Language Constructs Research Articles

APPROACHES TO THE DESCRIPTION OF EXCEPTIVE AND ADDITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS IN RUSSIAN STUDIES

This article presents a review of papers describing exceptive (e.g. All my classmates came to the birthday party, except for Ivan) and additive (e.g. Besides Ivan, all my classmates came to the birthday party) constructions. The main aims of this work are to compare different points of view, as well as identify some features of functioning of these constructions in the Russian language that were not mentioned before. Section 1 discusses the markers of addition or exclusion. Section 2 is devoted to the constituents of the constructions. Section 3 deals with the issue of monosemy and polysemy of krome ‘except; besides’, as well as examples of ambiguous interpretation of krome. Section 4 raises the question what part of speech krome belongs to and the possibility to include krome into the functional class of connectors.

Listen to Us: Perceptions of Animal Voice and Agency.

In many contexts, the interests of nonhuman animals (hereafter "animals") are often overlooked or considered to be a lower priority than those of humans. While strong arguments exist for taking animal moral claims seriously, these largely go unheard due to dominant anthropocentric attitudes and beliefs. This study aimed to explore how animal interests might be best represented in the human world. We conducted interviews to investigate people's perceptions of what it means to speak for other animals and who can reliably represent animal interests. Using Grounded Theory analytical methods, we identified one major theme: "Animal voice", and its subthemes: "Animals do/do not have a voice", "Human language constructs realities and paradigms", and "Let animals speak". Our findings illustrate how human language constructs contribute to shaping the realities of animals by contextually defining them as voiceless. This has serious implications for animals, society, and the environment. Drawing parallels with the relevant literature, our results reflect calls for the social and political recognition of animal voice as fundamental to animal representation. We recommend future research to focus on developing ethical and compassionate approaches to understanding animal subjective experiences to empower and amplify animal voices.

Multipl Sklerozlu Bireylerde Kronik Hastalık Yönetiminde 6 Maddelik Öz-Yeterlilik Ölçeği (MS-KHÖYÖ): Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Objective: The research was methodologically planned and applied to adapt the 6-item self-efficacy scale in chronic disease management of individuals with multiple sclerosis to Turkish society. 
 Material and Method: The research was carried out between January 2021 and March 2021 by using the online questionnaire method with individuals with Multiple Sclerosis registered to the Turkish MS Society. To establish the validity and reliability of the self-efficacy for managing chronic disease six item scale (SEMDC- 6S), the study was carried out with a sample consisting of n=104 individuals, which was more than 10 times the number of items on the scale(six items).For test-retest reliability, the scale was administered to 20 patients twice at a two week interval. 
 Results: The validity of the SEMDC-6S was evaluated with language validity, construct validity, and content validity. The internal consistency coefficient (Cronbach's Alpha) was 0.95, as which was very high.The item-total correlation was examined, and accordingly, no items were excluded from the scale. According to the test-retest results, it was determined that repeated measurements did not differ significantly, and retests had a high correlation. 
 Conclusion: The SEMDC-6S, which was adapted to Turkish society, is a valid and reliable tool. We recommend that it should be applied in different groups and cultures to increase its evidence value.

Formation of functional literacy in informatics lessons when studying Programming at the level of basic general education

The article describes aspects of the methodology for teaching programming through the compilation of algorithms and programs for information processes that are in demand in the modern world of information technology. For example, programming the process of user authorization in the system using login and password, creating a group chat, a text bot that supports conversation — all these tasks are perceived by students as familiar. As a result, students' motivation and interest in learning programming increases and they are willing to solve these problems, mastering the basic algorithmic constructs of the Python programming language. This approach helps to better understand the work of a programmer in creating and developing programs, contributes to the development of functional literacy of students, as well as effective interaction between teachers and the younger generation in modern conditions of informatization and digitalization.

