Constant Noise Research Articles

Ecological assessment of acoustic pollution of the city of Lviv and the effec-tiveness of noise measures

Anthropogenic and functional heterogeneities of urban landscapes contribute to the formation of local noise load centers. In cities, the acoustic background is multifactorial, that is, it is covered by different types of noise sources. However, the growth of traffic in cities is the first reason for the increase in noise pollution. Real-time studies of the traffic load of selected areas of the city, their acoustic load and the effectiveness of implemented noise protection devices (installation of noise protection screens) were conducted. The areas where the noise load of urban landscapes of Lviv was determined were selected taking into account the combination of different types of noise (automotive, automotive-railway, industrial-automotive) and the evaluation of the effectiveness of noise protection devices implemented nearby. Environmental assessment of the noise load of urban landscapes of Lviv showed in most cases that the equivalent and maximum noise levels were exceeded. The greatest noise pollution was on the street. The source level at the time of train movement is 88.2 dBA. For sections 1 and 2 (Lypinsky Str.), where automobile noise dominates, the exceedance of acoustic norms was within 7.5–13.4 dBA. For these areas, the average daily traffic load was determined to be 436 and 302 cars/hour, with the share of passenger cars of 73.2 and 79.6 %, respectively, of the total traffic flow. Modern urban planning should take into account noise pollution on a par with other factors of anthropogenic influence and visual aesthetics, because the constant noise background determines the degree of suitability of the urban landscape for living. The most common noise protection measures in residential areas are the use of construction and acoustic means and the formation of a system of green spaces. On the Lypynskyi Str., the efficiency of the installed noise protection screen in the form of a polycarbonate wall was 20 %, while on the Grabovsky St. noise protection screen of the “Green Wall” type – 23 %. The use of green spaces is also effective, which reduced the noise background by 16% on site 2 (Lypinsky Str. – Chornovola Ave.). For the city of Lviv, there is a need to conduct noise monitoring of the city and create a noise map.

Addendum for: Solar cell parameter accuracy improvement, via refinement of the Co-Content function. Part 1: theoretical analysis (2022 Eng. Res. Express 4 015022)

This paper is an addendum to reference Rangel-Kuoppa 2022 Eng. Res. Express 4 015022), in which the application of Co-Content function ( ) to obtain the five solar cell parameters, was reported, as a function of the number of measured points per voltage (), and a constant percentage noise () of the maximum measured constant, i.e., I max. In this addendum, it is the effect of a constant of each current, on the deduction of the five solar cell parameters, that is investigated and reported.

Addendum for: “Solar cell parameter accuracy improvement, via refinement of the Co-Content function. Part 2: Discussion on the experimental application” (2022 Eng. Res. Express 4 015020)

This paper is an addendum to reference (Rangel-Kuoppa 2022 Eng. Res. Express 4 015020), in which the deduction of the five solar cell parameters, through the polynomial fitting of Co-content function ( ), was reported, as a function of a constant percentage noise () of the maximum measured constant, i.e., I max , and the number of measured points per voltage (). In this addendum, the extraction of the five solar cell parameters is researched, in the 0 V to open-circuit voltage range, for the illumination case, as a function of and a p n of the

Salicylate- and Noise-induced Tinnitus. Different Mechanisms Producing the same Result? An Experimental Model

Purpose: Tinnitus, the generation of phantom sounds, can be the result of noise exposure, however, understanding of its underlying mechanisms is limited. Purpose of the study was is to determine whether different concentrations of salicylate can cause tinnitus of different intensity. Methods: For the purposes of this study 50 male Wistar rats were used. The animals were divided into 5 groups (10 rats in each group). The animals that did not receive any substance were allocated to the control group (Group A). The second group (Group B) of rats received salicylate (Sigma Aldrich) intraperitoneally for 7 days (300 mg/Kg/day). The 3rd group (Group C) received salicylate intraperitoneally for 7 days, but at twice the concentration of the animals in the second group (600 mg/kg/d). The 4th group (Group D) simultaneously received salicylate (300 mg/Kg/day) and pure Memantine (Sigma Aldrich, 10 mg/kg/d) intraperitoneally for 7 days. The 5th group (Group E) did not receive any substance but was exposed for 168 consecutive hours (7 days) to sound to induce tinnitus. Cochlear activity was evaluated with the use of Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions (DPOAEs). At the end of the experimental period, the animals were sacrificed, and the right cochlea was removed and prepared for further histological and immunohistochemical studies. Results: The DPOAEs of animals treated either with salicylate as monotherapy or salicylate combined with memantine were indistinguishable from the noise floor, did not differ significantly compared to the animals of the control group or those expose to constant noise. The cochlear structures of Group E remained anatomically and functionally unaffected from the exposure to constant noise. Memantine does not seem to offer substantial protection to the cochlear structures, according to histological examination and hearing tests, however, the rats receiving it exhibited better results in behavioral tests. Conclusions: The administration of memantine does not contribute significantly to the reduction of tinnitus.

