Conflict In Sudan Research Articles

Misi Perdamaian PBB Dalam Penanganan Konflik: Studi Kasus Peran UNAMID Dalam Pencapaian Resolusi Konflik Darfur Tahun 2007-2011

ABSTRACT This research based on the condition of international peace and security that experiencing dynamic and volatile in many parts of the world. A conflict that paid international attention over the past 20 years is the Darfur conflict within the problem of ethnic background. The Darfur conflict has killed at least more than 500,000 people and left more than 750,000 residents to flee to other countries for reasons of security and a better life. Facing the fact that many people who become casualties in this protracted conflict, many international parties are urging the Sudanese government to immediately resolve its internal conflicts and offer help if needed. One of the international organization that assist handling of this conflict is the United Nations (UN). Through the Security Council, the UN established a peacekeeping operation called UNAMID which is a joint mission of peace between the United Nations and the African Union. This peace mission who handle the Darfur conflict to UNAMID managed to achieve a resolution of the conflict in the form of a peace agreement, called the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur in 2011. Keywords : Darfur, UNAMID, conflict resolution, facilitator, peace agreement

Genocide in Sudan as Colonial Ecology

AbstractThis article presents a novel theoretical and empirical account of the genesis and constitution of genocide in Sudan. To do so, it brings developments in critical genocide studies, notably the colonial and international “turns” and renewed attention to the scholarship of Lemkin, into dialogue with theoretical arguments about processual ontologies, complexity theory, and assemblage thinking. The latter provide a conceptual vocabulary to rethink the kind of ontological phenomenon that genocide constitutes. Rather than a discrete outcome or temporally and geographically bounded “event,” genocide in Sudan is seen as a heterogeneous, process-based, systemic entity. Challenging conventional genocide models generally and dominant narratives about Sudan specifically, the article argues that genocide in Sudan should be conceptualized as an historical internal frontier-based pattern that is constituted by three intersecting colonial forms: postcolonialism, internal colonialism, and neocolonialism. In doing so, it suggests a new way of thinking about the genocide-colonialism nexus. Tracing these three colonialisms, genocide appears not as an aberrant breakdown, violent outburst, or top-down ideological “master plan.” Neither is it a single, linearly unfolding process. Rather, it is emergent from a colonial ecology, its logic and potentiality imbricated with, and incipient within, a temporally and geographically expansive web of actors, processes, structures, relations, discourses, practices, and global forces.

Internally Displaced Persons in South Darfur State, Sudan: A Capability Approach

Conflict in Sudan's Darfur Region led to a population influx to cities. Using the capability approach, this article examines the impact of displacement on capabilities of internally displaced persons (IDPs). Primary and secondary sources were accessed to collect data for the study. The article explores the perspectives of different stakeholders regarding resettlement of IDPs. In-depth interviews were conducted with IDPs and the representatives of both government and international organisations. While the research shows capability deprivations faced by IDPs, the study suggests that the solution to the predicament of IDPs depends on the participation of all stakeholders.

Statebuilding in the Peace Agreements of Sudan and South Sudan

ABSTRACT This article presents a retrospective analysis of the principal peace agreements to emanate from the North–South conflict in Sudan and the civil war in South Sudan. In doing so, it argues that statebuilding practices dating back to the inception of the Sudanese state continue to inform and undermine contemporary efforts to resolve the conflicts in both countries. The article makes a unique contribution by linking the legacy of peace agreements in Sudan and South Sudan to the crises of governance that plague both countries today. In doing so, it seeks to further the discussion on statebuilding as part of a broader strategy of sustainable peacebuilding and transitional justice.

Estranged Political Relationships: Demystifying the Root Causes of Violent Conflicts in South Sudan

The breaking of peace agreements and the subsequent perpetuation of civil war in South Sudan are sustained by the failure to adopt broad interventions addressing the many layers of the conflict. An understanding of the multiple causes of the conflict can form the basis for a successful and durable peace agreement. To investigate why violent conflict persists, semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 29 major stakeholders, including conflict parties, mediators, eminent South Sudanese personalities, scholars and civil society leaders. The responses were grouped into five major themes: historical conflicts, estranged political relationships, power struggles, resource control and ethnic violence (not included in this article). The results suggest that estranged political relationships, characterized by fear, anger, bitterness, distrust and the urge for revenge, are born out of historical conflicts that remain unresolved. The ensuing power struggles and ethnic violence are motivated by the estranged political relationships between the top leaders. Dealing with their estrangements, therefore, forms the base from which historical conflicts can be addressed towards lasting agreements and sustainable peace in South Sudan.