Citation Culture in the Scientific Text and Verification of Borrowings

The scientific library historically serves the purposes of education, assists scientific research and integration of information into the body of knowledge. Without the qualitative maintenance of these auxiliary processes, the development of science is impossible. The library retains the status of a keeper of verified and systematized knowledge. In modern conditions, the process of searching and integrating information is simple and accessible. However, freedom and simplicity of obtaining facts and using various tools to compile integral language constructions entails a number of negative effects, including illegal borrowing, falsification and irresponsible use of text generation systems for scientific publications. The purpose of the article is to analyze the problems of citation culture changes caused, among other things, by the emergence of new technologies for artificial text generation. The main provisions of the article are based on the observation and experience of examining scientific manuscripts in order to detect illegal borrowings accumulated by a group of specialists in the Russian State Library over the past decade. This activity is not limited solely by the instrumental detection of plagiarism, but it is also focused on comparison of various citation practices in scientific papers. The problems of citation analysis, the influence of citation culture on the process of research verification are considered. Special attention is paid to the tools for artificial text generation that are actively included in the practice of writing academic texts.

Letters of Construction and Signification in the Arabic Language and their Significance

Letters of Construction and Signification in the Arabic Language and their Significance

Visual Analysis of Discursive Construction of Identity from the Perspective of Interactive Sociolinguistics

Using CNKI as the database, this paper uses CiteSpace 5.8.R3, a bibliometric tool, to make a visual analysis of journals related to the topic of identity discourse construction in Chinese language and literature, aiming to clarify the development context and observe the new development of identity discourse construction from the perspective of interactive sociolinguistics. This paper mainly analyzes the issues such as circulation over the years, topic attention, research hotspots and research frontiers. The visualization results show that the number of papers on the topic of “identity discourse construction” shows an increasing trend in general, and the growth has been particularly significant in recent years; The topic discussion mainly focused on “identity”, “discourse analysis”, “pragmatics” and so on. Future research can be further combined with new theories such as interactive sociolinguistics to make changes and increase the degree of discussion on other topics.

CONSTRUCTIVE-SYNTHESIZING MODELING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE TEXTS

Means for solving the problem of establishing the natural language texts authorship were developed. Theoretical tools consist of a constructors set was developed on the basis of structural and production modeling. These constructors are presented in this work. Some results of experimental studies based on this approach have been published in previous works by the author, the main results should be published in the next ones.
 Constructors developed: converter of natural language text into tagged, tagged text into a formal stochastic grammar and the authors style similarity degree establishment of two natural language works based on the coincidence of the corresponding stochastic grammars (their substitution rules).
 The proposed approach makes it possible to highlight the semantic features of the author's phrases construction, which is a characteristic of his speech. Working with a sentence as a unit of text to analyze its construction will allow you to more accurately determine the author's style in terms of the use of words, their sequences and characteristic language constructions. Allows not to be attached to specific parts of speech, but reveals the general logic of building phrases.

Word Length in Chinese: The Menzerath-Altmann Law is Valid After All

ABSTRACT According to the Menzerath-Altmann law, longer language constructs consist, on average, of shorter constituents. It is most often studied at the level of words and syllables (the mean syllable length gets shorter with the increasing word length). Its validity at this level was corroborated in several languages. However, it was claimed that Chinese is an exception with respect to the validity of the Menzerath-Altmann law. We show that the law is valid if word types are considered, while the behaviour of word tokens is different. This difference can be explained by the fact that the Zipf law of abbreviation is valid not only for words but also for syllables (shorter syllables are used more frequently).

Exploring English Information Packaging Constructions in Written and Spoken Language

Information structure refers to the relationship between sentence properties and the surrounding discourse: the legitimacy of the sentences may depend on what has been established by the immediately preceding sentences or phrases in the written and spoken language. Passive clauses, extraposition, the existential construction, the 'it'-cleft construction, pseudo-clefts, dislocation, and pre- and post-posing are described as non-canonical constructions. The paper is to characterize the syntactic differences between these constructions and their basic counterparts and to investigate the factors that encourage or discourage the use of one of these constructions as opposed to the more basic counterpart

