Confrontational Strategies Research Articles

The verbal component of the modern time diplomatic wars (linguostatistical analysis)

A new interpretation of a “diplomatic war” is considered in the context of changed diplomatic communication – a complex organized system consisting of various components: diplomatic, political, economic, historical, legal, linguistic, and other. The article analyzes the examples of the verbal component of diplomatic communication on the basis of the communicative tactics in the process of information and diplomatic war, currently developing in international relations. The research material includes texts of speeches made by the Permanent Representative of Russia to the UN Security Council V.A. Nebenzya and the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Ukraine P. Klimkin (2014-2019) in a situation of diplomatic confrontation. The strategies of verbal confrontation, and the characteristics of emotivity and clichéd character of a diplomatic text are considered; the concept of implicitly evaluative diplomatic cliché is introduced. UN Security Council speeches are singled out into a separate subgenre of public speeches and verbal and structural characteristics of speeches obtained by quantitative computer tools are analyzed. Based on the results of quantitative linguistic analysis and the analysis of the extralinguistic situation, a linguopragmatic model of the speech situation of a diplomatic confrontation is suggested.

When Piety Is Not Enough: Religio-Political Organizations in Pursuit of Peace and Reconciliation in Zimbabwe

In post-independence Zimbabwe, religion has been associated with piety and acquiescence rather than radical confrontation. This has made it look preposterous for religious leaders to adopt seemingly radical and confrontational stances in pursuit of peace and reconciliation. Since the early 2000s, a new breed of religious leaders that deploy radical and confrontational strategies to pursue peace has emerged in Zimbabwe. Rather than restricting pathways to peace and reconciliation to nonconfrontational approaches such as empathy, pacifism, prayer, meditation, love, repentance, compassion, apology and forgiveness, these religious leaders have extended them to demonstrations, petitions and critically speaking out. Because these religious leaders do not restrict themselves to the methods and strategies of engagement and dialogue advocated by mainstream church leaders, mainstream church leaders and politicians condemn them as nonconformists that transcend their religious mandate. These religious leaders have redefined and reframed the meaning and method of pursuing peace and reconciliation in Zimbabwe and brought a new consciousness on the role of religious leaders in times of political violence and hostility. Through qualitative interviews with religious leaders from a network called Churches in Manicaland in Zimbabwe, which emerged at the height of political violence in the early 2000s, and locating the discussion within the discourse of peace and reconciliation, this article argues that the pursuit of peace and reconciliation by religious actors is not a predefined and linear, but rather a paradoxical and hermeneutical exercise which might involve seemingly contradictory approaches such as “hard” and “soft” strategies. Resultantly, religio-political nonconformism should not be perceived as a stubborn departure from creeds and conventions, but rather as a phenomenon that espouses potential to positively change socio-economic and political dynamics that advance peace and reconciliation.

Quorum sensing regulation confronts the development of a viable but non-culturable state in Vibrio cholerae.

Vibrio cholerae can enter a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state when it encounters unfavourable environments; VBNC cells serve as important reservoirs and still pose threats to public health. The genetic regulation of V. cholerae entering its VBNC state is not well understood. Here, we show a confrontation strategy adapted by V. cholerae O1 in which it utilizes a quorum sensing (QS) system to prevent transition into a VBNC state under low nutrition and temperature conditions. The upregulation of hapR resulted in a prolonged culturable state of V. cholerae in artificial sea water at 4°C, whereas the mutation of hapR led to fast entry into the VBNC state. We also observed that different V. cholerae O1 natural isolates with distinct QS functions present a variety of abilities to maintain culturability during the transition to a VBNC state. The strain groups with higher or constitutive expression of QS genes exhibit a greater tendency to maintain the culturable state during VBNC induction than those lacking QS functional groups. In summary, HapR-mediated QS regulation is associated with the transition to the VBNC state in V. cholerae. HapR expression causes V. cholerae to resist VBNC induction and become dominant over competitors in changing environments.

Successfully navigating the paradox of control and autonomy in succession: The role of managing ambivalent emotions

This article theorises how, why and with what outcomes successors manage the paradox of control and autonomy emerging as role conflict through emotion management strategies; thus, it contributes to theory building on paradox and emotion management in family business. Drawing on 20 interpretive case studies of French family businesses operating in wide-ranging industries, we highlight emotional ambivalence towards the father/incumbent, the mother, siblings and cousins, and leadership and document their prevalence in enmeshed family businesses. We show that when motivated by self-conformity and self-protection motives, successors accept the incumbent’s control and manage ambivalent emotions through defensive strategies, such as avoidance or compromise, which contributes to the pursuit of successor legitimacy. We reveal that during successor installation, successors might reject the incumbent’s control and instead promote personal autonomy by managing ambivalent emotions through confrontational strategies, such as hyperbolised emotional reactions, emotional display of negative emotions or holism, which contributes to successor emancipation.

