Production Of Construction Materials Research Articles

RESEARCH OF RESIDENTS INTERRELATIONS OF THE SAMARA REGION CONSTRUCTION CLUSTER

The article is devoted to the study of the interaction of the construction cluster participants, which determines the dynamics of the volumes and paces of construction in the region. The main subjects of this process are construction organizations and manufacturers of building materials. The main requirements of regional construction companies to suppliers of building materials are defined. The factors are revealed reflecting the dependence of the results of the construction companies' activities on the production and economic activities of the companies producing construction materials. Based on the available observations for 7 years, a statistical analysis of the samples was carried out and regression models of dynamics were constructed, the significance and adequacy of the obtained models were checked. The constructed mathematical models reflect the dependence of the volume of performed work in construction from the production indicators of manufacturers of building materials and supply organizations. The conducted research allows us to conclude that the most significant negative factors affecting the volume of work performed are the dynamics of prices for finished metal products and the dynamics of prices for the transmission and distribution of electricity.

Effect of Different Material Schemes on Carbon Emissions in Construction Material Production Stage

<i>Introduction</i>: Building energy consumption accounts for a large proportion of global energy consumption, and it is urgent to reduce building carbon emissions. There are many different components in the Building, each of which produces a somewhat different amount of carbon emissions, such as column, beam, floor, exterior wall and interior wall. This Paper is focusing on looking for the components’ differences in carbon emission in order to provide some valuable advises in choosing building materials. <i>Methods</i>: Using the building information model, the sample building is divided into five parts: column, beam, floor, exterior wall and interior wall. Firstly, the quantities of each part of the building is calculated from building information model. Secondly, the method of permutation and combination is performed by choosing different materials including concrete, steel, wood, brick and glass, and then forming 14 schemes. Finally, carbon emissions at production stages are calculated of all 14 schemes by known carbon emission factors. <i>Conclusion</i>: The average proportion of each part of carbon emissions is obtained both with the carbon emissions from different materials. Choosing the lowest and highest theoretical scheme in order to analysis the influence of different materials on carbon emissions in construction production stage, so that the effective data reference for building energy saving and emission reduction can be concluded.

A study on industrial-scale waste utilization in construction material production: the use of fly ash in GRP composite pipe

This study presents a new approach to the utilization of industrial by-products in construction materials by using fly ash (FA) in the production of glass fiber-reinforced polyester (GRP) pipe. The FA was substituted by 10% and 20% (by weight of sand) in the mixtures to produce GRP pipes of 350 mm in diameter and 6 m in length for testing. Stiffness modulus (SM), axial tensile strength (ATS), and hoop tensile strength (HTS) tests were conducted on the produced GRP pipes and their elasticity modulus (EM) values were also calculated. To observe the microstructure of the GRP pipes and the interfacial transition zone of the layers, SEM and microscopic analyses were performed. Furthermore, a strain-corrosion test was conducted to obtain information about long term-performance of samples. The results showed that the FA-filled GRP pipes were found to meet the requirements of the related standards, and that the use of FA in the GRP pipe industry may be an important alternative approach to the utilization of industrial wastes via effective recycling mechanisms.

Evaluation of Colombian Crops Fibrous Byproducts for Potential Applications in Sustainable Building Acoustics.

Local production of construction materials is a valuable tool for improving the building sector sustainability. In this sense, the use of lignocellulosic fibers from local species becomes an interesting alternative to the development of such materials. As it is thought that the properties of fiber-based materials are dependent on the fibers properties, the knowledge of such properties is fundamental to promote materials development. This study compares the physical, morphological, acoustic, and mechanical characteristics of coir (Cocos nucifera) and fique (Furcraea Agavaceae) fibers and panels. The chemical composition appears to be associated with the general behavior of the fibers and panels, regarding higher tensile strength, thermal degradation behavior, and water absorption. In most tests, fique had the upper hand, showing superior performance; however, on thermal degradation and water absorption, both materials had similar behavior. The sound absorption measurement showed that the fiber diameter affects the sound absorption at high frequencies, where fique panels showed better performance than coir panels.

CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW EQUIPMENT USED FOR HEMP HARVESTING

The important potential of cultivating hemp for fiber and cannabidiol extraction for medicinal use, makes this plant return to the attention of agronomists and medical researchers. Another strength of this plant is the potential of produced fibers to contribute to the decrease in the use of plastic in the near future, helping to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. In addition, hemp could be a more economically attractive alternative for ethanol generation or even for the production of high-strength construction materials. The paper aims to present several technologies used for hemp harvesting.

Sectioned processing of compaction self-assembly of an ultralow-binder-content particulate composite

“Green cement” has been extensively studied to reduce the carbon emission and the energy consumption associated with the construction materials production. In this research, we developed a sectioned compaction system to produce bricks of ultralow-binder-content (UBC) composite, which consisted of ~96 wt% sand and ~4 wt% epoxy binder. After premixing, the material was compressed in nine sections and two steps. Upon compaction, the small amount of binder self-assembled into polymer micro-agglomerations (PMA), which efficiently bonded the sand grains into a structurally integral solid. The so-produced material was uniform and quite strong. The modulus of rupture was ~23.5 MPa, much higher than the typical flexural strength of steel-reinforced concrete.

Influence of Elevated Temperature on Concrete Properties Containing Natural Wastes Treated by Pyrolysis

Concrete is probably the most extensively used construction material in the world. The modern concept of construction is directed at the use of recycled materials, in particular, various waste products. This solves a number of problems -saving the expensive materials; - decreasing CO2 emissions by reducing the production of construction materials, so, these can also be used as refractory materials. Plant fibers are the most abundant fiber among all the natural fibers. Bamboo, palm, sisal, jute, date kernel, flax etc. are the commonly known plant fibers. Plant fibers are also called cellulosic fiber and have quite promising tensile strength. Natural Plant fibers treated by pyrolysis in concrete such as additions; determine the effect of these substances and the effect of temperature on the properties of concrete. The natural fibers in concrete are added accordingly with the percentage of 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% by weight of cement concrete cubes are tested at the age of 7 and 28 days of curing. Natural waste treated by pyrolysis and different additives on concrete behavior to improve its performance in the future to use in Civil Engineering and Construction World. The optimum result for natural fibers was observed at 1.0% for bamboo and date kernel and 1.5% for palm oil of natural fiber.

Experimental Investigation on Bricks by Using Cow Dung, Rice Husk, Egg Shell Powder as a Partial Replacement for Fly Ash

The usage of solid waste materials in the production of construction materials has received considerable attention across the world. Various types of bricks are used in construction. The most common are conventional bricks. Owing to the exploitation of large amount of natural resources in the manufacturing of conventional bricks, we provide an alternative solution for conventional bricks through this project. The present study investigates the feasibility of using rice husk powder, cow dung and egg shell powder in the manufacturing of fly ash bricks. Fly ash bricks of different compositions with rice husk, cow dung and egg shell powder were prepared in steel moulds. After casting, the brick samples were stored at 35 C and a relative humidity of 50% until the ages required for testing. The brick samples were checked for dimensions and visible defects. The effects of rice husk, cow dung and egg shell powder contents on the engineering properties of the solid bricks were also investigated. The test results showed that all brick samples exhibited good compressive strength. The compression strength ranged between. It is concluded that the manufactured bricks acquired sufficient strength and became more economical.

EPiC: Introducing a database of hybrid environmental flow coefficients for construction materials

As worldwide consumption of materials continues to rise, there is growing pressure on material, energy and water resources and an increase in waste production and greenhouse gas emissions. A much more sustainable approach to the procurement of built assets is crucial to avoid exacerbating existing environmental pressures. Product and process-based environmental data is an important element in understanding how current and future built assets perform. This paper analyses environmental flow data for a range of construction materials contained within the Environmental Performance in Construction (EPiC) Database, a new, open access repository of hybrid environmental flow coefficients for construction materials. The structural paths of 131 construction materials are analysed to identify trends and contributors to embodied water, energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions coefficients. The disaggregation and analysis of material coefficients shows the complexity of the material supply chains and provides insight into the key inputs and outputs resulting from the production of construction materials.

