Years Of Conditions Research Articles

Економічна та енергетична оцінка ефективності вирощування лучних трав на осушених торфовищах лісостепу

Економічна та енергетична оцінка ефективності вирощування лучних трав на осушених торфовищах лісостепу

Self-Care for the Prevention and Management of Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association.

Self‐care is defined as a naturalistic decision‐making process addressing both the prevention and management of chronic illness, with core elements of self‐care maintenance, self‐care monitoring, and self‐care management. In this scientific statement, we describe the importance of self‐care in the American Heart Association mission and vision of building healthier lives, free of cardiovascular diseases and stroke. The evidence supporting specific self‐care behaviors such as diet and exercise, barriers to self‐care, and the effectiveness of self‐care in improving outcomes is reviewed, as is the evidence supporting various individual, family‐based, and community‐based approaches to improving self‐care. Although there are many nuances to the relationships between self‐care and outcomes, there is strong evidence that self‐care is effective in achieving the goals of the treatment plan and cannot be ignored. As such, greater emphasis should be placed on self‐care in evidence‐based guidelines.

Biomass and grain yield of oats by growth regulator

ABSTRACT The use of growth regulator in oats can reduce plant lodging with reflections in biomass and grain yield. The objective of the study was to determine the feasibility and efficiency of using Trinexapac-Ethyl regulator in the growth of white oat under different conditions of N-fertilizer and years favorable and unfavorable for cultivation. In this study, two experiments were conducted in the years 2011, 2012 and 2013, one for quantifying biomass production rate and the other for the determination of grain yield and lodging. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replicates, in a 4 x 3 factorial scheme, for growth regulator doses (0, 200, 400 and 600 mL ha-1) and nitrogen doses (30, 90 and 150 kg ha-1), respectively. There is a linear reduction of biomass rate with the increase in the growth regulator dose in oat, regardless of the condition of year and use of N-fertilizer. The growth regulator dose of 495 mL ha-1 efficiently reduces lodging with reduced, high and very high use of N-fertilizer, without reducing the yield of oat grains, in favorable, intermediate or unfavorable year for cultivation.

English

It is possible to increase nitrogen for wheat productivity by adjusting the single and fractionated dose based on the condition of the agricultural year. The objective of this work is to study the  highest  amount of nitrogen used for the production of wheat using single dose  or fractionation under favorable and unfavorable cultivation years. The study was conducted in  2012, 2013 and 2014 in Augusto Pestana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block in a 4 × 3 factorial scheme with four replications. It consists of N-fertilizer rates (0, 30, 60 and 120 kg ha-1), forms of supply [single (100%), growth stage V3 (third expanded sheet); fractionated (70%/30%) growth stage V3/V6 (third and sixth expanded sheet); fractionated (70%/30%) phonological stage V3/E (third expanded leaf and early grain filling)]. In favorable, intermediate and unfavorable years, wheat cultivated with single dose of nitrogen is more effective than the grain fractionated, regardless of the succession system. Nitrogen use efficiency can be substantially reduced or increased in wheat based on  the condition of the year of cultivation and the use of the optimal dose of the nutrient may not necessarily express maximum grain yield with economic efficiency.   Key words: Triticum aestivum, relation C/N, meteorological condition, simulation.

Pre-oncall key conditions training for first-year radiology registrars.

The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiology (RANZCR) recognised the importance of experience in on-call and emergency radiology for first-year registrars by introducing 'Key conditions in Year 1 training'. This list of common radiological pathologies can help to focus preparations for new registrars as they prepare for after-hours duties. The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (RBWH) implemented a 12-week formal training programme, based on this curriculum, for new registrars prior to commencing after-hours work. Its impact was assessed by an image recognition and interpretation examination that was administered to registrars before and after training. Examination results revealed that the prescribed training programme significantly increased both the rate and accuracy of reporting, and that improvements in speed were not at the expense of accuracy. Furthermore, it showed that a 12-week training programme was able to improve novice radiology registrars' ability to detect radiological abnormalities above that of experienced emergency department clinicians. Performances of consultant radiologists were used as a 'gold standard' control. This research demonstrates the value of a formal training programme in preparing registrars for extended after-hours reporting duties and contributing to important departmental service provision.

