Development Of Construction Systems Research Articles

Modified Polyethylene Foam for Critical Environments.

One of the most important priorities for all countries with property beyond the Arctic Circle and territories located in permafrost areas is the development of special construction technologies and systems. The required conditions are met by insulation systems based on seamless insulation shells made of polyethylene foam. The study of the strength and performance properties of polyethylene foam and its combinability was carried out according to standard methods and using the methods of experimental design and the analytical processing of the results. The change in material properties at negative temperatures was determined based on the results of climatic tests, followed by an evaluation of creep under load. The evaluation of the effectiveness of the design solutions was carried out using special computer programs. It was found that the performance characteristics of products made of polyethylene foam (rolls, mats) meet the requirements for insulation materials used at temperatures down to -60 °C. The resulting material is moderately combustible, which must be taken into account when developing recommendations for its use in insulation systems. A nomogram has been developed that makes it possible to predict the properties of a material and solve formulation problems. Insulation systems were developed, and a visualisation of the thermal fields of the insulation systems of the external walls and ceilings of a building was carried out.

THERMAL CONFORT OF THE ECO-EARTH SANDWICH SYSTEM COMPARED TO MASONRY BLOCK, RAMMED EARTH, AND DRYWALL

The search for thermal comfort and optimization of materials in construction leads to the development of efficient and alternative construction systems. Understanding the importance of the location, which potential materials are available on the site and locally, encouraging the reuse of material and evaluating which construction system is appropriate for each environment and client capacity. Thermal comfort is important not only because of “comfort” but also because it determines the energy consumption of the building. The Con Lo Que Hay-With what is available 14 workshop (CLQH 14), developed the eco earth sandwich system in a small suburban community of the highlands in Quito, Ecuador. In this study the eco earth sandwich system will be compared to three other systems: confined masonry, rammed earth, and drywall; to evaluate their thermal inertia and thermal transmittance efficiency. This will be a quantitative approach, based in the evaluation centered on thermodynamics formulas.

Stages of Development, Methods and Intellectualization of Automated Scheduling of Metro Passenger Trains

The article examines the underground passenger trains planned schedule automated construction system development stages. The technical means, basic methods and information technologies applied at system development stages aimed at its intellectualization, the ways of its integration into the Unified vehicles control automated traffic intelligent system on urban rail transport systems are described.

How to promote sustainable development of construction and demolition waste recycling systems: Production subsidies or consumption subsidies?

Every year, many new buildings are built in China, generating a lot of construction waste. Although classification and recycling of construction waste is recognized as an effective means to solve construction waste, how to improve the recycling rate of construction waste in China seems to be a thorny problem. Different from previous studies that only focused on the behavior of participants in the recycling or sales stage, this paper, more thoroughly, develops a four-party evolutionary game model, which involves the government department(GD), Construction and Demolition Waste (C&DW) recyclers, C&DW producers and consumers and also considers their behaviors at both the recycling stage and the sales stage. Using this model, this paper studies what kind of government subsidies could promote the sustainable development of construction waste recycling systems effectively, and analyzes the influence of several key factors among 22 factors on the model through the real data of two construction waste resource integration projects in Wuhan and Sanya, China. The results show that 1) when the GD is willing to pay high subsidies, both production and consumption subsidies could make enterprises actively participate; on the other hand, when the GD is only willing to pay fewer subsidies, subsidizing production seems to be a more effective tool; 2) by mobilizing public participation and regulating carbon trading price, the GD could promote enterprises to recycle construction waste, but it could not promote consumers to buy renewable products; 3) by investigating different enterprises, the GD can determine the potential benefits of different subsidy methods, so as to determine its own subsidy strategies. Finally, this paper provides some possible suggestions for all parties involved in the system to help China better realize the recycling of construction waste renewable resources.