The South Sudan Conflict: Continentalan and International Implications

The South Sudan conflict which started in December 2013 is now entering its second year with continental and international implications far beyond comprehension in terms of human tragedy in one of the world’s newest nations. Continued fi ghting between the government troops and the rebel forces has displaced more than 1 000 000 and killed over 10 0000 people while a humanitarian crisis threatens many more South Sudanese and their neighbouring states. The war risks tearing the country apart as well as creating a potential humanitarian crisis of epic proportions on neighbouring states. Hence, this article examines the continental and international implications of the current South Sudanese confl ict which has roped in the African Union spearheaded by the Inter-Governmental Organization and the United Nations Mission in South Sudan. It argues that the heart of this post-independence conflict in South Sudan is the personal rivalry between President Salva Kiir and his former Vice President Riek Machar. This study attempts to provide a detailed outline of the South Sudanese civil confl ict by conducting an in-depth investigation of secondary data as well as interviews with military peacekeepers imbued with experience on the ground in South Sudan. To address the conflict, this paper suggests that the international community and the country’s leadership need to focus on resolving this personality-driven rivalry to pave way for sustainable peace in the country

Socio-Political and Socio-Economic Perspectives of Sudan with Special Reference to Darfur Conflict

The Darfur conflict exists across the westward region in Sudan, though an emergent domestic conflict, however, aimed at socio-political and socio-economic unrest beyond borders. Following 2003 happenings in Sudan, the problem in Darfur province has been stated interrupted or voyaged, affording the center case before the international community than the United Nations, denoting genocide. While ascertaining the insurgence particularities, the issues of the Darfur area have largely discoursed as ethnic-cultural conflicts among Afro-Arab tribal populaces across Sudan. Thus, an explanation appears abortive to explain the complexed state of affairs contradicting the inconsistent conditions. Therefore, such a particular research article is expected to investigate the existing gap formulating explanation over the issue by considering two foremost contributive characters - the socio-political and socio-economic explanations aimed at overall unrest in Sudan with special reference to the Darfur conflict. Furthermost significantly, in realist's exploration approach and descriptive analysis methodology of the problems in Darfur, drive and conclude beyond an ethnocultural explanation, thus, appeared credible to unearth the problems, in particular socio-political and socio-economic reasons, thus, imperious to consider the concerns so as to achieve stability in Darfur and permanency in Sudan. Thus, this research piece endeavor to analyze a precise setting of socio-political and socio-economic perspectives in Sudan's unrest with special reference to the Darfur conflict.

Conflict in Darfur in the perspective of genocide prevention

The article presents the records collected by the Darfur Atrocities Documentation Team (ADT), which have proved the occurrence of genocide in Darfur. It describes the discussion of the academic community and often conflicting political positions on the issue. The author attempted to analyse the results of the work of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur (ICID), appointed at the request of the United States by the UN Security Council, which examined the numerous violations of the international law in the province, but did not express an opinion whether or not genocide had taken place in Darfur. He has confronted the collected evidence of crimes committed in Darfur with the “Convention on the prevention and punishment of genocide”, which obliges the international community to intervene when genocide is proved to be happening. The conflict in Darfur has been presented as an example of the ineffectiveness of the response of the international community to genocide. Therefore, an analysis was carried out on the means of effective prevention of genocide, which can be used in future prevention of crimes in other regions of the world.

The Power of Readiness Theory and the Success of Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) Peace Process in South Sudan