Analysis and Management of Senayan PLTD Noise Pollution

PLTD activities must pay attention to environmental conditions on the important impacts that occur, specifically regarding the impact of noise that occurs from the operation of the machine. This study's intention is to quantify the degree to which the Senayan 101 MW PLTD's operation has an adverse effect on the neighborhood's noise levels. Constant Noise Type having a broad frequency range. It is advised to install a barrier made of concrete blocks 200 x 200 x 400 with a thickness of 300 mm as high as 6000 mm and a distance of 3000 mm in areas where the noise level is above 70 dB.A. This will help to reduce noise pollution by 20.05 dB.A, bringing the initial noise level down to 68.65 dB. A.

정수기 빌트인용 SPM type BLDC 모터 토크제어를 위한 모터설계 및 약계자 제어기 설계에 관한 연구

The system for water purifiers requires a motor with a constant speed, high torque, low noise, and low power. AC motors have low starting torque, and DC motors have difficulty in replacing brushes, generate noise, and are difficult to maintain. This study uses a high-density energy magnet called a neodymium magnet to design and control an SPM brushless DC (BLDC) motor to control high torque. This paper proposes the control and design of BLDC motors using the weak field method.

A methodology for incorporating a photon-counting CT system into routine clinical use.

Photon-counting computed tomography (PCCT) systems are increasingly available in the U.S. following Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of the first clinical PCCT system in Fall 2021. Consequently, there will be a need to incorporate PCCTs into existing fleets of traditional CT systems. The commissioning process of a PCCT was devised by evaluating the degree of agreement between the performance of the PCCT and that of established clinical CT systems. A PCCT system (Siemens NAEOTOM Alpha) was evaluated using the American College of Radiology(ACR) CT phantom (Gammex 464). The phantom was scanned on the system and on a 3rd Generation EID CT system (Siemens Force) at three clinical dose levels. Images were reconstructed across the range of available reconstruction kernels and Iterative Reconstruction (IR) strengths. Two image quality metrics-spatial resolution and noise texture-were calculated using AAPM TG233 software (imQuest), as well as a dose metric to achieve target image noise magnitude of 10HU. For each pair of EID-PCCT kernel/IR strengths, the difference in metrics were calculated, weighted, and multiplied over all metrics to determine the concordance between systems. IR performance was characterized by comparing relative noise texture and reference dose as a function of IR strength for each system. In general, as kernel "sharpness" increased for each system, spatial resolution, noise spatial frequency, and reference dose increased. For a given kernel, EID reconstruction showed higher spatial resolution compared to PCCT in standard resolution mode. PCCT implementation of IR better preserved noise texture across all strengths compared to the EID, demonstrated by respective 20 and 7% shifts in noise texture from IR "Off" to IR "Max." Overall, the closest match for a given EID reconstruction kernel/IR strength was identified as a PCCT kernel with "sharpness" increased by 1 step and IR strength increased by 1-2 steps. Substantial dose reduction potential of up to 70% was found when targeting a constant noise magnitude.

NoVaTeST: identifying genes with location-dependent noise variance in spatial transcriptomics data.

Spatial transcriptomics (ST) can reveal the existence and extent of spatial variation of gene expression in complex tissues. Such analyses could help identify spatially localized processes underlying a tissue's function. Existing tools to detect spatially variable genes assume a constant noise variance across spatial locations. This assumption might miss important biological signals when the variance can change across locations. In this article, we propose NoVaTeST, a framework to identify genes with location-dependent noise variance in ST data. NoVaTeST models gene expression as a function of spatial location and allows the noise to vary spatially. NoVaTeST then statistically compares this model to one with constant noise and detects genes showing significant spatial noise variation. We refer to these genes as "noisy genes." In tumor samples, the noisy genes detected by NoVaTeST are largely independent of the spatially variable genes detected by existing tools that assume constant noise, and provide important biological insights into tumor microenvironments. An implementation of the NoVaTeST framework in Python along with instructions for running the pipeline is available at https://github.com/abidabrar-bracu/NoVaTeST.