Hybridizing the commons. Privatizing and outsourcing collective irrigation management after technological change in Spain

Abstract During the last decades, several regions of the world have experienced an increasingly forceful penetration by commercial service companies into irrigation water management, altering the institutional structures and procedures of common-pool resources management. In many cases, private-sector penetration takes place when water user organizations require a company to implement high-tech water control such as pressurized irrigation systems, as part of ‘modernization policies’. This study focuses on four representative cases of these processes with differing degrees of private-enterprise penetration in the Valencia Region (Spain). The research analyzes the strategies of collective-private confrontation and collaboration that are emerging in irrigator communities, and characterize how they affect the management of these irrigation systems. Results show how private enterprise intrusion has unequally affected the interactions between the different components of these irrigation systems. This has created different hybrids between private and common pool-resources management institutions, as well as different autonomies, dependencies and socio-political subjects. Users’ capacity to guide this coproduction process and maintain local control over their irrigation systems is essential to ensure the stability and preserve the robustness of each irrigation system. The quality of human capital and the recognition of collective water management values makes irrigation entities more robust vis-a-vis external pressures and disturbances, which in some of the cases analyzed have generated major social conflicts.

A Confrontation Decision-Making Method with Deep Reinforcement Learning and Knowledge Transfer for Multi-Agent System

In this paper, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) and knowledge transfer are used to achieve the effective control of the learning agent for the confrontation in the multi-agent systems. Firstly, a multi-agent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) algorithm with parameter sharing is proposed to achieve confrontation decision-making of multi-agent. In the process of training, the information of other agents is introduced to the critic network to improve the strategy of confrontation. The parameter sharing mechanism can reduce the loss of experience storage. In the DDPG algorithm, we use four neural networks to generate real-time action and Q-value function respectively and use a momentum mechanism to optimize the training process to accelerate the convergence rate for the neural network. Secondly, this paper introduces an auxiliary controller using a policy-based reinforcement learning (RL) method to achieve the assistant decision-making for the game agent. In addition, an effective reward function is used to help agents balance losses of enemies and our side. Furthermore, this paper also uses the knowledge transfer method to extend the learning model to more complex scenes and improve the generalization of the proposed confrontation model. Two confrontation decision-making experiments are designed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. In a small-scale task scenario, the trained agent can successfully learn to fight with the competitors and achieve a good winning rate. For large-scale confrontation scenarios, the knowledge transfer method can gradually improve the decision-making level of the learning agent.

Enablers of Target Cost Management Implementation: Evidence from Malaysia

This study used contingency theory to examine the key enablers of target cost management (TCM) at the Malaysian context. Using a single case study approach, a questionnaire survey was conducted on users of TCM at Company A, a Malaysian automotive company. The respondents were required to determine whether enablers, namely, an advanced manufacturing technology (AMT) implementation, confrontational strategy, customer orientation, an information-sharing network, lean manufacturing implementation, supplier relationships, teamwork oriented organizational culture, top management support and commitment, and training havepositive relationships with the successful implementation of TCM. The findings show that only teamwork, top management support and commitment, and training are the key enablers for the successful implementation of TCM in the case company.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ РЕФЛЕКСИВНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ У РОСІЙСЬКО-УКРАЇНСЬКОМУ КОНФЛІКТІ

