Effects Of Brain Drain Research Articles

Пом’якшення феноменів «розтрати мізків» і «відтоку мізків» в Україні: конвергенція економічних та освітніх трансформацій

The article considers such concepts as brain drain and brain waste and analyzes the current state of professional migration in Ukraine. Brain drain is a phenomenon that describes the migration of highly skilled people to more developed countries caused by globalization, economic imbalances in the world, and the policies of developed countries. Brain loss is a phenomenon that describes the complete or partial loss of competence by a person during working in a position that does not correspond to his or her qualification level.Migration trends in Ukraine were analyzed. The flow of students studying abroad is increasing due to exchange programs and international projects. Regarding professional migration, the main countries that accept emigrants from Ukraine are neighboring Russia and Poland, which coincides with global trends, according to which people most often migrate to neighboring countries with more developed economies.The article also provides examples of combating the effects of brain drain and brain waste in different countries. Ways to reduce the consequences of these can be tax policy improvements, monetary incentives for scientists, or stimulating the economy, for example, through coopetion between universities, government, and business.

International Student Flows from Developing Countries: Do Donors Have an Impact?

International student flows from emerging and developing countries have grown tremendously over the last decades. In this paper, we address the question of whether donors, who might care about the potential brain drain effects student emigration entails in the countries of origin, can affect the student outflows through their foreign aid activities. Employing standard gravity-type approaches of international migration, we separately analyse the impact of scholarships for students from developing countries, and of development projects in recipient countries aimed at improving the local quality of tertiary education. We find that these two types of post-secondary aid lead to opposite effects on student mobility. Investing in the quality of tertiary education in recipient countries appears to be associated with lower outflows of tertiary educated students to donor countries, which corroborates previous research showing that aid may reduce emigration from developing countries if it improves public services. The provision of in-donor scholarships obviously raises student mobility for the duration of the university education abroad, but our results suggest that the student inflows also translate into permanent immigration of highly educated people.

The impacts of environmental pollution and brain drain on income inequality

This paper establishes a two-sector general equilibrium model of a small open economy to examine the impact of environmental pollution on income inequality via brain drain. The results of the equilibrium modelling show that environmental pollution in the source country can widen the income gap between skilled and unskilled workers and that brain drain caused by environmental pollution will amplify this effect; furthermore, improving the environmental quality in the recipient country will widen the skilled-unskilled income gap in the source country. Our empirical results show that deteriorating the environmental quality in the source country increases income inequality and that brain drain caused by environmental quality will amplify the effect. Our sample is divided into four sub-samples: stage of national development, level of national income, status of environmental pollution and situation of brain drain. We find that environmental pollution has different effects on income inequality via brain drain in these sub-samples. Comparing the heterogeneous components of environmental quality, we find that brain drain caused by diminished ecosystem vitality and by air quality affecting human health will widen income inequality but that other factors related to environmental quality have no significant impacts on the effect of brain drain on income inequality. The results of a robustness test support these conclusions.

Labor Mobility or Brain Drain? The Role of College Completion Time

I study the effect of graduating within the nominal length of a university degree on the probability of working abroad after graduation. I solve for endogeneity by exploiting the exogenous variation in the probability of graduating on time that has been induced by a recent reform of the Italian academic system. I find that graduating on time increases the probability of working abroad at 1, 3, and 5 years from graduation. Results are stronger for males at 5 years from graduation claiming a brain drain effect measured in a 10.5 percentage points increase. I provide evidence that the brain drain effect is due to worsened labor conditions at 1 year from graduation.

The economic effects of emigration: a literature review

Despite great policy, social and economic relevance, the consequences of international population movements for the sending countries remain relatively under-researched. Migration economics has so far focused mostly on the impact of immigration, trying to explain how the movement of people affects the economic situation of the countries that receive migrants. Studies on the source economies are mostly empirical and analyse the effects of outward population movements on local labour markets, and in particular the wages of those who stay behind, as well as the consequences of brain drain. This paper conducts a review of the literature on the economic impacts of migration movements. It presents the current state of knowledge and main findings from existing empirical and theoretical studies, focusing on five areas: consequences of brain drain, implications for wages of non-migrants, role of the remittances sent by emigrants to the home countries, fiscal effects and welfare consequences. We describe different approaches used so far in the literature to evaluate the effects of emigrants on nonmigrants, focusing both on the methodology, findings and limitations. The article also tries to identify gaps in the existing literature, as well as the potential directions for future research. Finally, we place special emphasis on the consequences of population movements following the 2004 EU enlargement, and particularly, on the emigration from Poland as the largest economy entering the EU in 2004.