Trend prediction of wear fault of wind generator high-speed gear using a fusion of UICA and PE method

The large wind generating set works under the varying operation conditions for years, generally the fault characteristic values of the rotary components based on the energy mode is coupled with other noises, so the fault trend can not be accurately predicted. With the wear fault of the high-speed gear of the wind generator as the research object, this paper proposes the trend prediction method of the wear fault of the high-speed gear based on the fusion of ultra-complete independent component analysis (UICA) and parameter estimation (PE), constructs the ultra-complete analysis model, separates the similar source signals more than mixing signals by using the UICA, and finds useful component with the features of the pure similar fault source signal as the basis. Based on the similarity between the similar fault source signal and fault source signal, this paper estimates the value domain of the magnification time of the similar shapes by using the PE, identifies the mapping between continuous and one-way varying magnification time domain and rotary component fault degree, establishes the fault degree judgment standard, and determines and predicts the fault degree and the fault trend based on the energy change trend diagram of the whole-lifecycle fault source signal of the high-speed gear. The above method is used to process the wear fault data of the high-speed gear. The results indicate that the above method has obvious effect in processing of the cycle sudden signals, so it indicates that this method has certain engineering application value and provides reference to solve the problem that the number of the independent vibration sources is more than it of the mixing signals in vibration analysis.

Head and Neck Cancer Research Ethics: A Primer

ABSTRACT The rapidly evolving landscape of clinical research in head and neck cancer promises scientific discovery that will benefit patients and stand to improve the human condition for years to come. However, it is imperative that the head and neck oncology research community remains cognizant of the ethical conundrums posed by novel clinical investigation and respects and honors the primacy of the patients and participants upon whom such discoveries depend. It is as vital as ever to revisit the ethical debates of the past, the novel issues of the present, and potential ethical concerns of the future, to ensure research subject protection and respect evolves at the same pace as the research enterprise itself. Herein, we review the basic ethical principles required of human subjects research, the regulatory landscape, and selected emerging debates with relevant examples for head and neck providers and researchers. How to cite this article Smith JD, Spector-Bagdady K, Shuman AG. Head and Neck Cancer Research Ethics: A Primer. Int J Head Neck Surg 2017;8(2):49-56.

Fluctuation of families of Coleoptera population depending on the application of organic fertilizers

Fluctuation of families of Coleoptera population depending on the application of organic fertilizers

Breeding of sunflower lines for resistance downy mildew in the setting of changing pathogenic races

The aim and tasks of the study . The main objective of this study was to select starting material resistant to downy mildew pathogen for use in breeding programs. Phytosanitary monitoring of crop conditions for pathogen and races was concurrently performed. Materials and methods. Resistance of sunflower lines – pollen fertility restorers to downy mildew pathogen was evaluated in the phase of calathidium formation. Resistance of sunflower accessions to disease was determined by the prevalence of disease. In winter, resistance of accessions to pathogen was evaluated by a rapid method. Plasmopara helianthi races were identified with a triplet set of lines-differentiators. In addition to resistance, we determined ripeness group, plant height and branching type. Variance and correlation analyses were used for statistical processing of experimental data. Results and discussion . Maximum and average values of the disease prevalence fluctuated in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine in 2007-2016 (at the maximum 17.5-100% of plants were affected). During half of the study years, the damage level was 1.4-3.3%. High prevalence (11.3-30.7%) was recorded during 3 years (2010, 2014 and 2016.) with excessive precipitation related to the multiyear average (by 14.0-42.4 mm). This is confirmed by close relationship between the average (r = 0.93) and maximum (r = 0.74) values of the disease prevalence and the precipitation amount. Negative correlation was found between these parameters and the average monthly temperature (r = -0.55). Race 330 was the most common until 2006. Since 2010, race 730 has taken a dominant position. In the setting of a prolonged excessively wet spring of 2016, race 732 was identified by response of lines -differentiators to pathogen. The spread pattern of race 730 predicts a probable spread of race 732 for 2017, provided favorable the for pathogen development conditions. Comparing the results of evaluation of sunflower breeding accessions for resistance to downy mildew pathogen in laboratory and field conditions, we identified 33 lines with resistance to 3 races of pathogen - 330, 730 and 732. Most of these sunflower lines - pollen fertility restorers (23) are mid-early; four lines are short-season; and six are early-ripening. They are characterized by various types of branching and plant height. Conclusions. The efficacy of combination of assessment of starting material for resistance to downy mildew in the field conditions in years with wide prevalence and large-scale affection of plants with continuous annual evaluation of breeding material for virulent races in winter in the laboratory conditions was proved. We selected 33 sunflower lines-pollen fertility restorers belonging to different groups of ripeness, which are resistant to 3 races (330, 730 and 732) of downy mildew pathogen and are a basis for new resistant hybrids.