In this article, the South Sudan conflict will be analyzed by examining the IGAD mediation process between the Government of South Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army in Opposition (SPLM/A IO). The study will look into factors that prompted the IGAD states to call for an emergency meeting and initiate peace talk just few days after the outbreak of the conflict in December 2013. The study will use the Readiness Theory to examine the factors that pushed the parties to the negotiation table and enable the IGAD to succeed or failed. Although the mediation was somehow shaky characterized with mistrust and suspicion among the parties, The IGAD mediators was also questionable since some of the IGAD states were already perceived has taken part in one way or other. The study will explore two major factors; first the factor that led to the agreement between the parties and the second one will be looking into assumption of readiness theory applicable to this case study. In conclusion, the study will investigate the level of mistrust and suspicion which was very high through out the negotiation and almost failed the talk to the level of parties being coerced to sign an agreement against their will of which government presented number of reservations to the mediator and went unaddressed will in many observers’ opinion was the cause of the July 2016 J1 dog-fight. But the IGAD continue pd pushing for peaceful settlement of the conflict and initiated handshake and face-to-face meetings between the leaders which eventually resulted into the Khartoum revitalized agreement in September 2018. Other arrangements also followed such as the spiritual retreat in Vatican in April 2019, which was attended by almost all leaders, but despite all these, still the motivation is in question and the time will prove this wrong.

Traditional Tribal Conflicts in Darfur Reasons and Seasons

This research paper focused on the traditional tribal conflicts in Darfur, especially in the period following the independence of Sudan in 1956, which was dated from (1965-2002) in terms of their causes, and the role of conflict over scarce and diminishing resources in the friction between pastoralists and farmers, as well. The paper explained the most important areas in which conflicts are always took place, and why. The researcher explained the reasons for the development of these conflicts and the parties and elements that pitting them and cause them to expand. The paper addressed the roles played by the government, traditional civil administration and the neighboring tribes in mediating between the conflicting tribes. The paper also dealt with the local means taken from local heritage and custom, and the experience of this to resolve conflicts in Darfur and their effectiveness in tribal reconciliation, coupled with the most important tools acceptable to stabilize reconciliation, and ensure acceptance and non-reversal.The researcher conducted a questionnaire containing 400, (360 sound research samples), randomly selected from the geographical field of research , included different ages, gender, educational levels and professions, who were directly involved in or witnessed the conflicts.The researcher used the SWOT Analysis model, as the most suitable method of analysis in this type of research papers and through its findings from the analysis has been proposed a general framework for the life cycle of traditional tribal conflict in Darfur. Keywords: Intellectuals, Politicians, Traditional civil administration, Government institutions, Unlicensed light weapons . DOI : 10.7176/JEP/10-32-11 Publication date: November 30 th 2019

Assessment of the International Criminal Court’s Prosecutor Role in Darfur Crisis, Sudan (the case of Omer Al-Bashir)

In various countries throughout the world when rebel groups make an attack on innocent civilian and commit gross human rights violation, it is not punishable by the national courts. However, in 1998 a grounding breaking idea turned into reality, and 50 years of debate ended as the first International Criminal Court was established as a result of the Rome Statute. The Court entertains or investigates different crimes which are committed in its member’s sates across the world. However, the writers of this paper prefer the situation in Darfur; the case of Al Basher is selected as a context to discuss the role of the ICC Prosecutor. This is mainly preferred because Sudan has been the first situation referred by the Security Council since the ICC was established and the state concerned Sudan is not a party to the Rome Statute, therefore this situation has its particularities compared with others. In spite of this a lot of controversies and misconceptions are being witnessed on the understandings and implementation of international laws in Africa between ICC and African leaders. Basically, the controversy and misconception is not something emanates from the vacuum rather they are generated from various prevailing thoughts. African states accuse ICC as a neo colonialist institution targeting African leaders in addition to alleging ICC as playing double standard role in African and the rest of the world for instance ICC prosecution till now only in Africa in spite of Israel-Palestine and Afghanistan where the western countries have major interest from the conflict. Hence, the analysis of role the International Criminal Court’s Prosecutor in Darfur Crisis, Sudan (the case of Omer Al-Bashir) is centered in line with main objective of the establishing Rome Statue in July 2002 which thrives that all member states of UN have to have the same standard in their respective territories.