Global Innovative R&D Offshoring with Heterogeneous Labor: The Role of IPR‐Protection on Technology Transfer and the Brain Drain Effect

Using a North–South framework, this study proposes a theoretical general equilibrium model with multiple Northern firms offshoring innovative R&D to the South. Northern firms vary in their ability to manage Southern researchers, and Southern researchers vary in quality. Southern researchers of higher quality are more productive but also more likely to leave the firm and start a competing firm through imitation of the product. A strengthening of Southern IPR‐protection increases offshoring, global welfare, and innovation while eliminating employment opportunities for skilled Southern researchers. Therefore, stronger Southern IPR‐protection has the potential to contribute to the emigration of highly qualified researchers. The model then predicts the effects of changes to the Northern country as a result of this increased emigration. Increases in Northern technology increase offshoring and innovation while decreasing the amount of technology transferred. The effect of an increase in Northern researcher quality depends on the degree of the increase in productivity as a result of the higher quality workers.

Brain drain, informality and inequality: A search-and-matching model for sub-Saharan Africa

This paper revisits the effect of brain drain on development and inequality using a two-sector model with formal and informal labor markets. Contrary to existing studies, we use a search-and-matching setting that allows to endogenize the employment structure and the wage differentials between different skill groups in the same sector, and between workers with identical skills employed in different sectors. Theoretically, the brain drain induces ambiguous welfare effects for those left behind as the potential loss/gain depends on the parameters of the model. We thus parameterize our model on 33 sub-Saharan African countries and produce comparative results for each of them. We find that skilled emigration induces heterogeneous welfare losses for the low-skilled population. The size of these losses varies between 0.2 and 8%, and is influenced by the parameters of the production and education technologies. The results are fairly robust to identifying assumptions, to the inclusion of technological externalities, and to the endogenization of training decisions.

Brain drain and tax competition: Do we need another BEPS?

In the article we argue that the origins of the international tax base erosion in the corporate sector, which are the harmful tax competition for capital and old-fashioned international tax rules, are also relevant for the taxation of income of the high-skilled and mobile workforce. Therefore, a multilateral rethinking of the global tax architecture is proposed in order to conceptually address the problem properly and in a harmonized manner. We point out, based on the examples of Russia and Serbia, several problems of tax base erosion for mobile talents, with a case study analysis of scenarios of talent migration involving sportspersons, researchers and IT specialists. Finally, we propose some ideas for global tax cooperation in order to mitigate the negative tax effects of brain drain based on adapting the existing recommendations of the BEPS Project for the cases of migrating individuals.

International Student Flows from Developing Countries: Do Donors Have an Impact?

International student flows from emerging and developing countries have grown tremendously over the last decades. In this paper, we address the question of whether donors, who might care about the potential brain drain effects student emigration entails in the countries of origin, can affect the student outflows through their foreign aid activities. Employing standard gravity-type approaches of international migration, we separately analyse the impact of scholarships for students from developing countries, and of development projects in recipient countries aimed at improving the local quality of tertiary education. We find that these two types of post-secondary aid lead to opposite effects on student mobility. Investing in the quality of tertiary education in recipient countries appears to be associated with lower outflows of tertiary educated students to donor countries, which corroborates previous research showing that aid may reduce emigration from developing countries if it improves public services. The provision of in-donor scholarships obviously raises student mobility for the duration of the university education abroad, but our results suggest that the student inflows also translate into permanent immigration of highly educated people.