Interannual variability in the feeding and condition of subyearling Chinook salmon off Oregon and Washington in relation to fluctuating ocean conditions

AbstractChinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) is one of several economically‐important species of salmon found in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. The first months at sea are believed to be the most critical for salmon survival, with the highest rate of mortality occurring during this period. In the present study, we examined interannual diet composition and body condition trends for late‐summer subyearling Chinook salmon caught off Oregon and Washington from 1998 to 2012. Interannual variability was observed in juvenile salmon diet composition by weight of prey consumed. Juvenile subyearling Chinook salmon were mainly piscivorous, with northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) being especially important, making up half the diet by weight in some years. Annual diets clustered into two groups, primarily defined by their proportion of invertebrate prey (14% versus 39% on average). Diet composition was found to influence adult returns, with salmon from high‐invertebrate years returning in significantly larger numbers 2–3 yrs later. However, years that had high adult returns had overall lower stomach fullness and poorer body condition as juveniles, a counterintuitive result potentially driven by the enhanced survival of less fit individuals in better ocean conditions (top‐down effect). Ocean conditions in years with a higher percentage of invertebrates in salmon diets were significantly cooler from May to August, and bottom‐up processes may have led to a fall plankton community with a larger proportion of invertebrates. Our results suggest that the plankton community assemblage during this first fall may be critical in predicting adult returns of Chinook salmon in the Pacific Northwest.

Impact of Biofield Treatment on Yield, Quality and Control of Nematode in Carrots

This study tested the Null Hypothesis for the effect of biofield treatment when used for control of nematode on carrot crops, Daucus carota , under typical growing conditions in year 2012 at Guadalupe, California, USA. Following biofield treatment, carrot seeds were planted in replicate plots with mechanical seeder and their development was recorded compared to control seed growth from untreated plots and plots treated with the commercial standard nematicide, further Vydate L was applied three times at rates of 1 and 0.5 gal/A, at 1, 18 and 35 days after seeding, respectively. At 70 and 109 days after the first application root galling severity in biofield treated crops was reduced by 54% and 22% respectively as compared to untreated while the Vydate response showed 0% and 25% control, respectively. Plots planted with biofield treated seeds resulted in the greatest number and weight of marketable carrot roots. Total yield and gross return were greatest in biofield treated group producing an approximately 33% increase over the untreated controls and 15% increase over those treated with the commercial standard, Vydate L. Vitamin A (beta carotene) was significantly greater (6512 IU/100 g) in biofield treated carrots compared with both the untreated controls (4941) and the commercial standard (5143). The results concluded that, Biofield treatment caused the numerical improvement in yield along with nematode control in carrots however, caused statistically significant increase in Vitamin A content.

Cancer and the arts: why we need works by long-term survivors

The incidence of cancer is rising worldwide. In 2008 it happened to be some 12.7 million new cases (7.6 million cancer-related deaths), in 2030 it could be 20.3 million cases.1 Only the means of medicine could alter this trend with a concordantly increasing number of victims. A classical ‘conditio sine qua non’: There are also writers and poets among the ill, among the survivors, among those we lose. No wonder literature regularly offers works that present their readers the individual experience of authors confronted with disease, with cancer. One of the most famous examples—Alexander Solzhenitsyn's ‘Cancer Ward’ of 1967. The Nobel Prize laureate of 1970 had been treated for cancer in a clinic in the Uzbekistan Soviet Republic in the 1950s. His novel describes relations and fates of a group of patients with cancer in a hospital at the end of the stalinist era. It's a picture of politics and society ( The Gulag Archipelago ) in the USSR. Cancer treatment in its thoroughly dark age stays in the background. With quite another background the novel nevertheless shares similarities to Thomas Mann's ‘The Magic Mountain’ of 1924. The grandmaster of German literature in the early 20th century also presents a group of persons in a medical institution. In Mann's novel they are bourgeois tuberculosis (TB) patients in a clinic (sanatorium) in Switzerland. What TB happened to be around 1900 cancer is in the 21st century, no doubt about the demographic trends. Let us leave undiscussed this old trick of writers to show human …