Structural Design and Analysis for a Timber-Concrete Hybrid Building

The benefits of using wood in tall and commercial construction are undisputed, namely reducing the carbon footprint, shortening construction times, and enhancing seismic and building physics performance. The international market for wood as a structural material in tall and non-residential construction, however, is still relatively untapped. China is home to the world’s largest population and the largest construction sector worldwide, yet wood products are only used in a small fraction of buildings. The main reasons for this situation are the fire regulations and lack of guidelines for novel wood-based structural systems. This paper describes the design of a 10-storey timber-concrete business hotel which will be erected in the Guizhou province of China. The foundation design, gravity system design, lateral load resisting system design, seismic analysis and the fire resistance design were conducted, and the procedure provided appropriate information to the technological feasibility to promote the development of timber-based hybrid high-rise construction systems in China.

A PROPOSAL ON RHETORIC ANALYSIS OF THE CANOPY THAT DEFINES URBAN SPACE

Aim: The research aims to propose an analysis framework that enables the rhetorical reading of the covers with different functions in urban spaces. Method: In the method of the research, four rhetorical canons from Cicero were transformed into an analysis (reading) framework. In the doctrine of invention, the current change of the canopy is interpreted as an "urban condition" and overlaps with the state of the language. In the arrangement canon, 4 cover classifications were made in accordance with urban situations. The style canon examines the formation of the structure and the referential thought it is based on through metaphor, metonym, hyperbola, parabola. In the memory canon, the characteristics of the chosen style figure, such as the ability to explain the idea of form and fiction, convey its concept, and be evocative and memorable, are examined. Results: Four spatial structures (Metropol Parasol, Fuji Kindergarten, Jay Pritzker Pavilion and Dels Encants District Market) are selected for the canopy classes determined in the study. In the next stage, these selected samples are analyzed according to the rhetorical analysis method created. The findings show that the striking shapes of today's magnificent canopies are based on quite extensive rhetorical figures. Conclusion: Analysis has demonstrated that underlying the complexity of the forms is the technological development and digitalization of construction systems and design thinking that references many main sources such as history, memory, and nature.

Анализ особенностей проектирования на основе применения модульных элементов максимальной готовности

Introduction. In the middle of the 20th century, technological progress made it possible to enlarge the building elements of buildings as much as possible, which led to the development of new industrial construction systems and increased production rates. However, to date, the issue has not been completely resolved and remains relevant. Modular construction is not sufficiently widely spread today, but many design experts predict its widespread introduction in the near future. The factor that decelerates the development of modular construction is the lack of theoretical foundations in the field of modular design, as well as significant differences from traditional design approach. Materials and methods. The purpose of this work is to develop the theoretical fundamentals of modular design based on the study of regulatory documents, Russian and foreign sources of research works, as well as the implemented projects. The task is to determine the fundamental features of modular elements of maximum readiness: principles of modular design, parameters of a modular element, advantages and disadvantages of a modular system, features of the design processes. Results. The theoretical basis of modular design includes basic concepts, principles and features; the conceptual design process is described using the case of development of an information model; parameters of modular elements of maximum readiness are presented, and the influence of modular items on the life cycle of a construction facility is analyzed. Conclusions. The presented system of principles of design based on modular elements of maximum readiness and parameters of modular elements allow us to systematize the established theoretical aspects of modularity, which make it possible to make modular buildings. The author formulates a new approach to design, which affects the entire life cycle and serves as the basis for new areas of engineering activities and scientific research.

Accident and innovation in construction industry: Learning by doing to prevent accidents and improve the production

The development of construction processes and systems aimed at technological innovations that can effectively contribute to the evolution of the construction process of a building is currently a reality. The aim of this study is to analyze the interaction between learning by doing and the implementation of changes (innovation) during the construction process of a building. Applying ergonomic work analysis, which is supported by a specific ethnographic study during the construction process of a residential building, it was possible to highlight and classify the cases with implications for the implementation of changes (innovation). The results show how execution actors at the level of implementation, through learning by doing, enable the implementation of change (innovation) during the construction process and the consequent improvement of the construction process, not only in terms of quality and productivity, but also in terms of worker safety, preventing “minor accidents or incidents”. However, learning by doing and the determining factors that hinder its application remain contained at the level of the execution actors and no make managers of the construction process able to absorb operational experiences and preventing recurrent problems (“minor accidents or incidents”). This study underlines how learning by doing allows the implementation of changes (innovation) during the process of building a building. Furthermore, findings are potentially transferable to other areas such as that of organizational factors, ethnographic observations, innovations, construction process, learning, accident analysis, knowledge management and learning processes.