„Hatás és ellenhatás” – A fiatalok európai mobilitásának hatása a gazdaságra és a munkaerőpiacra

A fiatalok nemzetközi mobilitása az Európai Unió területén számos társadalmi és gazdasági hatást indukál, melynek ökonometriai elemzése csak részben kutatott téma. A nemzetközi MOVE kutatási projekt keretében több vizsgálatot is folytattunk a fiatalok Európa számára „hasznos” migrációjának megismerésére. Kvantitatív adatelemzést végeztünk az európai országok körében arra vonatkozóan, hogy a fiatalok mobilitásának milyen munkaerőpiaci és gazdasági hatásai vannak. Hipotézisünk szerint a fiatalok befelé irányuló mobilitásának fokozódása kedvezően hat mind a munkaerőpiacra, mind a gazdasági növekedésre, vagyis csökkenti a fiatalok munkanélküliségét és növeli az egy főre jutó GDP-t, a befogadó és a kibocsátó országban egyaránt. Cikkünkben meghatározzuk a fiatalok migrációjáról szóló elméleti alapvetéseket, majd ismertetjük a modellt, amely a fiatalok bejövő mobilitásának a munkanélküliségre és a gazdaságra gyakorolt hatását írja le. Bemutatjuk az OLS panelregresszió-számítással – 30 európai ország bevonásával, 10 évre vonatkozóan (2004–2013) – végzett elemzésünket. A vizsgálatokat három országcsoportban teszteltük: a centrum-, vagyis fogadó országok csoportjában; a periféria-, vagyis kibocsátó országok csoportjában, és az összes vizsgált országban. Az elemzésben kiszűrjük azoknak a gazdasági és társadalmi tényezőknek (mint a minimálbér mértéke, a külföldi működőtőkekiáramlás, az iskolai végzettség és a városi lakosság aránya) a hatását, amelyek a mobilitás mellett befolyásolhatják a fiatalok munkanélküliségének és az egy főre jutó GDP-nek az alakulását. A tanulmány végén összegezzük, hogy mely tényezők erősítik a fiatalok „jó”, azaz minden szereplő számára hasznos térbeli mobilitását az Európai Unión belül.

Effects of Brain Drain on the South African Health Sector; Analysis of the Dynamics of its Push Factors

While there has been a plethora of studies that addresses migration in Africa, many have yet to successfully unpack the effects of brain drain on the South African health sector. Using textual analysis of the available literature relevant to the topic under consideration; this work seeks to identify the major structural and socio-economic push factors that drive the migration of health professionals in South Africa, relying on Revestain’s laws of migration and Lee’s push/pull theory of migration. The study also looks at explaining other factors that contribute to the migration of health professionals in South Africa. We argue that for South Africa to retain health professionals, the government needs to increase the training of health workers, improve their working conditions and security, upgrade infrastructure and ensure availability of resources as well as develop a more open immigration policy prioritizing skilled immigration.

Effects of Brain Drain on the South African Health Sector; Analysis of the Dynamics of its Push Factors

While there has been a plethora of studies that addresses migration in Africa, many have yet to successfully unpack the effects of brain drain on the South African health sector. Using textual analysis of the available literature relevant to the topic under consideration; this work seeks to identify the major structural and socio-economic push factors that drive the migration of health professionals in South Africa, relying on Revestain’s laws of migration and Lee’s push/pull theory of migration. The study also looks at explaining other factors that contribute to the migration of health professionals in South Africa. We argue that for South Africa to retain health professionals, the government needs to increase the training of health workers, improve their working conditions and security, upgrade infrastructure and ensure availability of resources as well as develop a more open immigration policy prioritizing skilled immigration.

Resource shocks and human capital stocks – Brain drain or brain gain?

Based on the paradox of plenty, resource abundant countries tend to be vulnerable for lower economic prosperity along with instable political institutions as well as corruption. This paper sheds light on the relationship between resource abundance and the selectivity of migration. First, I combine a Dutch-Disease-model with a Roy-Borjas-model in order to elaborate on the relationship between resource shocks and migrant selectivity theoretically. Thereby, I predict that resource booms give rise to brain drain effects which are mediated through distributional effects under certain conditions. Second, I provide empirical evidence for the effect of resource shocks on migrant selectivity based on a structural equation model in order to disentangle effects on income inequality and migrant selectivity. The results show that resource shocks, especially oil booms, strengthen brain drain effects in a sample with 116 source and 23 destination countries between 1910 and 2009.

