Conflict In Pakistan Research Articles

EMBRACING DIVERSITY: THE ROLE OF MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION IN MITIGATING ETHNIC CONFLICT & FOSTERING UNITY IN PAKISTAN

This paper aims to analyze and synthesize whether multicultural education can serve as a means of easing the ethnic conflict and cultural diversity in Pakistan. The ethnic diversity of nations, languages, and cultures has been a strength and, simultaneously, a weakness due to conflicts. This study submits that it is possible to coordinate multicultural education in schools and make it important tool for improving understanding amid different communities. This paper relies on the review of current policies concerning the education systems and proposals drawn from case studies of multicultural societies to provide an understanding of the way forward for Pakistan in responding to the multicultural realities in its education systems that how incorporating multicultural perspectives into the curriculum can help students appreciate different cultures and reduce biases. According to studies, minimization of conflict amid different forms of identities is possible by adopting presented cultural-structural model, that may boost positive attitude toward multiple Pakistani identities and promote the enhancement of the social cohesion in the country.

Territorial autonomy and ethnic conflict: the Baloch ethnic question post-18th Amendment

ABSTRACT This article critically assesses the effectiveness of territorial autonomy under the 18th Constitutional Amendment in managing ethnic conflict in Pakistan's Balochistan province. It argues that limitations in the design and implementation of the federal provisions of the 18th Amendment have hindered the sustainable resolution of the ethnic conflict in Balochistan. Design-wise, the Amendment inadequately addresses key institutional factors that have historically contributed to Balochistan's marginalised status within the federation, notably the Senate's limited powers, non-ethnic-based provincial boundaries, and Baloch under-representation in core state institutions. Design inadequacies are exacerbated by poor implementation of the core federal provisions, especially related to natural resource ownership, local government, and the Council of Common Interests (CCI). Notable implementation hurdles include a persistent ‘centralist’ mind set, particularly pronounced within the military, actively seeking the overturn of the 18th Amendment. The persistence of the de-facto power of the military has undermined the efficacy of territorial autonomy as a conflict management tool.

No use of schools: the heterogenous effects of conflict in Pakistan on enrolment rates of boys and girls

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to estimate the impact of conflict witnessed in Pakistan on the enrolment rates of boys and girls. Pakistan has the world’s second-highest number of out-of-school children, with an estimated 22.8 million children aged 5–16 years not attending school.Design/methodology/approachBy merging data on violence with the data on enrolment rates, this paper finds that exposure to violence is correlated with a decline in overall district-level enrolment rates in the short run at primary-level schools and middle-level schools.FindingsHowever, for boys, violence is also negatively correlated with enrolment rates at middle-level schools in the medium run. One possible mechanism tested in this paper is the potential substitution of boys into the labour market during a period of conflict.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper adds to the existing literature in several ways. Firstly, the effect of conflict on the labour market by impacting schooling for boys and girls is examined for the first time in Pakistan. Secondly, the district-level data set on enrolment rates used for this study is novel and has not been used before for this type of analysis. Thirdly, while this study strengthens the evidence that the short run effects of conflict are stronger than the long-run effects, it also confirms the negative effects of conflict do not fade away immediately. Fourthly, this study emphasizes that each conflict is unique in terms of its heterogeneous effects across different cohorts, such as gender, as these effects are dependent on the mechanism through which conflict impacts each individual.

Work-Family Conflict and its Relationship with Emotional Well-Being of Working Women in Police

Work-family conflict in Pakistan is one of the leading issues that affect working women’s mental health. This study aimed to identify a relationship between work-family conflict and the emotional well-being of policewomen. The study was carried out using quantitative method with survey design. Working women (4268) in the Punjab police made up the total population of the study. Lahore and Sargodha divisions were selected as clusters, from which a sample of 330 policewomen was drawn. A self-constructed questionnaire was used, which was built on a 5-point Likert scale. The questionnaire was validated through content and face validity. The tool was pilot tested on 20 policewomen, and reliability was ensured with the help of Cronbach’s ?. The data were analyzed with the help of descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS. The correlation was identified via Pearson’s correlation, which found a significant positive correlation between work-family conflict and emotional well-being (r = .65, p < .05). Married policewomen were more likely to face work-family conflict (M = 39.80, SD = 6.68) than unmarried policewomen (M = 34.51, SD = 7.51). Work-family conflict affected the emotional well-being of married policewomen more (M = 52.75, SD = 10.36) than unmarried policewomen (M = 45.42, SD = 10.01). The overall study concluded that there was a significant relationship between work-family conflict and the emotional well-being of working women in the police force; married policewomen faced greater work-family conflict compared to unmarried policewomen; and work-family conflict affected the emotional well-being of married policewomen more than unmarried policewomen.