Sound power characterization of Corsi-Rosenthal boxes using DIY Comparison Method

Corsi-Rosenthal (CR) boxes efficiently and cost-effectively clean the air in an environment; however, the constant broadband noise they produce is a concern. Measuring sound power levels of CR boxes would provide a metric for noise comparisons, but traditional sound power level measurements are not readily adaptable for the average consumer. Measuring the sound power level in a free field over a reflecting plane is an accurate method but is complicated and expensive involving multiple microphones in an anechoic chamber (ANSI S12.54-1999). The Comparison Method is a simpler procedure that can be performed directly in the environment of interest but requires an expensive calibrated source (ANSI S12.57-2011). To allow for simple and inexpensive sound power measurements of CR boxes, we used ANSI S12.54-1999 to measure the sound power of a $30 hand vacuum (Black+Decker HNVC115JB06) to explore its potential as a DIY calibrated source for the Comparison Method. The reproducibility and uncertainty of this DIY method will be discussed. The DIY method has the potential to enable noise comparison of air cleaners or other devices for the average consumer.

Bursting Dynamics of Spiking Neural Network Induced by Active Extracellular Medium

We propose a mathematical model of a spiking neural network (SNN) that interacts with an active extracellular field formed by the brain extracellular matrix (ECM). The SNN exhibits irregular spiking dynamics induced by a constant noise drive. Following neurobiological facts, neuronal firing leads to the production of the ECM that occupies the extracellular space. In turn, active components of the ECM can modulate neuronal signaling and synaptic transmission, for example, through the effect of so-called synaptic scaling. By simulating the model, we discovered that the ECM-mediated regulation of neuronal activity promotes spike grouping into quasi-synchronous population discharges called population bursts. We investigated how model parameters, particularly the strengths of ECM influence on synaptic transmission, may facilitate SNN bursting and increase the degree of neuronal population synchrony.

A predefined-time and anti-noise varying-parameter ZNN model for solving time-varying complex Stein equations

A predefined-time and anti-noise varying-parameter zeroing neural network (PTAN-VPZNN) is designed to resolve time-varying complex Stein equations in this paper. Differing from the existing ZNNs, the merits of the proposed PTAN-VPZNN include: 1) a varying parameter that improves ZNN model’s convergence speed, which is more compatible with characteristics of the actual hardware parameter; 2) a noise-tolerant activation function which enables the PTAN-VPZNN model to solve Stein equations under noisy environments. Thence, the PTAN-VPZNN model has better convergence performance and noise immunity ability. Moreover, the predefined-time convergence of the PTAN-VPZNN is presented and the robustness of the PTAN-VPZNN is analyzed under constant noise, through rigorous theoretical derivations. Numerical studies demonstrate that the performance of the PTAN-VPZNN is better than the existing ZNNs including a linear ZNN (LZNN), a nonlinear ZNN (NLZNN), a finite-time convergent ZNN (FTCZNN) and a predefined-time convergent ZNN (PTCZNN), when solving Stein equations with or without noise involved. Finally, the PTAN-VPZNN is applied to a mobile manipulator for completing a path-tracking task, showing its potential application in robot control.

Improved Phase Noise Cancellation Technology for Auxiliary Reference Interferometer Demodulation Scheme

In an unbalanced interferometer, the phase noise level is positively related to the optical path length difference (OPD) and the wavelength instability of the light source. The effective current solution for reducing phase noise is to use an auxiliary reference interferometer to measure the phase noise signal. However, this method requires that all interferometers have the same OPD, otherwise the phase modulation depth of different interferometers with the same light source will be different and the noise reduction effect will be severely reduced. It is difficult to provide interferometers with precisely the same OPD in practical. In this paper, an improved phase-generated carrier (PGC) demodulation technique for phase noise cancellation that does not require strictly equal OPDs of interferometers is proposed. Combining an auxiliary reference interferometer scheme with an ellipse fitting algorithm (EFA) can eliminate the effect of different phase modulation depths due to different OPDs, and phase modulation depth drift on demodulation results, significantly reducing harmonic distortion. The additional phase modulation signal ensures the correct calculation of small signals by the EFA, while the OPDs of the interferometers are evaluated in real time to achieve constant phase noise cancellation capability under different OPD. Experimental results show that the proposed technique achieves a highly stable phase demodulation result with a maximum phase noise reduction of about 9dB and a minimum THD of -74.59 dB in interferometers with non-strict equal OPD.