The economics and philosophy of the brain drain: A critical perspective from the periphery

The paper provides a critical perspective on recent contributions to the economics literature, and associated philosophical arguments, that downplay negative effects of skilled migration on developing countries. The assertion that such migration incentivises investment in human capital is shown to rely on shaky theoretical foundations and weak empirical evidence. The associated economic literature suggesting a net positive effect of brain drain is at odds with literatures on the positive effects of human capital and education on economic growth. The manner in which net effects are determined also demonstrates that such contributions are utilitarian in nature. Identifying those who are the worst affected by brain drain, as well as the possible decision of a citizen placed behind the veil of ignorance, supports the view that opposing barriers to brain drain is inconsistent with a Rawlsian social welfare function. The undermining of institutions by skilled emigration is a fundamental consideration neglected by the economics literature without justification and, again, contradicts literatures on growth and institutions within economics. The economic theory of education can also be shown to support the view that depriving governments of the power to limit migration undermines states’ ability to resolve market failures. A number of other issues are identified that deserve greater consideration, including reflexivity in research on brain drain, the political economy of skilled migration and the philosophical status of nation-states. Despite unreliable econometric evidence, there is sufficient basis and justification to act. The paper concludes by briefly sketching possible actions under different degrees of international cooperation.

An Empirical Investigation of the Effects of Brain Drain on Developing Countries since 21st Century: A Case of Afghanistan

The purpose of this study is to find out the factors behind the flood of Afghan migrants the world witnessed during the past couple of years. After the withdrawal of some portion of US and NATO forces in 2014, people of Afghanistan suffered mainly from continued security concerns which ultimately stimulated migration of young minds at large but this is not the only factor we analyzed during the process. The push factors such as cost of weddings in some parts of Afghanistan is a profound problem and it was observed from the investigation of the sample population as a stimulus for youth to go abroad to work and save money for getting married. We investigated the unemployment factor on brain drain from Afghanistan on a large scale. This factor clearly proved to be the major driver of migration based on the results obtained in this empirical study. Furthermore, each year thousands of students leave Afghanistan to study in different parts of the world on scholarship. We investigated the role of educational scholarships on motivating youth to leave Afghanistan and their probability to return back to their homeland. It was demonstrated through the analysis of sample data that mostly those students who travel abroad for study purposes do not return back to Afghanistan, thereby creating a vacuum in terms of productive young minds. In addition, Social pressure is a common influence on people’s behavior within the different communities in Afghanistan. We analyzed the relationship between people adopting the path of migration with social pressures from society. The analysis of the data showed a positive relationship of the societal pressures on the youth leaving country. The nature of research for my study is based on quantitative methodology. This research targeted mainly the Afghan population living overseas because these are the people who are most affected one way or the other by some internal factors that’s why they migrated. We have also included citizen’s views that live within Afghanistan in order to understand prospects of migration from the participants. However, a convenience sampling method was used in this study as specific people were targeted that we believe would take part in the survey. Social Media such as Facebook and Vkontakte was used to deliver the questionnaires to the respondents. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) statistical models such as Chi square test, binomial probability test, and a one sample test were used to test the hypotheses statements. A pairwise test was used to rank the factors in terms of major influence on migration.

Contribution of Sudanese medical diaspora to the healthcare delivery system in Sudan: exploring options and barriers.

BackgroundMedical diaspora options, including the engagement of expatriate physicians in development efforts within their home country, are being called for to reverse the effects of brain drain from developing countries. This paper presents the results of a study exploring the potential contributions for the Sudanese Medial Diaspora Options to the healthcare delivery system (HCDS) in Sudan, focusing on the options of temporal and permanent returns and the likely obstacles faced in their implementation.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study using a mixed methods design including quantitative and qualitative approaches. For the quantitative approach, the study, which focused on the possible contribution of the diaspora to healthcare delivery in Sudan, was based on an online survey using random purposive and snowballing sampling techniques involving 153 Sudanese physicians working in Saudi Arabia and other Gulf States, the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, and the United States of America. The qualitative approach involved in-depth interviews with returnee physicians and key informants in Sudan, focusing on the return experiences, the barriers for return, and the options to improve future contributions.ResultsDespite contributions of the Sudanese medical diaspora being of a small scale considering the size of the phenomenon, as well as infrequent and not appropriately organized, their inputs to academia and the links built with overseas institutions and specialist clinical services were nevertheless remarkable. The main barrier to temporal return was inappropriate organization by the local counterparts, while those for permanent return of physicians were poor work environment, insufficient financial payment, unsecured accommodation, and offspring education. The study identified short-term return as a feasible option considering the country’s current conditions. Proper coordination mechanisms for short-term returns and facilitation of permanent return through stakeholders’ collaboration were proposed to improve diaspora contributions.ConclusionsThe potentials of Sudanese medial diaspora contributions to the HCDS in Sudan are promising. Short-term contributions were observed as the best option for the current country situation. Creation of a coordinating body from within the healthcare sector in Sudan to effectively coordinate diaspora contributions is recommended.

