The main components of the processes of socio-economic development of society are presented, as understood by leading scientists — economists and practitioners in foreign countries and in Russia during the late XIX, XX and first twenty years of the XXI century. The necessity of the continuity of a reasonable theory with progressive practice in the selection and justification of the components in the processes of socio-economic development is substantiated. The structure of systemically substantiated elements of economic processes that ensure the satisfaction of the vital needs of the population has been formed. The results of an economic analysis of the interaction and effectiveness of the constituent processes of human activity and the satisfaction of their needs are presented. The necessity of realizing the theoretical postulate of A. Marshall on the impact on productive labor and economic efficiency of the full satisfaction of the needs of workers and members of their families, regardless of ownership, is substantiated. The processes of interaction between employers and workers in the socio-economic development of the country for the systemic continuity of theory and practice are visualized. The organizational and technological priorities of the cluster organization of production with low-waste, non-waste and fuel and energy-saving technologies are substantiated.