In the article the concepts of reflection, reflexive management are analyzed, the basic mechanisms of reflective management are revealed. The main components of reflexive management are presented. The features of the use of reflexive management in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict are given. The ways and examples of counteraction in the information-psychological hybrid war of Russia against Ukraine are offered.The Russian Federation's aggression against Ukraine is a prime example of using the modern warfare technologies. Ukraine has felt the power and efficiency of using the reflective management, the result that the territories of Crimea are lost without direct using the fire.The scientific novelty is that we are trying in the first time to analyze the events unfolding in Ukraine from the point of view of reflective management. Studying and analyzing the features of using this method of warfare is relevant and important for the development of the own confrontation strategy against Russia of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict.Purpose of the article: to explore the features of reflexive management of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. To reveal mechanisms of influence and destruction of mental structures in the process of Russian-Ukrainian conflict and to consider possible scenarios of events in Ukraine and Russia in the conditions of information-psychological confrontation.Research Methods: content analysis of information sources, generalization of the experience of using reflexive management and development of a strategy of work to neutralize the consequences of using modern methods of influence against Ukraine.The practical importance of the exploration is in the justification of the need to formulate own strategy of waging war against the aggressor.To sum up, reflexive management is the management, in the first place, of mental representations of the world and the management of the creation of self-image (self-reflection) and others in themselves (humanity).Features of reflective management of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict include:• the Russian worldview, distorted to the contrary, which makes it impossible to see the real picture of the world;• it is necessary to develop of technologies of "awakening" and support of reflection of different types of subjects, including citizens and population of Russia;• it is necessary to influence the personal characteristics of Ukrainian and Russian leaders in order to awaken them to reflect human values, using reflective management that exploits morality, psychological and other factors;• managing the principle: “invincibility depends on you, the enemy’s vulnerability - on him”;• the application of “the highest standard of using the troops, which is the absence of position”;• the main mechanism is the transformation of the indirect into the direct, which means the using and mutual transition of tangible and intangible (psychological, moral, spiritual) means in the process of struggle;• understanding and implementing the situation when the adverse turns into the favorable and on the contrary;• Ukrainian society has entered to position of reflection own place and destination in the history of humanity and started its movement into a civilized society.Using the reflective management capabilities in the future must be related to the production and supply of objective, clear, consistent, accessible and relevant knowledge and ideas about the world, the environment and oneself. There is the formation of understanding of the culture’s influence, values and technologies on the image of oneself in the world as a whole system.

Robot Trajectory Planning based Attack and Defense Strategy for Water Polo Confrontation

Taking account of the attack of the enemy fish and disturbance of water waves generated in the water polo match, the fish head wiping the ball due to displacement of the target ball often occurs. In this paper, a tail sweeping based double fish alternate attack strategy is proposed. In this strategy, ball attack can be achieved by any part of the fish body, and it assures that the hitting of the ball no longer dependents on the fish head only, thus improves the robustness of the attacking scheme. Furthermore, as the short distance requirement for posture adjustment provides valuable time for the strategy of double fish alternation, we add the opponent fish attacking movement in the return phase. The experimental results show that the goal attack time of the tail sweeping strategy is shortened by 38.5% (single fish) and 66.9% (double fish alternation) respectively, which proves the performance efficiency of this strategy.

Regards croisés et contacts entre syndicalistes français et allemands (1945-1962)

The animosity which often prevails among French and German trade unionists in the wake of World War I disappears in the aftermath of the Second conflict. The meetings are more numerous, certain positions converge and the demands related to specific workforces often meet. Despite this, the two union worlds find it hard to understand each other. French and German union models seek to adapt to the evolution of capitalism. Undeniably German trade unionism seems to have better coped with this transformation. His weight, influence and co-management allowed him to achieve the highest standard of living for German labour forces, and gave them often better social protection in comparison with their French or British counterparts. Divided, folded over ideological identities and marked by the strategies of confrontation, French trade unionism has obviously greater difficulties. Favourable developments can be seen, however. The number of union members for instance is increasing and innovative thinking is emerging. European integration represents a challenge for these organizations, even if most of the organizations are in favour of it. It obliges trade unionists (as well as politicians, senior civil servants etc.) to take new approaches. Due to the contacts generated between French and German unionists, this period 1945-1962 prepares the two major developments of trade unionism during the next decade: the birth of a European trade unions’ confederation and that of the first Interregional Trade Union Council on Lorraine, Saarland and Luxembourg-level. Contacts and crossed views between French and German trade unionists were thus essential to establish a Europe of trade unions.