Reparatory Justice for the 1971- Bangladesh Genocide

The 1971 conflict in Pakistan caused tremendous damage to both people and property. As a result, Pakistan has a responsibility to reimburse Bangladesh. In some cases, several countries may pay for damages without admitting guilt, making the concept of reparatory justice difficult to establish. Reparation must be carried out in accordance with the victim nation's demands. The prosecution of war criminals after World War II brought attention to humanitarian law and customary international law, which recognizes the global repercussions of genocide. Reparations are actions done by the state to address ongoing transgressions of "Human Rights Law" and "Humanitarian Law" through monetary compensation and restitution. They are used in the framework of transitional justice. Victims of transgressions of international or humanitarian law may pursue restitution. Pakistan must still pay compensation even though it was responsible for the slaughter in Bangladesh in 1971. The tragedy of 1971 and the crimes against humanity it entailed were recognized as genocide by the international community. In order to mend relations, Pakistan should apologise to Bangladesh and find a peaceful settlement.

Potential for construction statutory adjudication in Pakistan: taking lessons from the UK

This study examines the UK’s statutory adjudication process to identify the possible benefits of the introduction of a similar system in Pakistan with the assumption of having the full support of all three wings of the Pakistani government for the resulting legislative reforms. The study of potential hurdles in detail is outside the scope of this study. A literature review, summarised within the paper, was undertaken to identify factors contributing to conflicts in Pakistan’s construction sector and the reasons behind the inefficiency of the present dispute resolution methods. Data were collected using nine semi-structured interviews of industry professionals from (both) Pakistan and the UK. Each interview was analysed through cognitive mapping and central and domain analysis using the Banxia Decision Explorer software. Later, a questionnaire asked professionals working with contractors/subcontractors in Pakistan regarding the potential success of the introduction of statutory adjudication in Pakistan. The preamble of the questionnaire defined the basics of statutory adjudication for the participants. The 70 valid responses received were then analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software. This research showed that payment issues are the biggest source of disputes in Pakistan’s construction sector. The financially weaker party is often subjugated to be deprived of its rights, mostly due to the absence of an accessible justice system. The introduction of statutory adjudication could be beneficial for Pakistan’s construction sector, as it will provide an accessible, cost-efficient and swift method of dispute resolution.

Spatio-temporal patterns of human-carnivore conflict and mitigation in Pakistan

Human-carnivore conflict is a noteworthy rural livelihood issue as livestock of local communities living around protected areas are depredated by wild carnivores, which are the persecuted by local communities, in response. The current study aimed at investigating the patterns, perception, economic losses, and mitigation of human wildlife conflict in Pakistan through meta-analysis of published literature and using the questionnaire survey method. We retrieved data from the published and unpublished sources, and from records of provincial wildlife departments. In addition, we also collected empirical data from different households falling in the range of targeted carnivore species and filled 331 semi-structured questionaries. Based on the activities and home range of the predator species, conflict density maps for each predator species were developed. Our analysis revealed that five major carnivore species are involved in the human-wildlife conflict, namely Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus), Himalayan brown bear (Ursus arctos), common leopard (Panthera pardus), grey wolf (Canis lupus) and snow leopard (Panthera uncia). About 7214 livestock heads were reportedly lost during past two decades because of these five carnivore species. The domestic goat depredation was maximum (51.08 %, n = 3685), followed by sheep (27.09 %, n = 1954), cow (11.37 %, n = 820), buffalo (2.34 %, n = 169), dogs (2.05 %, n = 148), poultry (0.87 %, n = 63), donkey (4.28 %, n = 348), and horse (0.37 %, n = 27), causing a total financial loss of USD 1.87 million. Maximum livestock depredation occurred in summer season (50.79 %), at night (59.92 %) time and outside the village (51.22 %). Majority of the people showed negative attitude towards the predators, and they did not know about the conservation status and the authorities to report for conservation of the predator species. Most of the respondents were unaware about the possible management of the predator species for the co-existence of human and wildlife in the same landscape. However, majority of respondents (38.3 %) thought that livestock depredation by carnivore species can be controlled through payment of insurance compensation to the person who lost its livestock during carnivore attacks, followed by restoration of natural habitat (20.1 %), translocation of predator (16 %), and improved husbandry practices like predator proof corals (8 %). The study concludes that buffer zones of the protected areas are the hotspots for human- wildlife conflict and to avoid such conflict in future, special mitigation measures should be adapted, and regulations should be developed to minimize the niche overlap of the livestock and wildlife prey species, thereby to avoid any competition for food resources.