Mechanical spring discharge-based multipillar triboelectric nanogenerator with enhanced power output

With the extensive use of small portable electronics in digital healthcare, the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), which can convert mechanical energy into electricity, has been developed for these portable electronics. However, the high mechanical input power for TENG performance improvement causes constant damage and excessive noise, which can make applying portable devices in daily life inconvenient. Nevertheless, the TENG electrical limitation, generating a low current output as nanoampere to microampere, still is not overcome. In this study, a portable multipillar TENG (PMP-TENG) with conductive springs can provide amplified output, developed mechanical characteristics simultaneously. When a moving electrode with a surface charge contacts the springs, the PMP-TENG continuously generates a high discharge output and increases the output frequency through the elastic force of the spring. In addition, the spring can prevent crack damage and harmful noise via shock absorption of the moving electrode. During the PMP-TENG operating mechanical input of 2.5 Hz, the average peak voltage, current is 165 V, 34 mA, respectively. The PMP-TENG is used to charge small electronics or power warning lights in portable devices during human motion, such as walking, running, and jumping, increasing its advantages.

OLSA level control in monaural speech audiometry in background noise for the evaluation of the CI fitting result

Speech audiometry measurements under the influence of background noise are a fundamental part of evaluating the outcome of hearing care. As yet far, there are no recommendations for selecting a suitable method for adaptive speech audiometry measurements in background noise in cochlear implant (CI) care, so either the choice the adaptive level change of the speech signal (S) with constant noise (N) or the adaptive level change of N with constant S. Do the measurement results of the monaural speechrecognition threshold in noise (SRT) with the Oldenburg Sentence Test (OLSA) depend on the choice of level control? A total of 50 series of measurements with OLSA in noise and the Freiburg speech intelligibility test in quiet (FBE) on middle-aged CIpatients from clinical routine. There is no significant difference in the measurement results with different level controls when the SRT is less than 5 [Formula: see text]. Below 55 % monosyllabic intelligibility in quiet, the SRT in noise becomes greater than 5 [Formula: see text]. From a clinical, audiological and methodological point of view, it is advisable to carry out the adaptive monaural speech intelligibility measurement with a constant speech signal at 65 [Formula: see text].

Entanglement entropy scaling of noisy random quantum circuits in two dimensions

Whether noisy quantum devices without error correction can provide quantum advantage over classical computers is a critical issue of current quantum computation. In this work, the random quantum circuits, which are used as the paradigm model to demonstrate quantum advantage, are simulated with depolarizing noise on experiment relevant two-dimensional architecture. With comprehensive numerical simulation and theoretical analysis, we find that the maximum achievable operator entanglement entropy, which indicates maximal simulation cost, has area law scaling with the system size for constant noise rate. On the other hand, we also find that the maximum achievable operator entanglement entropy has power law scaling with the noise rate for fixed system size, and the volume law scaling can be obtained only if the noise rate decreases when system size increase.

A comparison of equivalent noise methods in investigating local and global form and motion integration.

Static and dynamic cues within certain spatiotemporal proximity are used to evoke respective global percepts of form and motion. The limiting factors in this process are, first, internal noise, which indexes local orientation/direction detection, and, second, sampling efficiency, which relates to the processing and the representation of global orientation/direction. These parameters are quantified using the equivalent noise (EN) paradigm. EN has been implemented with just two levels: high and low noise. However, when using this simplified version, one must assume the shape of the overall noise dependence, as the intermediate points are missing. Here, we investigated whether two distinct EN methods, the 8-point and the simplified 2-point version, reveal comparable parameter estimates. This was performed for three different types of stimuli: random dot kinematograms, and static and dynamic translational Glass patterns, to investigate how constant internal noise estimates are, and how sampling efficiency might vary over tasks. The results indicated substantial compatibility between estimates over a wide range of external noise levels sampled with eight data points, and a simplified version producing two highly informative data points. Our findings support the use of a simplified procedure to estimate essential form-motion integration parameters, paving the way for rapid and critical applications to populations that cannot tolerate protracted measurements.

Interoceptive accuracy correlates with precision of time perception in the millisecond range.