A Comparative Study of Punjabi and English Open-Ended Syntactic Constructions Through the Revised Extended Standard Transformational Generative Theory

Punjabi is one of the major languages spoken in Pakistan, India, and many other parts of the world. Despite its popularity, Punjabi has not been studied and explored extensively, especially with respect to its syntax. In this study, the open-ended syntactic constructions of Punjabi were looked at using the revised extended standard transformational (REST) generative theory. This was done to find out how the surface structures of open-ended interrogative syntactic constructions in Punjabi are made from their deep structures. Subsequently, the Punjabi constructions are compared to their English counterparts with respect to REST to figure out syntactic similarities and dissimilarities between the open-ended syntactic constructions of both languages. The data for this qualitative study has been taken from a ‘Punjabi book, Descriptive Grammars by Bhatia (2013). The selected data has been analyzed through X-bar tree diagrams. The exploratory research design has been used to conduct this study. The findings of this study reveal that Punjabi and English are syntactically distinct languages. Punjabi is an in-situ language since the question words do not move to generate surface structures, while English is an ex-situ language as the question words move to form surface structures through the transformational rules of ‘Wh’ movement and operator movement. Also, English uses dummy auxiliaries, whereas no such dummies are used in Punjabi. Finally, Punjabi interrogative constructions have reduplication features, unlike English open-ended constructions. The syntactic disparities between these two languages have implications for SOV language learners who aspire to learn English and for those enrolled in undergraduate and graduate programs.

An Extensible Modeling Method Supporting Ontology-Based Scenario Specification and Domain-Specific Extension

Scenario-based techniques, also known as scenario methods, have been actively employed to resolve intricate problems for engineering complex software systems. Scenarios are powerful tools that allow engineers to analyze the dynamics and contexts of complex systems. Despite the widespread use, there is a lack of a well-established reference framework that systematically organizes key concepts and attributes of scenarios. This has left engineers without a systematic guidance at the method level, hindering their ability to utilize the scenario methods effectively. To address the challenges associated with scenario methods, this study aims to provide a reference framework and modeling method. By conducting a literature review and suggesting a Conceptual Scenario Framework (CSF), we establish a conceptual basis that systematically presents the core concepts and characteristics of scenarios. Additionally, we introduce the Extensible Scenario Modeling Method (ESMM) that empowers engineers to perform scenario modeling and domain-specific extensions using the framework. With the inclusion of the Extensible Scenario Modeling Language (ESML), which comprises domain-general model types and classes for scenario description and ontological analysis, ESMM facilitates flexible design of domain-specific scenario elements through language-level extensions. This study assesses the proposed method in comparison to existing scenario development methods in the automated driving system domain. Through an analysis of their ability to represent scenario data, it was established that the language constructs of ESML possess semantic expressiveness suitable for serving as a reference framework. Furthermore, the findings from the case study validate the extensibility of ESMM for specialization in creating a scenario modeling language tailored to specific domains, while also effectively supporting the ontological analysis of particular application domains.

Аналоги пассивного залога и эргативности в китайском и русском языках (с учётом опыта коммуникации в языковой среде гоюй)

The aim of the research is to identify the most typical grammatical means of expressing passivisation (building constructions similar to or equivalent to the basic ones in ergative typology languages) in the Chinese (topic-prominent) and Russian (subject-prominent) languages. The scientific novelty lies in the revealing of the manifestation of passivisation in Chinese language in the context of topic-prominent typology of languages, by comparison with the variety of semantically and pragmatically similar constructions in the Russian language, and attracting the data on ergativity and on the analysis of contemporary works of Taiwanese scientists. It is demonstrated and justified that the commonly learned method of expressing the passive voice with the preposition 被 /bèi/ is far from being the only and typologically marginal way. A wide range of ergative-like constructions in the Chinese and Russian languages has been analysed. As a result, it has been revealed that in the Chinese language as a “descriptive language” without constant imitation of the agent and action, topic constructions do not require formalisation and markers and actually correspond more to the semantics and pragmatics of the passive. In the Russian language as a “language of banal metaphor”, a wide range of reflexive, impersonal, indefinite-personal, and generic-personal constructions are used.