Violent Conflict and Informal Institutions: Evidence from a Civil Conflict in Pakistan

Conflicts have a variety of economic, social, and institutional consequences. In this study, we analyse the institutional legacies of violent conflicts by providing evidence from a civil conflict which occurred in the district Swat of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. We consider three dimensions, i.e. Trust, Participation, and Cooperation, of informal institutions. District Buner—the neighboring district, is taken as the control district. A random sample of 500 households from each district is selected and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Spatial Regression Discontinuity Design (SRDD) are employed for estimation. We find that exposure to violence undermines out-group trust and trust in governmental organisations; however, it promotes within-group trust and trust in Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs). Likewise, conflicts stimulate participation in social organisations, political activities, and nongovernment structures but discourage participation in formal government structures. With regard to cooperation, conflicts have beneficial effects on within-group cooperation, collective problem solution, and cooperation with NGOs. However, they retard cooperation with formal government structures. The intensity of these effects is influenced by the location of the individuals as is shown by the results of SRDD. Alternatively, highly exposed areas exhibit comparatively higher changes in trust, participation, and cooperation as compared to the moderately and least affected areas.

A game theory approach to land acquisition conflicts in Pakistan

Rapid urbanization in Pakistan requires new public infrastructures, which necessitates land acquisitions. However, Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (LAA, 1894) is primitive, recessive, complex, and prone to land conflicts, requiring systematic research exploring the logic of the legal conduct. This paper converts LAA, 1894 into an extensive-form game to explain the logic of land acquisition conflicts in Pakistan, as incumbents interact strategically. The Nash equilibrium (NE) of the extensive-form game suggests Land Acquisition Collector has an absolute advantage over settlers, reasoned by flawed compensation assessment. Thus, a bad win-win situation induces illegitimate behavior, extending the paper to Artificial Price Hike and Corruption-based game models. The mixed-strategy NE of both models suggests that illegitimate behaviors remain unchecked because of the high litigation costs, lack of transparency, the informality of land, and insufficient cadastral information. Finally, the models are calibrated with current land acquisition conflicts and legal precedents in the study area. This paper provides generalized interactive game models applicable to study the logic of land conflicts amid legal and policy implementation and suggests policies to improve the land administration and legal system to manage conflicts.

The Disintegration of Pakistan 1971: A Critical Study on The Role of Language Conflict In East and West Pakistan (1947- 1971)

Language is a crucial aspect of human communication and identity, and conflicts between different inhabitants of regional spoken languages can be detrimental to a nation's unity and integrity. Pakistan, created based on religious demand, disintegrated due to regional language issues, which provided a platform for separatists. The Bangladesh freedom war can be traced back to the historical background of East Pakistan, which was not only due to geographical and economic factors but also a lack of sightedness on the part of political parties and leadership. The government believed that the demand for the Bengali language was driven by Hindus and fifth columnists. The language movement, which began in 1947 and culminated in the separation of East and West Pakistan in 1971, provided a foundation for Bengali nationalism. The government's misinterpretation of ground realities allowed separatists to divert patriotism and anti-Pakistanism. The current paper highlights the linguistic controversy responsible for the disintegration of Pakistan.

Political conflict in Pakistan

Political conflict in Pakistan

Impact of Domestic Terrorism on Economy: A Literature Review

Terrorism has had a substantial economic effect all over the world. Statistical analysis from the literature review demonstrates the costs of the global economy at approximately 33 billion dollars in 2018 and 855 billion dollars since 2000 (Iqbal et al., 2019). After the domestic terror attacks on 11 September 2001, terrorism increased dramatically, with the sharpest upsurge between 2011 and 2014 following the post-Arab uprising violence in Syria, Libya, Yemen, and Egypt. With the rise of the Islamic State terrorist group in the Middle East, conflicts in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Pakistan became more intense. The imposition of economic sanctions has been related to an increase in domestic terrorism, postulating that when sanctions impair the financial functioning of the target country, feelings of bitterness and despair are intensified among the poor, who may lash out by turning to domestic terrorism. Terror events would appear more likely where states fail to provide, or reduce, an economic safety net to mitigate the transformative effects of economic development. Financial performance generally leads to terrorist violence. Economic sanctions lead to a rise in the rate of domestic terrorism. Terrorism is rarely found to influence growth in bivariate and trivariate specifications causally. Countries featuring minority groups’ economic discrimination are significantly more likely to experience domestic terrorist attacks. In contrast, countries lacking minority groups or whose minorities do not face discrimination are considerably less likely to experience terrorism. Highly democratic and long-enduring states are less prone to domestic terrorism than less democratic states.