Rainfall amount and distribution regulate DMPP effects on nitrous oxide emissions under semiarid Mediterranean conditions

Nitrogen fertilizer application timing and the use of nitrification inhibitors are currently promoted as agronomic practices with potential to reduce nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. However, the efficacy of these practices is to a large extent regulated by weather variability, particularly rainfall and temperature. This is primarily the case for rainfed crops under semiarid Mediterranean climate, where large fluctuations occur in the amount and frequency of rainfall from year to year. In this 3-year field experiment, we explored the potential of fertilizer application timing and a nitrification inhibitor (3,4-dimethyl pyrazole phosphate; DMPP) to achieve low N2O, for a rainfed barely (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Pedrezuela) crop under a semiarid Mediterranean climate. Five fertilizer management practices were tested: split fertilizer application at planting and at tillering with (1) or without DMPP (2); the same split fertilizations but applying DMPP only at tillering (3); and single fertilizer application al tillering with (4) or without DMPP (5). During the dry conditions of year 1, the application of DMPP reduced N2O emissions (up to 72%) whereas timing of fertilizer application had no effect. Conversely, under the wet conditions of year 2 the effect of DMPP was suppressed but fertilizer timing was successful diminishing N2O, with lower emissions measured with single fertilizer application at tillering. In year 3, where rainfall distribution was remarkably erratic, N2O emissions were mitigated by both DMPP and single fertilizer applications. Overall, our results show that DMPP offers an opportunity for N2O abatement in semiarid soils under Mediterranean environments. The low moisture content of these soils during long periods favors nitrification; by inhibiting this process, products such as DMPP are able to achieve large N2O reductions. Although single fertilizer application at tillering as opposed to the traditional split application at planting and tillering may provide a management opportunity for N2O mitigation, we also found that this practice may lead to yield reductions in years with sufficient rainfall in spring. Therefore, general implementation of this practice should not be encouraged.

Продуктивность нетрадиционных садовых культур в условиях Кировской области

Results of perennial study of 31 varieties of honeysuckle, 19 varieties of sea buckthorn, 13 elite plantlets of filbert, and 6 forms of quince on productivity and stability of fructification under conditions of Kirov region are presented in the article. The researches were shown sharp variations of productivity levels of non-traditional crops in dependence of weather conditions of year . Moreover, fructification of sea buckthorn suffered significant influence of damages with seabuckthorn fruit fly. As a result of investigation high-productive (1.43-2.82 kg/bush) honeysuckle varieties were selected: Slavyanka, Bogdana, Amphora, Viola, Nizhegorodskaya rannyaya, Morena, and Suvenir. Three varieties had high and stable productivity level: Suvenir, Viola, and Nizhegorodskaya rannyaya. Form 988-11 had good level of stable productivity. Study of productivity in 19 samples of sea buckthorn had shown its significant variability by years of researches from 0.39 (2007) up to 7.0 (2008) kg/plant. Grouping of investigated varieties on level of fructification allowed to select high productive (17/91, Kudrina, Dyujmovochka, Nizhegorodskij souvenir, 7-70-13-91) and productive (Zarevo, 24/91) samples. Four buckthorn varieties had stable fructification - Kudrina, Zarevo, 17/91, and 24/91. Perennial study of elite forms of filbert selected on earliness had shown possibility of obtaining of every-year yield of this crop under condition of northern border of its natural area. Forms 1-3-27, 3-12-27 were selected having high and stable productivity level as well as sample 1-2-21 with stable good level of fructification. Study of influence of level of quince plants' subfreezing on its productivity had shown an existence of middle negative relation between these two parameters (r = -0.66). Form 3-99 was selected on productivity. Sample 6-99 had middle stable productivity level.