ПОЛИТИКА США В ОТНОШЕНИИ РОССИИ: КОНКУРЕНЦИЯ, СДЕРЖИВАНИЕ И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ

The global strategy of the United States is characterized by a great degree of continuity, adherence to basic ideas of American ideology, aims, tasks, and the methods of realization of national American interests, though different administrations bring tactical minor changes to the real policy and official rhetoric. Similar trend is seen when we describe and analyze the US strategy towards Russia. The hypothesis of the author is the following: American policy towards Russia has been developing within a quite clear historical paradigm of confrontational competition; American actions do not depend on whether the Russian State exists as the USSR or the Russian Federation. The dominant factor defining this kind of confrontational strategy is that Russia remains one of the leading world powers that is playing a very influential role in international relations and the world order formation, demonstrates an opposite to American view of global governance and world development. In the US, it is seen as a serious obstacle to the realization of the American concept of world liberal order – a monocentric /US centric world order. Restoration by Russia of a great power status after the dissolution of the Soviet Union has not been fully predicted and is unacceptable to the US, and first of all, to the ruling political elite. Opposition and criticism of Russia has been growing since 1995, and in the 2010s the deterrence of Russia evolved into a new cold war. Cold war confrontation between the US and Russia during the Trump administration became large scale and multifaceted, and could be characterized as a political, economic, and information war. There is a quite clear consensus on the Russia issue between the representatives of Congress, political parties and the groups of interest, mass media and think tanks, the representatives of intelligence community and some federal agencies. The article suggests the analysis of the views and recommendations of the leading think tanks as their influence on the policy towards Russia has been quite visible during all administrations. Though the Trump administration is in opposition to practically all liberal media (the majority of all mass media) and think tanks, the policy of the United States towards Russia is being formulated within the traditional paradigm. The author suggests a structural realist school of thinking as the most relevant for the better understanding of the situation in the Russian-American relations.

Conflictos socioambientales y estrategias de resistencia en la Ciudad de México: el caso de Contadero

In a context of peripheral urbanization in Contadero, Mexico City, we explored the "resistance strategies " that the habitants have articulated versus the decisions, of governmental character or private, that have allowed the construction of real estate projects in that high value area environmental. From the perspective of the socio-environmental conflicts we argue that they produce associations and alliances between different actors  that express themselves in collective articulations logics and confrontational strategies for the defense and appropriation of a common(forest and natural environment) while establishing new relationships with political and legal institutions Thus, we describe some cases in which despite the socio-economic differences and interests of the different actors involved, it´s possible to observe collective resistance strategies that refer to the appropriation and territorial identity of the Contadero´s habitants.

Why worker-supported collective bargaining may still fail

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to illustrate that some enterprise unions in South China, as strategic labor actors, made local progress in collective bargaining, but further elaborates on why gainful bargaining would require a more systematic understanding of the prevailing industrial structure.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is mainly drawn from intensive site visits and 51 in-depth interviews in 2013 and 2014, and several follow-ups up to 2018. Three cases of collective bargaining, featuring different union strategies of assertive negotiation, informal cooperation and direct confrontation, are discussed in detail.FindingsThe study illustrates that viable collective bargaining with worker-supported unions is possible in China. However, the effectiveness of bargaining does not count on this alone; the supply chain structure also imposes significant constraints, mainly by narrowing the bargaining scope of each supplier and differentiating the structural power of their unions. In these cases, institutionalized union coordination beyond individual suppliers is proposed.Research limitations/implicationsThese cases began as post-strike bargaining in Japanese auto supply chains and became the frontier of industrial relations in China. The impact of the supply chain in different sectors or regions requires further study.Originality/valueThis paper draws attention to the effect of an “invisible” but increasingly significant factor, industrial structure, on enterprise-level collective bargaining in China, unlike many previous criticisms of unwillingness or incompetence among labor actors.

Museumizing Slavery: Living History in Colson Whitehead’s The Underground Railroad

AbstractThis essay examines Colson Whitehead’s novel in relation to the museumizing of slavery that has gained momentum since the 1990s, focusing in particular on the Living History exhibition practice in which the Underground Railroad has played a vital part. Taking as my point of departure Whitehead’s signature move of building narrative worlds based on the logic of literalizing metaphor, I argue that his literal rendering of the Underground Railroad casts the novel as a grotesque tour of the US racial history. Structured as a train ride that transports readers to different historical sites, the novel at once stages and travesties the Living History practice of materializing the past in all its concrete particularity. I argue that Whitehead’s literalizing move also deviates from earlier literary efforts to stage a visceral, affective confrontation with the history of slavery. Responding to the heightened visibility rather than the absence of slavery from public memory, the novel casts into bold relief the historical frameworks (of American freedom stories and up-from-slavery narratives of racial advancement), pedagogical aims (of racial reconciliation and pluralist inclusion), and aesthetic strategies (of affective identification and cathartic confrontation) at play in current commemorations and exhibitions of slavery.

