniques.

Expansion of verb-argument construction repertoires in L2 English writing

Abstract This paper investigates the use of English verb-argument constructions (VACs) in second language writing in light of usage-based constructionist approaches to language development. It employs a comprehensive list of VACs to analyze every sentence in 390 essays written by L2 learners of three levels, i.e., Low, Mid, and High, and examines the theoretical hypotheses that the repertoires of VACs expand along with L2 proficient profile and that individual VACs, albeit varying in their expansion patterns, compose a structured inventory based on constructional information. Results indicate that L2 learners of higher proficiency used significantly more types of VACs than those of lower proficiency. It is also found that significant expansions of individual VACs appeared at different L2 proficiency levels. For example, the use of [Verb + NP complement] construction significantly increased between Low and Mid, not between Mid and High, whereas the [Verb + Prepositional object] construction significantly expanded throughout the three proficiency levels. Finally, there were strong cluster effects in the expansion of VACs as small sets of VACs showed similar by-text co-occurrence patterns.

Areality of clause-linkage: The consecutive construction in languages of Veracruz

The consecutive construction was once thought to be unique to African languages. Subsequent work has demonstrated its existence in languages spoken in different parts of the world (e.g., Australia and Oceania). Intriguingly, it often occurs in areal clusters. Its areality is a puzzle, because such constructions are deeply embedded in grammars (i.e., marked with affixes, clitics, or conjunctions), and the forms of the markers themselves are not shared across language boundaries. Here it is shown that Veracruz is another zone where this clause-linkage pattern is attested. Examination of a set of unrelated languages indigenous to Veracruz: Huasteca Nahuatl, Papantla Totonac, San Gabriel Huastec, and Uxpanapa Chinantec, sheds some light on how such areal patterns might come about. Based on a number of intra-genetic variance analyses, systematically informed by what is known from social/cultural history, it is proposed that Huasteca Nahuatl served as the source. The consecutive pattern in Huasteca Nahuatl has different functions. It is used for indicating temporal subsequence, motion-cum-purpose, tail-head linkage, afterthoughts, and commands. Some neighboring languages have copied some of these functions, and developed others.

The communicative strategy of sympathy: linguistic means of expression and problems of translation

The article is devoted to the analysis of linguistic means for describing the communicative strategy of sympathy. The study is based on the interpretation of the communicative strategy as a communication model aimed at planning the speech process. The article describes the linguistic means of expressing the communicative strategy of sympathy in English and the activity of using it. In the list of linguistic means, the following ones are marked with certain productivity: certain lexical items, in particular poor; standardized phrases, clichés, etc. The study analyzes the typical means of expressing sympathy, in particular language constructions, in the Ukrainian language. Some language means of expressing sympathy in the Ukrainian language reinforce the dynamic change of speech dynamics. The specificity of the communicative strategy of sympathy in both English and Ukrainian languages is characterized based on fiction. The techniques during the translation of the communicative strategy of sympathy from English to Ukrainian have been determined.

Chinese Writing: Soviet Experiments of the 1920s and 1930s

Attempts to translate Chinese writing from a hieroglyphic basis to a phonetic one have been known since the 19th century. In the 1920s in the Soviet Union, for political, “technical” and other reasons, a course was taken to transfer hieroglyphic writing to a Latin basis. This process also affected the Chinese language. The second reason for the course towards the romanization of Chinese writing was the hope of the USSR authorities for the development of the revolutionary movement in China — the Latin alphabet was considered to be one of the “revolutionization” aspects for Chinese population. In 1929, the “Project of the Chinese alphabet on a Latinized basis” was published in the USSR. In 1931, the revised project was approved at a conference in Vladivostok. However, the subsequent introduction of the new Chinese alphabet in the USSR gradually turned into clashes “with political overtones”. The main “stumbling block” was the orientation of this alphabet towards “foreign” (“English”) standards, which some Soviet experts considered a “gross political mistake.” After gradual shift away from romanization in the USSR in 1935 and Japan’s attack on China in 1937, the romanization of Chinese writing lost its relevance. In general, the experiment with Chinese writing was an original page of “language construction” in the USSR, although in fact it ended in failure.