It has been proposed that accuracy in time perception is related to interoceptive accuracy and vagal activity. However, studies investigating time perception in the supra-second range have provided mixed results, and few studies have investigated the sub-second range. Moreover, there is a lack of studies investigating the relationship between precision in time perception and interoceptive accuracy. A recent meta-analytic review of neuroimaging studies proposed a dynamic interaction between two types of timing processing-an endogenous time keeping mechanism and the use of exogenous temporal cues. Interoceptive accuracy may affect both accuracy and precision of primary temporal representations, as they are generated based on the endogenous time keeping mechanism. Temporal accuracy may vary when adapted to the environmental context. In contrast, temporal precision contains some constant noise, which may maintain the relationship with interoceptive accuracy. Based on these assumptions, we hypothesized that interoceptive accuracy would be associated with temporal precision in the sub-second range, while vagal activity would be associated with temporal accuracy. We used the temporal generalization task, which allowed us to calculate the indices of temporal accuracy and temporal precision in line with the existing research, and also compute the index of participants' sensitivity according to the signal detection theory. Specifically, we investigated whether (1) interoceptive accuracy would correlate with temporal accuracy, temporal precision, or sensitivity and (2) resting-state vagal activity would correlate with temporal accuracy, temporal precision, or sensitivity. The results indicated that interoceptive accuracy was positively correlated with temporal precision as well as sensitivity, but not with temporal accuracy, in the sub-second range time perception. Vagal activity was negatively correlated only with sensitivity. Furthermore, we found a moderation effect of sensitivity on the relationship between vagal activity and perceived duration, which affected the association between vagal activity and temporal accuracy. These findings suggest the importance of precision as an aspect of time perception, which future studies should further explore in relation to interoception and vagal activity, and of the moderation effects of factors such as participants' sensitivity in this context.

Complete traceability multimedia fingerprinting codes resistant to averaging attack and adversarial noise with optimal rate

In this paper we consider complete traceability multimedia fingerprinting codes resistant to averaging attacks and adversarial noise. Recently it was shown that there are no such codes for the case of an arbitrary linear attack. However, for the case of averaging attacks complete traceability multimedia fingerprinting codes of exponential cardinality resistant to constant adversarial noise were constructed in Egorova et al. (Probl Inf Transm 56(4):388–398, 2020). We continue this work and provide an improved lower bound on the rate of these codes.

Performance Analysis and Applications of Finite-Time ZNN Models With Constant/Fuzzy Parameters for TVQPEI.

Based on extensive applications of the time-variant quadratic programming with equality and inequality constraints (TVQPEI) problem and the effectiveness of the zeroing neural network (ZNN) to address time-variant problems, this article proposes a novel finite-time ZNN (FT-ZNN) model with a combined activation function, aimed at providing a superior efficient neurodynamic method to solve the TVQPEI problem. The remarkable properties of the FT-ZNN model are faster finite-time convergence and preferable robustness, which are analyzed in detail, where in the case of the robustness discussion, two kinds of noises (i.e., bounded constant noise and bounded time-variant noise) are taken into account. Moreover, the proposed several theorems all compute the convergent time of the nondisturbed FT-ZNN model and the disturbed FT-ZNN model approaching to the upper bound of residual error. Besides, to enhance the performance of the FT-ZNN model, a fuzzy finite-time ZNN (FFT-ZNN), which possesses a fuzzy parameter, is further presented for solving the TVQPEI problem. A simulative example about the FT-ZNN and FFT-ZNN models solving the TVQPEI problem is given, and the experimental results expectably conform to the theoretical analysis. In addition, the designed FT-ZNN model is effectually applied to the repetitive motion of the three-link redundant robot and image fusion to show its potential practical value.

General ELLRFS-DAZN algorithm for solving future linear equation system under various noises

This work investigates the problem of future linear equation system under various noises. Firstly, a continuous advanced zeroing neurodynamic (CAZN) model under noise is developed to solve continuous linear equation system. Subsequently, by combining a general explicit linear left–right four-step (ELLRFS) formula with the CAZN model, a general ELLRFS discrete advanced zeroing neurodynamic (ELLRFS-DAZN) algorithm under noise is proposed to solve the future linear equation system. Theoretical analyses and results manifest the convergence performance of the general ELLRFS-DAZN algorithm under various noises. Moreover, numerical experimental results, including those based on a UR5 manipulator, validate the effectiveness and robustness of the general ELLRFS-DAZN algorithm under various noises. Numerical experimental results based on mobile acoustic source localization further substantiate the superiority of the general ELLRFS-DAZN algorithm under constant noise. Finally, physical experimental results based on a Kinova JACO2 manipulator substantiate the practicability of the general ELLRFS-DAZN algorithm under bounded random noise.