Vivências emocionais e estratégias de regulação emocional de psicólogos clínicos: um estudo qualitativo

A regulação emocional em intervenções psicoterapêuticas pode ser eficaz para lidar com situações, como o desconforto, não permitindo que o estado emocional afete a qualidade dos atendimentos. O intuito deste estudo é abordar o estado emocional dos psicoterapeutas em situações intensas do trabalho clínico. Para isso, recorreu-se à pesquisa de cunho descritivo e exploratório, em dados qualitativos. Foram realizadas cinco entrevistas, seguindo um roteiro de entrevistas semiestruturadas com perguntas abertas. Na sequência, o material foi transcrito e submetido à análise de conteúdo de Bardin (1977). Apesar de a regulação emocional fazer parte da rotina dos entrevistados, o uso das estratégias advém das experiências do cotidiano e, em menor proporção, das aprendizagens de formação. Considera-se que ampliar a compreensão do impacto da regulação emocional na prática clínica é necessário para a criação de estratégias de enfrentamento que cuidem da saúde mental do psicoterapeuta e do usuário do serviço.

METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PARTNERSHIP RELATIONS

The objective prerequisites for the transition from a strategy of confrontation to partnership relations in a competitive struggle for the consumer predetermine the need for a clear definition of such concepts as partnership relations and partner networks, since it is the partnership relations that provide market participants with more competitive advantages than they could have under condition of separate activities. The subject-matter of the study is a methodological solution to the problem of determining the effectiveness of establishing partnership relations and the formation of partner networks. After all, the effectiveness of the partner network can only be achieved if the effectiveness of the partnership relations is achieved. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to develop methodological approaches to determining the effectiveness of partner networks through the evaluation of partnership relations. In order to achieve this goal, the following research methods have been used in the paper: analysis and generalization of theoretical sources and scientific literature; abstract-logical method in the process of theoretical generalizations and formation of conclusions; prognostic and diagnostic; general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis. As a result of the research, the methodology of constructing a morphological matrix of the effectiveness of a partner network based on integrated indicators of the sustainability and reliability of partnership relations was proposed. In order to determine the components of sustainability, a methodology for calculating the integrated value of the sustainability index of the partnership relations is proposed. Herewith, five interrelated components are taken into account that are equally important for strategizing partnership relations such as economic, marketing, social, environmental sustainability, and also the sustainability of partner networks in general. The algorithm of quantitative and qualitative assessment of the reliability of partnership relations involves seven stages. In particular, the definition of requirements for the reliability of partnership relations within a certain partner network, the definition and adjustment of the indicators of the rating system of the reliability of partnership relations and their importance for the partner network, the formation of the rating of partnership relations by the values of the generalized index of reliability, rating partners within a specific partner network by the level of reliability. Therefore, the proposed expert methodical approach to the assessment of the reliability of partnership relations involves the calculation of three characteristics of reliability (partner, production and economic activities, partner network in general) and is an applied instrument set for a new solution to the scientific and applied problem in the area of formation and development of partner relations in the economy of Ukraine in order to ensure a high level of management of them in resource constraints.