Process control system software (in the context of autoclaved aerated concrete production)

Building industry production shall be considered as a complicated hierarchy system, whose conditions are related to multiple factors. To manage such complicated systems, mathematical modeling methods shall be used to organize awareness of manufacturing parameters, to increase the effectiveness of decisions being made by personnel on different positions and within the process, also to develop construction materials production management systems. In turn, synthesis questions with regard to the management of this process are largely resulted from the deficiency in mathematical model concerned, suitable for practice. Outputs of work on the process control system software for autoclaved concrete production are presents in the article. A justification for the most efficient process control stage is given. A control algorithm is developed for the selected process stage, based on a mathematical model of the end product quality as a function of raw materials demand prepared by authors.

Development of technology of utilization of products of ferritization processing of galvanic waste in the composition of alkaline cements

A study of the products of ferritization processing of galvanic waste: sludge and spent process solutions is carried out. As a result of experiments on dynamic leaching of heavy metal ions, the immobilization properties of the sludge, obtained at different process parameters of ferritization are determined. It is shown that the level of immobilization of heavy metals in ferrite sludge after leaching is 99.96 wt % and in the sludge of traditional wastewater neutralization &lt;97.83 wt %. The studies determine the possibility of reliable utilization of ferritized galvanic waste – introduction into the charge to produce alkaline cements. It is found that the main crystalline phases in the structure of alkaline cements with ferrite sludge are calcite, quartz and heavy metal ferrites. In addition, jelly-like formations are found, which are further capable of crystallization. Such formations reliably bind heavy metals in the chemical structure of cement. It is found that when using up to 10 wt % of ferrite sludge in the total weight of cement, the compressive strength of artificial stone reaches 40 MPa, which meets the requirements of the current standard. The chemical stability of the alkali cement matrix using ferrite sludge is confirmed by the study of leaching of heavy metals for one day in neutral, alkaline and acidic media. It is shown that the degree of immobilization of heavy metal ions in cement with a ferrite sludge content of 30 wt % is &gt;99.98 %. In addition, the concentrations of heavy metal ions during leaching meet the national and international standards for their MPC in drinking water and soil. This approach will allow solving the problem of utilization of hazardous galvanic waste and production of general construction materials

Evaluation of the extractive gold process: open-pit mining through exergy analysis

The Colombian mining sector is characterized by the production of coal, nickel, emeralds, gold, and construction materials. It is considered by the National Development Plan of Colombia 2018-2022 as an economic agent that boosts development in the region and one that requires the strengthening of its policies and environmental liability. Therefore, this paper aims to show the importance of implementing methodologies based on the logic of nature (exergy) that objectively indicate the environmental impact of an extractive gold activity, such as open-pit gold mining. The extractive activity or process to be studied consists of the following stages: topsoil removal by using machinery and explosives to create craters and to access the mineral present in the subsoil; the physical transformation of the extracted material through crushing, grinding, gravimetric separation, flotation, leaching, adsorption, elution, and electrodeposition, along with smelting and casting to obtain gold and silver ingots. Thus, this paper analyzes the exergy performance of each unit process of the open-pit extractive process. The obtained results are used in a sensitivity analysis, which determines the system efficiency, by assuming the increase of gold in the extracted material in the exploitation stage, by using the same supplies and input of the current process. In other cases, the open-pit mining process is analyzed by changing its technologies in the mining process and assuming that this change reduces the inlet ore to 60%, by discarding 40% of material without gold and by reducing supply consumption by 25%. By improving the system efficiency, the exergy destroyed is reduced and the emissions to the environment diminish. Therefore, this method may be implemented as a basic guideline when it comes to decision-making processes in the planning of the extractive processes by integrating the environmental Q5 component with gold production.

Energy characteristics of sands of deposits in the Ivanovo region

It is proposed to use the energy potential of rock-forming minerals obtained in the process of rock synthesis as an energy criterion for ranking raw materials for the production of construction materials. The energy of atomization and its specific values calculated based on the principles of crystal energy are used as a quantitative parameter. The estimation of two deposits of sands of the Ivanovo region on energy of atomization, specific mass energy of atomization, specific volume of energy of atomization (energy density) is carried out. It was found that, despite the difference in the chemical, mineral composition and origin of rocks, macroenergy parameters have similar values. The energy density value allows classifying the considered sands as high-energy-dense. The possible level of use of this energy reserve due to mechanical crushing of raw material is established. Quantifying potential energy of the system that fallen after crushing the material in the surface was carried out based on the values of critical surface tension and specific surface area of raw materials (formed after the process of mechanical grinding). The level of possible use of the potential energy reserve due to the formation of a new material surface was characterized by the activity of the surface of fine samples. The obtained values of surface tension and surface activity showed that the sands of the Nekhtskoe deposit, in comparison with the sands of the Khromtsovskoye deposit, are preferable to be used as an active fine-dispersed component for obtaining binding compositions.

ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНІ НАПРЯМИ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ФІНАНСОВОГО РОЗВИТКУ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ БУДІВЕЛЬНОЇ СФЕРИ

Introduction. On the one hand, the financial development of industrial enterprises is conditioned by a number of traditional measures, which include: reduction of production costs; improving the quality of products; expanding the product line and increasing the level of service in order to maximize compliance with consumer demand. However, on the other hand, due to the specifics of the construction sector, the issue of financial development of such enterprises requires a comprehensive approach, not limited to the field of internal management, but also to consider this issue from the standpoint of institutional and organizational and economic impact. The purpose. The purpose of the article is to highlight the quantitative features of the financial development of enterprises in the construction industry and a description of promising organizational and economic measures of influence. Results. The article substantiates the features of the study of activities in the field of construction according to the project approach. The peculiarities of the institutional structure of the investment and construction complex of the economy are specified. Based on the theory of stakeholders, a comprehensive system of criteria for financial development of construction companies in terms of stakeholder groups has been formed. Conclusions. The organizational measures to ensure stable financial development of domestic construction companies have been identified. These include: implementation of integration processes with suppliers of raw materials; use of innovative knowledge-intensive technologies of construction and production of construction materials; creation of joint ventures with foreign companies. For each of the organizational measures, a list of probable risks and threats is identified, as well as the tools for their management are substantiated.

Modeling and Optimization of Technology and Physics-Mechanical Properties of Composite Materials

To this day, there is a large volume collected of the results of experimental studies on structure changes in various dispersions serving as base for production of most construction materials. The analysis of collected information revealed that there is an entire category of stick-slip phenomena, the case history of which is represented by N-and S-type inflections on rheological, kinetic and other curves. We should emphasis that the view of such non-trivial charts is alike with geometry of standard curves of standard conditions. And this alikeness predetermines the possibility of applying topological models of «fold» and «ruffle» types for studying various abnormal effects. We must also note that besides N- and S-types there is a range of other characteristics («flags») pointing to applicability of the methods of catastrophe theory to studying certain processes initiating the apparition of interruptions in system development. Recognition of above-mentioned particularities allows determining the fact and type of catastrophe, the standardised structure of which facilitates finding strict patterns and thus defines directions of optimisation of various situations of research and practical nature. This work shows that pieces of evidence and consistent patters are reliably interpreted within the framework of the proposed concept.

Sound absorbing porous concretes composed of different solid wastes

This study had a triple environmental objective. First, to reuse various industrial wastes (i.e., bottom ash, slag, and construction and demolition waste) as coarse aggregates in porous concretes. Second, to develop a material capable of eliminating noise, another environmental pollutant, in acoustic barriers. The third objective was to produce construction materials composed primarily of wastes with no impact on the environment or human health (regarding the leaching of heavy metals). We conducted several tests of recycled porous concretes to determine if they can be used as raw material to produce highway noise barriers. The tests dealt with physical (open void ratio, bulk density) mechanical (compressive strength), acoustic (sound absorption coefficient) and leaching properties. We analyzed the influence of particle size. We found that the source of the waste does not affect the sound absorption properties if the particle size is similar. However, the source of the waste slightly influences the mechanical properties and substantially affects the leaching of the final product. Hence, different wastes can be compounded to manufacture porous concrete if they do not pose problems of heavy metal leaching.