Ukraine’s security and Pakistan’s security: mechanisms to overcome threats

The sphere of security plays an important role in the domestic and foreign policy of states. In this regard, the object of the study were security threats that determine stability in Ukraine and Pakistan. The authors used the method of comparative analysis to draw parallels between the security of Ukraine and Pakistan and identify possible ways to improve it. It is concluded that, both Ukraine and Pakistan are quite geopolitically distant, have different histories and state-building processes, but are affected by traditional and "non-traditional" security threats. Definitely, the main unifying factor for the states is the antagonistic or "enemy" state - India for Pakistan and Russia for Ukraine, which becomes a catalyst for the formation of national identity and unity of society. The conflicts in Pakistan (Kashmir, Baluchistan and Pashtunistan) and Ukraine (war in Donbass, illegal annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation) have had common consequences and mechanisms for overcoming them, which are implemented in the context of the internal and state policy of both Kiev and Islamabad.

Pakistan Talibanı ve Pakistan’ın Ulusal Güvenliğine Etkileri

Pakistan has a common history with the Indian Sub-continent, which has a geostrategic location and natural richness and is home to many civilizations, cultures and states. It was founded in 1947 after Britain left the region, but due to the border conflict with India, it faced many problems as conflicts occurred. The invasion of Afghanistan by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the Twin Tower attacks on September 11, 2001 are two events that deeply affected Pakistan as well as neighboring Afghanistan. Pakistan had to deal with many problems after these two events, which were the main reason for the ongoing active problems in the region, and went through a period of civil war. The main reason for these conflicts is the foreign fighters who immigrated from Afghanistan and took shelter in the tribes region of Pakistan after the military operation carried out by the USA in Afghanistan, and the Pashtun people hosting these fighters and Pakistan's conflict. As a matter of fact, as a result of this conflict, the Pakistani Taliban was established, and then there was a series of events that affected Pakistan's national security. Keywords: Pakistan, 9/11, Pakistani Taliban, al-Qaeda, USA

Quality Management Practices and Inter-Organizational Project Performance: Moderating Effects of Inter-Organizational Communication, Relationship, and Process Conflicts in Healthcare

The purpose of this study is to empirically examine the relationship between quality management practices (QMP) and inter-organizational project performance (IPP), as well as the moderating effects of inter-organizational communication (ICOM), relationship, and process conflicts in Pakistan’s-government healthcare organizations (NGOs) and public healthcare organizations. We developed a hypothetical model based on contingency theory. Using a self-administered questionnaire, the empirical data was collected from 296 respondents from NGOs and public healthcare in Pakistan between March and November 2019. SmartPLS 3.3.9 was used to apply structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings show that QMP significantly impacts IPP in healthcare inter-organizational collaborative projects. ICOM and process conflict significantly moderate the impact of QMP on IPP. In contrast, relationship conflict does not affect IPP. This study has practical implications for healthcare NGOs and public healthcare organizations that want to improve the performance of their projects by implementing QMP in their projects. This study added to the total quality management literature by clearly understanding QMP and its relationship to IPP.

A Classification Framework for Analyzing the War and Peacemaking Potential of News Media in Pakistan

In this study, we present a contextual model for analyzing the escalatory and de-escalatory trends in media reporting of seven conflicts in Pakistan. For this purpose, we combined findings from both survey and content analysis. While the survey helped to examine the journalists’ perceptions about the security threats of conflicts and the factors that influence the reportage, the content analysis was utilized to analyze the escalatory and de-escalatory characteristics in the coverage. The findings show that high security conflicts lead to a patriotic reporting scenario that results in high escalatory coverage. There is a significant decrease in the escalatory coverage as the assumed threat level of a conflict decreases. Similarly, we found that a conflict in which journalists exercised more relative freedom from pressure groups was reported in de-escalatory fashion. These findings can be useful for strategizing for the implementation of peace journalism in Pakistan in particular and elsewhere in general.