Status and Trends of Research on China’s Third Front Construction in English Language and Brief Comparison With Chinese Counterpart

Third Front construction was a massive defensive industrialization and economic campaign in response to the threat of war from both the Soviet Union and the United States in the 1960s in the remote and isolated hinterlands of China, which remained a top secret for many years before 1980s. Academic community has been making growing efforts in exploring its origin, history, development and influence ever since. As the largest industrial relocation in modern Chinese history, it is crucial for understanding the complexity of China today. Based on the bibliometric analysis of the retrieved and pruned 370 bibliographic references from Google Scholar, this article identified the major references, leading authors, contributing journals, productive countries or territories and cooperating institutions, as well as hot topics and emerging trends of the research on Third Front construction. By adopting VOSviewer as the visualizing tool, the paper found that Third Front construction continues to be a hot research topic with growing trend from the perspectives of historical background, macro-policy, industrial development, third-front cities and modern development of the Third Front construction in China. It also revealed the potential research trends in urbanization, industrial heritage and Cold War related to Third Front construction. Meanwhile, the paper made a brief comparison between the research on China’s third front construction in English and Chinese languages. The findings could be of theoretical values to the academic community for the revelation of the knowledge landscape of Third Front construction and the entry point to the modern history of China.

From meaning to motivation: cognitive approach to the interpretation of resultative construction in the Chinese language

From meaning to motivation: cognitive approach to the interpretation of resultative construction in the Chinese language

IMENICE SA PREPOZITIVNIM ČLANOM U ALBANSKOM JEZIKU KOJE SE IZDVAJAJU U OBLASTI RODBINSKE TERMINOLOGIJE

The main goal of this study is to highlight the role of prepositive articles in nouns related to kinship terminology in the Albanian language. Within nouns with a prepositive article, special attention is given to nouns that denote kinship relationships. Given their nature, these nouns are prevalent in both written and spoken language. Al- though these nouns today have equivalents without any article, they still hold a significant place in the structure of the Albanian language because they stand out due to the unique function of the prepositive article, which signifies possession. Many grammarians have studied the origin of this article, and it has been estab- lished that it originated from the demonstrative pronoun, which over time acquired the function of a possessive pronoun. Today, the article is associated with the possessive pro- noun for the third person. Through comparative analysis of similar constructions in other languages, the Al- banian language is recognized for its distinctive characteristics in the Indo-European lan- guage family, especially with respect to these nouns. By providing examples where nouns from this group are used and conducting syntactical analysis, it is determined that they inflect in the same way as other nouns, changing their prepositive article. This type of nouns plays a significant role in the study of the historical and morphological structure of the Albanian language, mainly because they have both a prepositive and postpositive article in a specific context.

The Universal Decimal Classification in the Organization of Knowledge: Representing the Concept of Ethics

Training in knowl­edge organization (KO) involves an understanding of theories for the construction, maintenance, use, and evaluation of logical documentary languages. Teaching these KO concepts in LIS programs are related basically to accessing documents and retrieving their intellectual content. This study focuses on access to documents and exploring the ethical theme in all its dimensions as applied to the teaching of an undergraduate discipline as part of a Bachelor of Library Science degree offered at the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG). As a methodology, a Project-based Pedagogy strategy is used in the teaching of a discipline called “Classification Systems: UDC” for students to classify a documentary resource from a collection on ethics. The teaching of bibliographic classification requires students to learn how to use the mechanisms available to form a notation as well as to use a syntax schema (tables) appropriately. Students also learn to determine a place for the document in the collection, considering the knowl­edge represented in the collection as a whole. Altogether, such a practice can help students to understand the theory underlying a classification system. The results show that the students were able to understand the basic concepts of knowl­edge organization. The students were also able to observe that the elements of the different tables of a classification tool are essential mechanisms for the organization of knowl­edge in other contexts, especially for specific purposes.