A Constructive State-based Semantics and Interpreter for a Synchronous Data-flow Language with State Machines

Scade is a domain-specific synchronous functional language used to implement safety-critical real-time software for more than twenty years. Two main approaches have been considered for its semantics: (i) an indirect collapsing semantics based on a source-to-source translation of high-level constructs into a data-flow core language whose semantics is precisely specified and is the entry for code generation; a relational synchronous semantics , akin to Esterel, that applies directly to the source. It defines what is a valid synchronous reaction but hides, on purpose, if a semantics exists, is unique and can be computed; hence, it is not executable. This paper presents, for the first time, an executable , state-based semantics for a language that has the key constructs of Scade all together, in particular the arbitrary combination of data-flow equations and hierarchical state machines. It can apply directly to the source language before static checks and compilation steps. It is constructive in the sense that the language in which the semantics is defined is a statically typed functional language with call-by-value and strong normalization, e.g., it is expressible in a proof-assistant where all functions terminate. It leads to a reference, purely functional, interpreter. This semantics is modular and can account for possible errors, allowing to establish what property is ensured by each static verification performed by the compiler. It also clarifies how causality is treated in Scade compared with Esterel. This semantics can serve as an oracle for compiler testing and validation; to prototype novel language constructs before they are implemented, to execute possibly unfinished models or that are correct but rejected by the compiler; to prove the correctness of compilation steps. The semantics given in the paper is implemented as an interpreter in a purely functional style, in OCaml.

Hate Speech, incitamento all’odio, incitación al odio: EU Parallel Corpora, Legal Discourse, Metadiscourse and Translation

According to Sandrelli (2019, p. 111), “the multilingual co-drafting process produces equally authentic language versions of the same document in all the EU official languages. However, what actually happens in practice is that EU legislation is drafted in one language (English, in most cases) and is then translated into all the other ones”. Starting from this assumption, the aim of this paper is to investigate a series of hate speech-related EU documents in order to explore certain features of hate discourse and hate discourse-related phraseology, metadiscourse and translation issues in the English, Italian and Spanish versions of the texts. The quantitative and qualitative analysis will look at the use of peculiar language constructions in the three languages in relation, among other features, to hateful rhetoric, discrimination, violent behaviour, intolerance, harassment, gender inequalities, extremism and racism. Additionally, the features of metadiscourse (Hyland, 2019 [2005]) will be scrutinised in the three languages in order to ascertain whether and to what extent they function as rhetorical markers conferring a persuasive rather than merely an informative and prescriptive character to the texts under consideration. The parallel corpora include documents which date back to 2021. They appear to have as their underlying aim that of disseminating and circulating hate discourse-related counteractions, good practices and procedures in controversial cultural contexts and environments, especially those associated with such divisive matters as the safeguarding of human rights and human dignity of diverse religious, ethnic and social groups.

Особенности употребления абсолютных причастных оборотов в итальянском языке XVI в. (на примере трактата Ф. Гвиччардини «История Италии»)

The aim of the study is to determine the structural and functional features of absolute participle constructions in the Old Italian language of the High Renaissance period using the text of the treatise “The History of Italy” by one of the leading figures in Italian historical science Francesco Guicciardini as an example. The paper is novel in that it is the first to analyse the specificity of using absolute participle constructions as one of non-finite verb forms on the basis of a work written in the Tuscan volgare during the Cinquecento period in the genre of a historical treatise. Such constructions could be used as an equivalent of a predicative construction in a complex sentence, were characterised by variability of forms when agreeing with the subject in gender and number, could be accompanied by correlates and were also used as an analogue of attributive clauses with a relative in preposition. As a result of the study, it has been found that the absolute participle constructions in Francesco Guicciardini’s work are characterised by variation at the syntactic level and have greater functionality compared to the modern literary language.