RESILIENCE AS AN INTEGRAL CHARACTERISTIC OF PERSONALITY AMONG CADETS OF EMERCOM OF RUSSIA

Relevance. Resilience as an integrative resource of an individual, determining its psychological stability was studied among cadets of the Emercom of Russia to develop a psycho correctional program and increase the effectiveness of vocational training and health maintenance.Intention. To develop a model of resilience based on the identification of associated personality manifestations among the cadets of EMERCOM of Russia.Methodology. The study was conducted on the basis of the Far Eastern Fire and Rescue Academy a branch of the St. Petersburg University State Emergency Service Ministry of Emergency Situations among 150 cadets of the faculty of fire safety aged 19–21 years. Psychodiagnostic methods were used as well as psychophysiological rehabilitation complex “REACOR” for biofeedback training and UPFT 1/30 “Psychophysiologist”.Results and their analysis. Parameters of life meaningfulness increase proportionally to resilience. The analysis of terminal values showed that cadets with low resilience sought freedom, financially secure life, pleasures, while cadets with high resilience opted for development, continuous physical and spiritual self improvement. Indicators of internal motivation according to K. Zamfir test were lower in cadets with low and medium resilience vs high resilience. External negative motivation in the group with lower resilience, on the contrary, was higher due to avoidance prevailing over external positive motivation. Adaptation to new or changing conditions is quite complicated for cadets with low resilience and can be disturbed depending on external circumstances. Low resilience was associated with pedantic, anxious, cyclothymic, excitable and dysthymic personality accentuations, medium resilience was associated with cyclothymic and demonstrative accentuations, and high – with hyperthymic and demonstrative accentuations. Cadets with low and medium resilience commonly used confrontational coping strategy. Cadets with low resilience showed increase in flight – avoidance strategies in contrast to those with medium and high resilience (p < 0.05). Low resilience indicates a decrease in tension, the predominance of parasympathetic activity, pronounced inertness and passivity when performing tactical and technical actions. Cadets with high resilience demonstrated improved attention . Average and maximum response time was shorter in cadets with high resilience compared to those with low and medium resilience (p < 0.01), which indicates an increased concentration, activity, and speed. Greater response time in cadets with low resilience probably indicates their passivity and inertness when completing tasks (p < 0.01). After the heat chamber, average and maximum visual motor response time was longer in the group with low and medium resilience (p < 0.05). The structure of resilience includes biological (psychophysiological), social and psychological components. The predictors of resilience are the meaningfulness of life, such coping behaviors as self control, acceptance of responsibility, flight avoidance; personal adaptive potential and its components behavioral regulation and communicative potential; rigid and emotive accentuations; external negative motivation; psychophysiological indicators – vagosympathetic balance (LF / HF), average reaction time.Conclusion. An experimental study of the psychological factors of reactions to professional stressors among cadets made it possible to draw up a scheme of resilience as an integral characteristic of a personality, and to reveal its components.

European energy security dilemma: major challenges and confrontation strategies

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop an integrated theoretical framework for energy security concept and to shed light on the policies and strategies applied by the European Union countries to confront the challenges that faces them. Design/methodology/approach The research paper uses Regional Security complexes theory, which mainly developed in Copenhagen school for security studies, that founded by Barry Buzan. This school tried to clarify the untraditional security aspects, through expanding its scope by adding new dimensions than military perspective. Findings Despite the consolidated efforts exerted by the European Union to assure safe levels of energy security, and their continuous pursuit to be liberated from Russian energy over dependence, but the results are still limited. Originality/value The value of this research paper stems from the fact that it encompass the theoretical aspect by shedding light on all the developments occurred to energy security concept, in addition to the Empirical side, by analyzing various European energy security challenges and their confrontation strategies.

THE ITALIAN WAY TO INTERNAL DEVALUATION AND SOCIAL ACTORS’ STRATEGIES AGAINST AUSTERITY AND THE FLEXIBILIZATION OF THE LABOUR MARKET

Introduction: the Italian way to internal devaluation; 1.a Precarization of labour and weakening of trade union action at company level (amendment of dismissal law); 1.b Circumvention of the CCNL by means of exceptional employment contracts; 1.c Downward competition on labour costs by means of outsourcing and value chains; 1.d Promotion of decentralized collective bargaining and its power to derogate from the law and freezing of collective bargaining in the public sector; 2. The trade union(s) strategies; 2.a Bargaining strategy; 2.b Judicial strategy; 2.c Confrontational strategy; 3. New challenges for workers and new challenges for their organization(s); 3.a Italian trade unions’ strategies; 3.b Alternative experiences of (and in favour of) precarious workers; 4. Anti-austerity protests: the involvement of trade unions and social movements; 5. Concluding remarks; Bibliography.

Modelando las políticas públicas. Estrategias de las organizaciones de base para la incidencia en políticas públicas. Un estudio de casos del Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires, Argentina

Existen múltiples actores que inciden en las políticas públicas, entre estos se encuentran las organizaciones de base. Muchas de estas organizaciones, a pesar de no contar con grandes recursos, logran con éxito su objetivo e inciden en las políticas públicas, dejando su marca en la configuración de prioridades y políticas estatales. Ante esto, es pertinente preguntarse no solo a qué estrategias de acción recurren las organizaciones de base para incidir en las políticas públicas, sino también de qué manera estas estrategias pueden favorecer dicha incidencia. A partir del estudio de casos y la comparación como principales métodos de trabajo, el argumento de este artículo es que la combinación sostenida en el tiempo de estrategias de mediación, de confrontación y de expansión de la arena de decisión favorece a la incidencia en las políticas públicas de las organizaciones de base, ya que permiten diferentes formas de acceso a las esferas de decisión.