Effect of Structural Design Efficiency in Achieving Stability and Efficiency of the Architectural Design

The research dealt with the historical development of construction systems, their compatibility with architectural spaces, and the functional and expressive aspects of the various construction systems. Then, it discussed the creativity in the construction systems, which composed of structural elements, and elements interrelated and interactive with each other, in order to complete the structural function specified for design, with the provision of stability elements. The research was conducted based on the analytical method by adopting a field study and a research tool, which was the questionnaire form used in collecting data from the study sample to discover the effect of the contemporary construction systems and materials on the architectural spaces, after verifying its validity and performing the statistical analysis. The research sample was selected according to the study variables (gender, education, and years of experience). It was found that the diversity in construction materials and systems can lead to flexibility in the architectural space. Also, a comfortable space, problem-free, can be a result of the compatibility between architectural design and structural design. Furthermore, there is a functional impact of modern construction materials on space by adopting the surface texture of the construction materials to address the architectural space design.

High Rise Buildings: Design, Analysis, and Safety

High-rise buildings have been rapidly increasing worldwide due to insufficient land availability in populated areas and their primary role as essential buildings in modern cities and capitals. However, high-rise buildings are very complicated due to the huge number of structural components and elements unlike low-rise buildings, as well as these high-rise buildings demand high structural stability for safety and design requirements. This paper aims to provide brief information about high-rise buildings regarding the basic definition, safety features, structural stability, and design challenges. A brief description of existing structural systems that are available in the literature is presented to articulate a technical issue that has been widely reported, named, adopting an effective structural system for resisting lateral loads resulting from wind and seismic activities. Consequently, a general overview is presented that covers the behavior of various structural systems for different heights of high-rise buildings by implementing a number of nonlinear static procedure analyses (pushover) and nonlinear dynamic procedure analyses (for wind and earthquake loading). Finally, a critical review of the available simplified model and seismic energy base design are also presented. This paper is intended to help in the development and application of construction systems for high-rise buildings in the future.

Evolution of seismic design codes of highway bridges in Chile

Chile, as a country with a long history of strong seismicity, has a record of both a constant upgrading of its seismic design codes and structural systems, particularly for bridges, as a result of major earthquakes. Recent earthquakes in Chile have produced extensive damage to highway bridges, such as deck collapses, large transverse residual displacements, yielding and failure of shear keys, and unseating of the main girders, demonstrating that bridges are highly vulnerable structures. Much of this damage can be attributed to construction problems and poor detailing guidelines in design codes. After the 2010 Maule earthquake, new structural design criteria were incorporated for the seismic design of bridges in Chile. The most significant change was that a site coefficient was included for the estimation of the seismic design forces in the shear keys, seismic bars, and diaphragms. This article first traces the historical development of earthquakes and construction systems in Chile to provide a context for the evolution of Chilean seismic codes. It then describes the seismic performance of highway bridges during the 2010 Maule earthquake, including the description of the main failure modes observed in bridges. Finally, this article provides a comparison of the Chilean bridge seismic code against the Japanese and United States codes, considering that these codes have a great influence on the seismic codes for Chilean bridges. The article demonstrates that bridge design and construction practices in Chile have evolved substantially in their requirements for the analysis and design of structural elements, such as in the definition of the seismic hazard to be considered, tending toward more conservative approaches in an effort to improve structural performance and reliability for Chilean bridges.

Quality of Organizational Processes Assessing in Modeling a Low-Rise Construction System Development

Main difficulties, arising in the selection of a workers link, as well as changes in the parameters of the model, depending on the composition of the link in organizational and technological planning are discussed in this article. The results, obtained in the course of the study, are summarized in graphs. Variant modeling of the technological process complexes implementation consists in finding a variant of teams’ composition, taking into account their intra-team plans and combining them at the work fronts, where the indicators of production program (construction plan) will be the best one, according to a given criterion and restrictions on resources and conditions of the customer. Otherwise, construction period of the first option was 22.46 months: the duration of each subsequent house construction was 19.5 days longer than the previous one. In variants 2 and 3, this difference decreased to 14.5 days, and the total duration decreased by 4.88 months and amounted to 17.58 months.