Perspectives on Poetic Language Construction of Identity through Language

The present research article aims to investigate the intricate tapestry of language and its profound role in shaping and conveying human identity. One of the most pivotal movements in the intellectual history of the twentieth century revolves around the exploration and understanding of language and its fundamental roles in the human experience. Since the dawn of civilization, language has served as the conduit for narrating, preserving, and influencing the multifaceted dimensions of human experience. It stands as a reflection and assertion of individual and collective identity, offering insights into the diverse ways through which human beings perceive, interact with, and interpret the world around them. This article embarks on a comprehensive examination of the burgeoning human interest in language, transcending its functional use as a mere tool for communication. It scrutinizes the significant transformation in the conceptualization of language, primarily initiated in the twentieth century, wherein language evolved to be seen not just as a medium of communication but as a crucial construct that interlaces with diverse dimensions of human existence and identity. The study delves into various facets of language, encompassing its poetic dimensions, which provide a rich, multi-layered platform for the exploration and expression of identity. Drawing on interdisciplinary perspectives, the article explores the symbiotic relationship between language and identity, acknowledging the myriad ways through which language informs, shapes, and is shaped by human identity. It investigates the poetic construction of language, unveiling the nuanced ways in which language, particularly in its poetic form, serves as a powerful instrument for the articulation and construction of identity. There is a dynamic interplay between language and identity, providing a robust foundation for future research and exploration in the realm of language studies, with a particular focus on its poetic dimensions and its role in the construction of identity. The paper seeks to contribute to the ongoing discourse on language, adding depth and breadth to the understanding of its multifarious roles in the human experience, particularly in the context of identity construction through poetic language.

A Semantic Implication of Gender Asymmetry of Dyads in Fulfulde Language

This paper analysis the gender asymmetry of Fulfulde language dyads. The principal aim is to examine gender discrimination in the usage of dyads. The research adopts an ethnographic method collection and critical discourse analysis as a theoretical framework. The findings reveal that there’s gender asymmetry of dyads in the Fulfulde language. Dyads that involve masculine and feminine gender pairs, such as superiority, containment, importance, mismatch and sequence. Asymmetry is manifested syntagmatically as the order of the component from an irreversible perspective. It also shows that contrary to the claim made by Moser (1997), there are different factors, which leads to different construction of Fulfulde language.

Sant nok fyller Kjersti 70 år, men ...

Norwegian has a productive class of sentence adverbials, disjuncts of the form adjective + nok ‒ [A nok] for short. Examples include sant nok ‘true (enough)’, paradoksalt nok ‘paradoxically (enough)’, and tåpelig nok ‘foolishly (enough)’. Three structural analyses have been proposed for such constructions in the Scandinavian languages. The first has [A nok] as an adjective phrase, with an adjective head and nok as a modifier, i.e. two words. In the second and third proposal, [A nok] is considered to be one word, viz. an adverb. The proposals differ with respect to word formation type. One considers [A nok] expressions to be compounds, which implies that nok is seen as an adverbial root. The other considers them to be derivatives, with an adverbial suffix -nok. This article studies the grammatical and phonological properties of [A nok] disjuncts in order to determine what kind of constructions they represent. It is argued that they are not single words, but phrases, viz. adverb phrases. nok is an adverbial head taking an adjectival complement.

My Views on International Chinese Language Education Reform

Since the 19th Party Congress, our Party has established the strategic height of developing socialism with Chinese characteristics and made a major deployment of giving priority to the development of education, accelerating the modernization of education and building a strong education country. This fully puts the status and key role of education in the process of the development of the whole national cause. The General Secretary pointed out that it is necessary to promote international communication capacity building, tell the Chinese story, spread the Chinese voice, and show the world a real, three-dimensional and comprehensive China. Guided by this important idea of General Secretary Xi Jinping, the internationalization of the Chinese language is sailing high and developing fast. The development of international Chinese language education is changing day by day. In the new era, we should scientifically understand the basic concept of international Chinese language education and construct a modern international Chinese language education system that is more open, more inclusive and more standardized.