Education and Armed Conflict in Sudan and South Sudan: The Role of Teachers in Conflict Resolution and Peace Building

Education and Armed Conflict in Sudan and South Sudan: The Role of Teachers in Conflict Resolution and Peace Building

Mention of ethical review and informed consent in the reports of research undertaken during the armed conflict in Darfur (2004\u20132012): a systematic review

BackgroundArmed conflict in Darfur, west Sudan since 2003 has led to the influx of about 100 international humanitarian UN and non-governmental organizations to help the affected population. Many of their humanitarian interventions included the collection of human personal data and/or biosamples, and these activities are often associated with ethical issues. A systematic review was conducted to assess the proportion of publicly available online reports of the research activities undertaken on humans in Darfur between 2004 and 2012 that mention obtaining ethical approval and/or informed consent.MethodsThis systematic review is based on a systematic literature search of Complex Emergency Database, ReliefWeb, PubMed), followed by a hand search for the hardcopies of the eligible reports archived in the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) in Brussels.ResultsThe online search showed that out of the 68 eligible studies, 13.2% (9) reported gaining ethical approval and 42.6% (29) that an informed consent was obtained from the participants. The CRED search included 138 eligible reports. None of these reports mentioned gaining ethical approval and 17 (12.3%) mentioned obtaining informed consent from their participants.ConclusionsThe proportion of studies reporting ethical review and informed consent was smaller than might be expected, so we suggest five possible explanations for these findings. This review provides empirical evidence that can help in planning ethical conduct of research in humanitarian settings.

US Presidential Powers of Foreign Intervention, the Utility and Limits: A Review of the Sudanese Situation

The US Constitution is a complex matrix of inter-branch struggles. Since 1787, the President and Congress have locked horns for ‘supremacy’ as to who ultimately possess the power to wage and/or declare war. Inevitably, this struggle has impacted how the U.S. conduct foreign affairs especially decisions to intervene on humanitarian protection grounds. The turf war has led to difficulties fashioning a coherent foreign policy that is grounded on norms everyone can identify with. The constitutional impact has also been grave at critical times. In this essay, I will demonstrate how the struggle negatively influenced U.S. position and posture during the Darfur conflict in Sudan; a war that led to the loss of millions of lives in what was likened to ‘a problem from hell.’ In this essay, I argue that the awesome powers vested in the President as Commander-in-Chief should have been used as the vehicle for the intervention. But the President dithered until the carnage engulfed the Sudan.

Влияние последствий геноцида в Дарфуре на его жертвы и степень осуждения данного преступления

Genocide in Darfur is one of the most terrible crimes committed against humanity in the 21st century, that forced approximately one-third of the population of the territory to leave their homes and move to refugee camps. The author states, that the consequences were disastrous both for Darfur and its victims. The article renders main consequences of the catastrophic crime against the people of Darfur, analyzes drawbacks of Sudan juridical system and the level of condemnation of the crime.

An Evaluation of the African Union Strategies to Resolve the Conflict in Darfur (2004-2011)

An Evaluation of the African Union Strategies to Resolve the Conflict in Darfur (2004-2011). Although research has been done showing that the conflict in Africa in general and in the Darfur region in particular has caused serious humanitarian problems and that it was necessary to call on the international community to work together with the African Union, the institution that unites African nations and whose main objective is to solve the problems of member countries when they need it.This call is intended to awaken international institutions to the danger that this region is undergoing so that the resolutions find definitive peace agreements for this region in particular and for Africa as a whole.Conflicts are a common phenomenon not only in Africa, but in the world in general, and its effects are not limited only to Africa or to the affected regions, but to the world at large since the migrations and other calamities that are the result of the conflicts have affected countries distant such as Europe and America. Therefore, the study appeals for extend attention to all institutions and countries.This work is not only breaking the ground but save to the bridge to the gap between what others researchers had coved and recent challenge that are bedevilling the conflict in Darfur and Africa in general. The study however gives an emphasis, open new ways and increase the value for further researches that wish to venture on this field of study.This study is resumed in a dialogue between the researcher, the participants and other stakeholders whose contribution was relevant for the success of this research. The methodology approach will be qualitative. It is an attempt to understand the perception and perspectives of the various key players and all other stakeholders. Is believed that the participants have the idea of how important their suggestions so that the decision makers bring up mechanisms and policies that can benefit the suffered communities.The data collection devices were important though there were advantages and disadvantages. In this study the researcher used questionnaire, interviews, and observation analysis. In undertaking is research study the researcher encounter challenges mainly with the governmental institutions and officials who kept the important information.Participants were chosen using the random sampling approach. The samples were appropriate for the purpose of the study and met the desired outcome. Interviews were important by generating empirical data.This research came to add value to the body of knowledge on the topic and to bridge the existing gape on the field of study. The practical and theoretical applications, findings and implications can be useful for future researches.