Rethinking Collective Housing: A Case Study of Spatial Flexibility and Adaptability in Arturo Soria (Madrid, 1975)

This article presents an analysis of a collective housing project designed by the architects Emilia Bisquert Santiago, Carmen González Lobo, Jose Miguel de Prada Poole and Ricardo Aroca in the Arturo Soria neighbourhood in Madrid in 1975. This project is noteworthy for its architects’ preference for designing flexible and adaptable spaces, both in the interior distribution of the homes spaces and in the common spaces of the building itself. Their main aim was to eliminate the rigid spatial segregation that was a dominant feature of Spanish housing estates promoted by the OSH (House Building Union) during the Franco Regime (1939–1975). To understand this idea, this research proposes a comparison between a Housing Estate promoted by the OSH in 1956 and the Arturo Soria building designed in 1975. The article explains and analyses the different architectural strategies that the architects proposed to achieve that flexibility and adaptability: a permanent structural ‘infrastructure,’ an intermediate architectural system adaptable over time, and finally, a range of possible configurations for the individual dwelling. Another important issue is the relationship between the construction system and alternative development of both horizontal and vertical living space. Explaining this relationship could help shape the habitability of future homes, the development of a sense of community, the possibility of designing for tenancies of different lengths and needs and the management of constant changes to a collective society.

Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) and Business Process Management for System Development

This study aims to proposed system development using Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) and Business Process Management (BPM). It will construct based on specific EA documents such as business architecture. In this study, we design and build simulation using Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) tools and Business Process Management (BPM) tools also. The research sample is a business architecture document from an organization. The results of the study is mechanism to construct system development using ESB and BPM tools.

A review of experimental approaches to fracture toughness evaluation at the micro-scale

The discipline of fracture mechanics was born almost a century ago through the pioneering work of A.A. Griffith, and saw particularly rapid growth in the second half of 20th century when it became an indispensable tool in the development of advanced transportation, civil construction, and energy systems. Forty years ago, Materials & Design published a series of papers devoted to the state-of-the-art in the field of Fracture Mechanics. The present review reflects the lasting legacy and surviving importance of this theme: it is associated with the Virtual Special Issue on nanoscale materials testing and characterisation, and focuses on the modern experimental approaches to fine scale fracture toughness evaluation, with particular emphasis on micro-cantilever bending and micro-pillar splitting. The fundamental aspects of these approaches are overviewed, and their application to a range of systems is described. Implications for further development of these methods are discussed.

Optimization of the structure of insulating composite materials

The article deals with the interdependent relationship between the properties of a structure and the properties of a material, which sets the task of reducing them, even they are indistinguishable, to a certain integrity. The object of research and analysis in the article is a building structure, which is seen as an open self-organized complex structural system. In the main part, the processes of the formation of structures are considered, as well as the classification of structural elements. The article concludes with structural changes related to the self-support and self-development of the network of active elements, which allow the manifestation of adaptation effects and the design-system to function during the normalized period. The importance of self-organization processes during the development and operation of construction systems allow us to attribute it to a self-organizing system. Thus, the building structure can be represented as an open and complex self-organizing system.

Caminos frustrados hacia la prefabricación arquitectónica. Estudio del sistema murario en las construcciones asociadas a la línea ferroviaria Teruel-Alcañiz

La historia de la construcción no siempre ha estado repleta de éxitos en el desarrollo de nuevos sistemas constructivos, sin embargo, todos ellos han servido para desarrollar los avances que hoy en día conocemos. A finales del siglo XIX y principios de XX, la incipiente industria comenzará a dotar de nuevos materiales hacia la optimización constructiva. La arquitectura industrial hará uso de todos estos nuevos productos, formulándose como crisol de experimentación y desarrollo. El estudio de estos elementos prefabricados que materializaron las edificaciones hoy abandonadas de la línea ferroviaria Teruel-Alcañiz, permite, además de comprobar su estrategia para hacer frente a la ejecución de un elevado número de edificaciones en tempo y presupuesto limitados, afrontar bajo su conocimiento futuros trabajos de intervención.