Understanding the Dynamics of Human–Wildlife Conflicts in North-Western Pakistan: Implications for Sustainable Conservation

The high economic costs of human–wildlife conflicts (HWC) hinder long-term conservation successes, especially in developing countries. We investigated HWC by interviewing 498 respondents from 42 villages in Nowshera district, Pakistan. According to respondents, six species—the common leopard (Panthera pardus), grey wolf (Canis lupus), golden jackal (Canis aureus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), Indian porcupine (Hystrix indica), and wild boar (Sus scrofa)—were involved in livestock predation and crop-raiding. Livestock predation (N = 670) translated into a total annual economic loss of USD 48,490 across the 42 villages, with the highest economic loss of USD 57.1/household/year attributed to the golden jackal. Crop damage by wild boar and porcupine incurred a total annual economic loss of USD 18,000. Results further showed that livestock predation was highly affected by location, prey type, prey age, and herding practices, while cereals and vegetables were preferred crops for wild boar and Indian porcupine. The grey wolf was declared as the most dangerous carnivore, followed by the golden jackal and common leopard. Negative attitude about golden jackal and wild boar prevails among 90% of the respondents of the study area. We strongly assume that the abundance of apex predators can control the economic impacts of meso-carnivores and wild boar on the community’s livelihood. Keeping relatively smaller herds may reduce carnivore attacks and educating the populous and compensation can minimise negative perceptions of HWC. To reduce HWC in the study area, there should be an incessant and timely coordination between wildlife officials and the local community.

An Analytical Study of Conflicts and Violence on Socio-Economic Status in Pakistan

Purpose: This research focuses on how the currently occurring conflicts in Pakistan are leading to violent acts which in turn affect the society and the economy of the country. Conflicts and violence are becoming a colossal menace for developing countries such as Pakistan and Afghanistan. Design/Methodology/Approach: Moreover, the research has examined, using the tools of comparative analysis, how conflicts and violence affect the economy and society.Findings: The results suggest that conflicts and violence have rendered serious Socio-economic consequences. Conflicts and violence destroy assets, institutions and brutely disturb the social setup of the country by disturbing the socio-economic progress of the nation. Pakistan has been a victim of conflicts and violence since the day of its independence. Whether it is the migration of refugees in 1947, Pak Indo war of 1965, East Pakistan separation in 1971, post 9/11 war on terrorism, Lal Masjid attack in 2008, PNS Mehran terrorist attack in 2011, or the Peshawar Army Public School attack in 2015, Pakistan has suffered great losses both socially and economically. Implications/Originality/Value: The study has contributed towards better understanding of how conflice and violence has affected the socio-economic structure of Pakistan. Acid attacks, violence against women, child abuse, ethnic polarization, Islamic sectarianism, intolerance, and honor killings are a few of the many heinous acts that have not only affected each member of the society in Pakistan but have also proven to be a threat to each sector of its economy.

ROLE OF PEACE EDUCATION IN SUSTAINABILITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF PAKISTAN

The study is based on AHP analysis to identify the feasibility of each level of schooling with respect to peace education. The AHP application presented, provided results of each relative factor or criteria to each respondent as well as the overall weightage for these criteria’s given by each individual/ respondent in our study. The findings of the study revealed that, the dominant alternative for academic professionals and field experts that can play impressive role in peace education is the primary schooling, while the central criteria having influence on peace education are norms/values, followed by approaches/standards and knowledge/skills with respect to teacher’s judgements. On the other hand, significant factors/criteria for student’s choice with respect to peace education is approaches and standards. Students also prefer primary education level as the most effective stage for children to learn/ catch peace education skills and adopt peace values. The quantification of impacting factors-like in our study are; knowledge/skills, approaches/standards and norms/values. Decision making with respect to peace building in young generation will play a significant role in achievement of sustainability in the peace. Therefore, at the grassroots level, providing trainings on peace education to the children in primary school can reduce risk of conflicts in Pakistan. The government and policy implementers should prioritize addition of peace education in devising curriculum and its implementation.

Women Suffering During Armed Conflict In Pakistan

The article is on international humanitarian law (IHL) and is a selective examination of the situation of armed conflict in a context to gender specific crime most relevant to Pakistan. Pakistan remains engage in multiple and overlapping conflicts since decades. It started from Afghanistan and since then Pakistan faces heavy losses in term of human and economic loss both. Pakistan has been tremendously damaged from inside, the trade and businesses, investments, shifting downs of the imports and exports and lack of foreign tourism, all of this had created a chaos in the country. This article talks about the impacts of armed conflict on women. Other most traumatic impacts happen when women are sexually abused and children enlisted as child soldier, women and children become displaced refugee, and public health organization, are lacking or inaccessible.