Brain Dain, its Determinants and Solutions


 
 
 Brain drain is an important issue that leads to losing skilled human resource ultimately results in psychosocial and economic instability of the country. The aim of the present study was to review the different studies on the phenomenon of brain drain. Studies on different issues were thoroughly reviewed which include the definition, causes, determinants, evolution and the recommendations for reducing negative consequences of brain drain. Also studies of different developing countries and of Pakistan as well were reviewed to see the negative and positive consequences of this issue. Pakistan because of its political instability and economic downfall is facing the problem of skilled trainees, doctors and professionals; therefore the present study focused the causes and effects of brain drain. Some recommendations were identified from the analysis of different research papers, which can help in the reduction of negative factors associated with the Brain drain phenomena.
 
 

Revisiting the Brain Drain Literature with Insights from a Dynamic General Equilibrium World Model

AbstractThe existing brain drain literature has found various mechanisms through which the high‐skilled South‐to‐North migration affects developing economies. However, some of the new‐found effects remain disputable due to limited evidence. This study aims to provide suggestive guidelines for future research by identifying the mechanisms that can generate larger economic impacts at the aggregate. The analysis is based on a dynamic general equilibrium world model that is calibrated to published statistics and incorporates empirical estimates on the effects of brain drain. It simulates short‐ and long‐run impacts of increased brain drain on GDP per capita, GNI per capita, and income inequality. The results suggest that more studies should be conducted to further examine how the brain drain influences human capital formation and technology spillovers. Both have significant impacts on domestic production and national income. A better understanding of different remitting patterns is also desirable to understand how to reduce inequality and promote recipients’ investment in productive assets.

Effect of Brain Drain (Human Capital Flight) of Librarians on Service Delivery in Some Selected Nigerian Universities

This study seeks to describe and analyze the challenges occasioned by brain drain or human capital flight of librarians on service delivery in Nigerian Universities. The research adopted a descriptive survey design. A purposive sampling technique was used to select two geopolitical zones (South-South and South-West) from the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria. Total enumeration was used because the population under study was considered appropriate for the research. The instrument used for data collection was questionnaire. Sixty copies of the instrument were distributed to 60 librarians in the two selected geopolitical zones. Copies of all the questionnaires were completed, retrieved, and found usable, thus giving a response rate of 100%. Survey results indicated that 315 librarians emigrated to foreign lands for various reasons, including unstable academic calendar and prospects for further training among others. This loss of personnel in the university libraries has a negative impact on service delivery as qualified information professionals and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) experts are limited to mentor the younger professionals. Shift duties in academic libraries are also scaled down for lack of manpower. Based on the findings, the researchers recommend that the Federal Government of Nigeria should, as a matter of urgency, robustly fund tertiary education to enhance productivity. As they do this, the National Universities Commission (NUC) is to empower academic libraries by ensuring that the staff development policy is strictly adhered to. This will translate into self-enhancement for staff, positive job attitude, and retention of professionals in the system.

INTELLECTUAL MIGRATION AS AN ISSUE OF CONTEMPORARY EDUCATION IN UKRAINE

This article discusses the causes and consequences of intellectual migration, brain drain, or the migration of Ukrainian scientists and educators from Ukraine. Causes for brain drain are: lack of reforms in education and science; low public spending on science and education; no conditions for work; the artificial obstacles for obtaining foreign grants and scholarships; no material and housing conditions; no moral or psychological freedom; no decent wages. Consequences of brain drain are: lack of reforms in the state; the significant lag in education, science, and in socio-economic and cultural areas; isolation from worldwide innovation and progress; political and socio-economic crisis; loss the status of the scientific country. Also this paper examines the dynamic of the reduction in the number of scientists from 1990-2012. The conclusions of the study are assumptions about the negative consequences of the current situation in the Ukrainian education and science system for Ukraine's future. We are sure that only real and consistent reforms of science and education can protect the Ukrainian system of education and science from irreversible processes. The country needs real reforms that could accumulate the human capital of Ukrainian scientists and educators through the creation of reasonable living and working conditions for them inside the country, not abroad. Otherwise, Ukraine could lose its status as a scientific state.