Extended Technology-Acceptance Model to Make Smart Construction Systems Successful

Research and development (R&D) of smart construction systems has been constrained by the contentious relationship between system developers and potential industry users. System developers are critical of practitioners’ reluctance to embrace new technologies, while practitioners tend to view developers’ systems as disruptive. In explaining acceptance or non-acceptance of smart construction systems, the well-established technology-acceptance model (TAM) is a powerful instrument. However, the model fails to capture changes in user acceptance over time. In this study, an extended TAM that can reflect the changes in attitude is modeled from and substantiated by a two-year longitudinal action research study conducted in parallel with the codevelopment of a smart system for prefabrication housing construction. It is discovered that users’ attitudes toward a smart construction system are not invariable, nor toward the “perceived usefulness” and “perceived ease of use.” Developers should continuously enhance usefulness and user-friendliness of a system to facilitate its adoption. A particularly noteworthy finding is that external isomorphic pressures, including normative, coercive, mimetic, or a combination thereof, can affect users’ attitudes toward a smart construction system, and, in turn, influence the uptake of the system. Managers tactically can create such pressures to enhance technology acceptance within their organizations. These findings, in combination with the extended TAM, offer the foundations for development of a general theory on technology infusion in the construction industry.

THE CURRENT METHODOLOGY OF ASSESSMENT OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS IN EGYPT BETWEEN PROBABILITIES AND OBSTACLES

Sustainable architecture is a tool for designing and constructing buildings in order to reduce the negative effects of the building on the environment and to meet the current needs without ignoring the rights of the next generation. The increasing interest of green buildings in Egypt reflects the awareness of governments, local organizations and architects of the importance of incorporating and applying the comprehensive approach of sustainability in the field of architectural design. The adopting of sustainable buildings rating system is one of the goals of sustainable development in Egypt. Although Egypt adopted a local rating system for sustainable buildings which is “Green Pyramids Rating System”, there is no approved buildings by using GPRS however the density of construction activities in Egypt. The literature review shows that, the current sustainable buildings rating system in Egypt cannot be used to conduct a comprehensive assessment during the early stages of architectural design and to reevaluate the building after the construction process. In addition to the administrative obstacles and the negative aspects of GPRS, the research problem includes also the technical challenges and the problems related to people who do the evaluation. This paper investigates the development of sustainable buildings evaluation process in Egypt and the current institutions responsible for evaluating the sustainability of buildings. The main potentials and available chances for developing sustainable architectural design have been clarified. On the other hand, the current challenges which obstacle rating the sustainable buildings in Egypt were clarified. The present paper recommends some suggestions to achieve comprehensive for buildings in terms of environmental, economic and social issues and to encourage the development of materials and construction systems which are environmentally friendly.

Modernism in Belgrade: Classification of Modernist Housing Buildings 1919-1980

Yugoslavian Modernist Architecture, although part of a larger cultural phenomenon, received hardly any international attention, since there are only a few internationally published studies about it. Nevertheless, Modernist Architecture of the Inter-war Yugoslavia (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), and specially Modernist Architecture of the Post-war Yugoslavia (Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia under the “reign” of Tito), represents the most important architectural heritage of the 20th century in former Yugoslavian countries. Belgrade, as the capital city of both newly founded Yugoslavia(s), experienced an immediate economic, political and cultural expansion after the both wars, as well as a large population increase. The construction of sufficient and appropriate new housing was a major undertaking in both periods (1919-1940 and 1948-1980), however conceived and realized with deeply diverging views. The transition from villas and modest apartment buildings, as main housing typologies in the Inter-war period, to the mass housing of the Post-war period, was not only a result of the different socio-political context of the two Yugoslavia(s), but also the country’s industrialization, modernization and technological development. Through the classification of Modernist housing buildings in Belgrade, this paper will investigate on relations between the transformations of the main housing typologies executed under different socio-political contexts on the one side, and development of building technologies, construction systems and materials applied on those buildings on the other side. The paper wants to shed light on the Yugoslavian Modernist Architecture in order to increase the international awareness on its architectural and heritage values. The aim is an integrated re-evaluation of the buildings, presentation of their current condition and potentials for future (re)use with a specific focus on building envelopes and construction.