Darfur Crisis: Platforms, Partners and Peace Agreements - The Pending Question: What Are the Reasons Behind the Failure?

This paper focused on the Darfur issue and discussed the reasons behind the repeated failure to achieve sustainable peace despite the many agreements, declarations of principles and platforms.The paper touched on the historical background of the agreements signed between the government and the armed movements, and the movements that splintered from the main movements, where the result has always been the collapse of the agreements.The historical approach is followed in this paper, as the most appropriate for this type of research work. The paper also adopted the questionnaire as a means of obtaining the initial information directly from the research community.The results of the analysis and their indicators were discussed, coupled with the historical background of the conflicts in Darfur and the reasons for the failure of previous agreements.The researcher has come up with a set of initial perceptions, through which a public debate on the Darfur crisis and the prospects for a sustainable solution can be initiated in a way that avoids repetition of past experiences, which have adopted traditional solutions, despite its inability to put an end to chronic historical tribal conflicts in Darfur. DOI : 10.7176/JEP/10-30-03 Publication date :October 31 st 2019

Using livelihoods to support primary health care for South Sudanese refugees in Kiryandongo, Uganda

Introduction: Conflict in South Sudan has displaced 2.3 million people, of whom 789,098 (35%) have taken refuge in Uganda – a country that allows refugees to work, own property, start their own businesses and access public health services. In this context, refugees have identified livelihoods and primary health care as key priorities for their wellbeing.Objective: Building on previous research in South Sudan and Uganda, the objective of our current work is exploring how income-generating livelihood activities and other interventions can be used to support primary health care for South Sudanese refugees in Kiryandongo District, Uganda.Methods: We drew on existing secondary data and five scoping visits to the refugee settlements in Kiryandongo and northern Uganda to formulate our approach.Results: In Kiryandongo District, primary health care and livelihoods can best be supported by an integrated combination of 1) providing standardised training to local Village Health Teams (VHTs); 2) helping organise VHTs into village savings and loan association groups; and 3) supporting VHTs with training to establish sustainable income-generating activities.Conclusions: Integrated interventions that address income-generating activities for community health workers can meet the basic needs of front-line volunteer primary health care staff and better enable them to improve the health of their communities.Keywords: primary health care, refugees, livelihoods, South Sudan, Uganda, KiryandongSouth Sudan Medical Journal Vol 12. No 2 May 2019

International Joint Ventures in Industrial Gold Mining, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Harm-Production in Sudan

Violent conflicts in Sudan, especially those in Darfur in the early years of the new century, led state and non-state actors in the United States to exert heightened pressure on companies to divest from Sudan, or to prove that their activities in that country do not contribute to the conflicts. In this case study of La Mancha, a company involved in a gold mining joint venture in Sudan from 2006 to 2015, I examine whether and how it reacted publicly to this pressure. I trace how corporate social responsibility (CSR) for the continuation of harm-production was treated in its public statements, what conceptual gaps are perceptible in these statements, and how they were (re)produced in US-based activist circles. On this basis, I highlight the selective acknowledgement of responsibility which is based on assessments of harm-production by external actors excluding those directly affected by it. More generally, the case study relates to debates on CSR in Africa's extractive industries, especially within the frame of complex business structures involving both state actors and foreign investors that make it difficult and nonetheless urgent to identify units of responsibility. I suggest that a communication disconnect during the process of identification can be adequately approached through a conceptualisation of this process as an “arena” of actors who relate to a common issue but not necessarily to each other.

DARFUR CONFLICT BEYOND ETHNIC DIVISION: A POLITICO-ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE

The Darfur crisis, dwell in the western territory of Sudan, a civil war that delineates upon the grave state of affairs. Since 2003, the Darfur region has been reported dislocated or migrated, providing the base argument to the world and the UN, referring genocide. Although establishing the insurgency distinctiveness, the crisis in the Darfur region has been generally referred to as tribal ethnic clashes between African inhabitants and Arab intruders. A justification that appears to be unsuccessful to elucidates the intricate situation belying the conflicting situation. This research aimed at two main contributing aspects – the politicoeconomic reasons for the crisis. Most significant, in investigating the conflict situation in Darfur with an approach that leads beyond the ethnic divide justification, it appears probable to discover issues, such as politico-economic reasons, imperative to address the issue in order to attain stability in Sudan.