STUDY ON THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT MORTARS ABOUT SAND DEPOSITS IN ETHIOPIA

In the field of civil engineering, Silica Sand termed as standard sand has various applications. From manufacturing of glass and glass products to being used as a filter media in water and sewage treatment plants, its use is extremely broad currently. In the construction industry, Silica Sand is used for testing of hydraulic cement, determination of soil density with the sand cone replacement method as well as the production of different construction materials. However, Ethiopia does not manufacture standard sand currently. That is why the country is losing high volume of foreign currency to import this sand from abroad. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to try and locate potential natural sand deposits which satisfies the required quality of standard sand to produce locally. To achieve this objective a desk study is conducted to locate possible standard sand sources, samples from three selected sites from Dire Dawa City, Aleltu River deposit and Alage natural sand deposit were taken. In their natural state, the samples do not satisfy the quality requirements to be used as standard sand. Therefore, the samples are thoroughly washed, oven dried, sieved and separated to various size fractions and mixed in a predetermined proportion to fulfill the grading requirements of the standard sand specification. In all the test results on the processed samples, the compressive and flexural strength of mortar cubes and prisms made with local samples gave lower values compared to the imported standard sand. However, the samples from Diredawa and Aleltu show a relatively uniform trend both in the compressive and flexural test results as compared with the imported standard sand. Hence there is a high possibility that these two sand sources can replace the imported standard sand after some processing. The sample from Alage showed some efflorescence, bad quality to consider it as standard sand.

Hazards Resulting from the Burning Wood Impregnated with Selected Chemical Compounds

In the construction industry, a variety wooden products have been used for thousands of years, according to demand, accessibility/availability, and customers’ requirements. Wood is a preferred material due to its large range of properties, depending on the type of wood. It is an easily available and economically competitive material, and it is also extremely strong in relation to its weight. Therefore, it is used in the production of construction materials, building parts, and finishing components, as well as for furniture and decorative elements. Each of these products is commonly additionally chemically treated in order to improve its performance parameters. However, impregnated wooden products such as furniture and fence boards are often misused, including for house heating, waste incineration, bonfires, etc. For this reason, among the products of combustion, there is a whole range of different chemical compounds, frequently carcinogenic, and dangerous for health and the environment, for example, heavy metals. Knowledge in this field is important for professions, such as: firefighter, lifeguard, people dealing with environmental management, and units responsible for waste landfills. On the other hand, important recipients of this information are ordinary residents who, due to a lack of knowledge, use such materials as e.g., heating material.

Use of Chemical and Electrochemical Treatment Methods in the Liquid-Phase Modification of Carbon Fiber and Fiberglass Surfaces in the Production of Construction Materials: A Review

In this review, the key methods used in the chemical and electrochemical functionalization of carbon fiber and fiberglass are considered. It is shown that treating fiberglass using these methods is not effective. For the carbon filler, the best results are observed at an optimal content of functional groups on its surface, and it must be dominated by amino and hydroxyl groups, which can be achieved using amino-containing modifiers. With modification methods discussed in the review, the quality of polymer composites can be improved due to enhanced interaction in a matrix–filler system.

Management of Carbon Footprint and Determination of GHG Emission Sources in Construction Sector

Carbon footprint involves the calculation of direct and/or indirect emissions of fossil fuels that emit greenhouse gases (GHG) that lead to greenhouse effect responsible of global warming. The resulting carbon dioxide (CO2) due to the activities of the individuals/institutions emerges into the atmosphere with the consumption of energy. The amount of emissions throughout the world in general and in Turkey, and the main reasons of these emissions is explained in this study. Carbon footprint management and tracking since 1990’s in Turkey are underlined, and carbon tax and carbon trade terminologies are introduced. Scope classification for determining emissions according to three classification of ISO 14064 Greenhouse Gas Calculation and Validation Management System is described. Scope-1 covers the activities that create direct carbon footprint. In this context, the fossil fuels used by the projects for heating or energy needs and the emissions from the fuels of the vehicles are taken into consideration. Within Scope-2, the carbon footprints of the emissions caused by the electrical energy consumed by the projects are considered. Scope-3 is an indirect carbon footprint and includes emissions from projects that are not directly emission-driven projects. With this study, it is aimed to address the carbon footprint caused by the entire construction sector that extends from the production of construction materials to the construction and post-construction (operation) stages. This sector is focused on due to its significance regarding GHG emissions globally. Emissions from non-owned or uncontrolled sources such as production, transportation, leased assets, outsourced services and disposal of the wastes generated during the construction or operation of the stages of different building typologies are included in the carbon footprint calculations.