Drought Frequency Analysis Using Hidden Markov Chain Model and Bivariate Copula Function

This study applied a probabilistic-based hidden Markov model (HMM) to better characterize drought patterns. In addition, a copula-based bivariate drought frequency analysis was employed to further investigate return periods of the current drought condition in year 2015. The obtained results revealed that western Kangwon area was generally more vulnerable to drought risk than eastern Kangwon area using the 40-year data. Imjin-river watershed including Cheorwon area was the most vulnerable area in terms of severe drought events. Four stations in Han-river watershed showed a joint return period exceeding 1,000 years associated with the drought duration and severity in 2014-2015. Especially, current drought status in Northern Han-river and Imjin-river watershed is most severe drought exceeding 100-year return period.

Cultivar and Year Rather than Agricultural Practices Affect Primary and Secondary Metabolites in Apple Fruit.

Many biotic and abiotic parameters affect the metabolites involved in the organoleptic and health value of fruits. It is therefore important to understand how the growers' decisions for cultivar and orchard management can affect the fruit composition. Practices, cultivars and/or year all might participate to determine fruit composition. To hierarchize these factors, fruit weight, dry matter, soluble solids contents, titratable acidity, individual sugars and organics acids, and phenolics were measured in three apple cultivars (‘Ariane’, ‘Melrose’ and ‘Smoothee’) managed under organic, low-input and conventional management. Apples were harvested at commercial maturity in the orchards of the cropping system experiment BioREco at INRA Gotheron (Drôme, 26) over the course of three years (2011, 2012 and 2013). The main factors affecting primary and secondary metabolites, in both apple skin and flesh, were by far the cultivar and the yearly conditions, while the management system had a very limited effect. When considering the three cultivars and the year 2011 to investigate the effect of the management system per se, only few compounds differed significantly between the three systems and in particular the total phenolic content did not differ significantly between systems. Finally, when considering orchards grown in the same pedoclimatic conditions and of the same age, instead of the usual organic vs. conventional comparison, the effect of the management system on the apple fruit quality (Fruit weight, dry matter, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, individual sugars, organic acids, and phenolics) was very limited to non-significant. The main factors of variation were the cultivar and the year of cropping rather than the cropping system. More generally, as each management system (e.g. conventional, organic…) encompasses a great variability of practices, this highlights the importance of accurately documenting orchard practices and design beside the generic type of management in such studies.

Simulation of Groundwater-Surface Water Interactions under Different Land Use Scenarios in the Bulang Catchment, Northwest China

Groundwater is the most important resource for local society and the ecosystem in the semi-arid Hailiutu River catchment. The catchment water balance was analyzed by considering vegetation types with the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), determining evapotranspiration rates by combining sap flow measurements and NDVI values, recorded precipitation, measured river discharge and groundwater levels from November 2010 to October 2011. A simple water balance computation, a steady state groundwater flow model, and a transient groundwater flow model were used to assess water balance changes under different land use scenarios. It was shown that 91% of the precipitation is consumed by the crops, bushes and trees; only 9% of the annual precipitation becomes net groundwater recharge which maintains a stable stream discharge in observed year. Four land use scenarios were formulated for assessing the impacts of land use changes on the catchment water balance, the river discharge, and groundwater storage in the Bulang catchment. The scenarios are: (1) the quasi natural state of the vegetation covered by desert grasses; (2) the current land use/vegetation types; (3) the change of crop types to dry resistant crops; and (4) the ideal land use covered by dry resistant crops and desert grasses, These four scenarios were simulated and compared with measured data from 2011, which was a dry year. Furthermore, the scenarios (2) and (4) were evaluated under normal and wet conditions for years in 2009 and 2014, respectively. The simulation results show that replacing current vegetation and crop types with dry resistant types can significantly increase net groundwater recharge which leads to the increase of groundwater storage and river discharges. The depleted groundwater storage during the dry year could be restored during the normal and wet years so that groundwater provides a reliable resource to sustain river discharge and the dependent vegetations in the area.

Algal endosymbionts in European Hydra strains reflect multiple origins of the zoochlorella symbiosis

Symbiotic associations are of broad significance in evolution and biodiversity. Green Hydra is a classic example of endosymbiosis. In its gastrodermal myoepithelial cells it harbors endosymbiotic unicellular green algae, most commonly from the genus Chlorella. We reconstructed the phylogeny of cultured algal endosymbionts isolated and maintained in laboratory conditions for years from green Hydra strains collected from four different geographical sites within Croatia, one from Germany and one from Israel. Nuclear (18S rDNA, ITS region) and chloroplast markers (16S, rbcL) for maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses were used. We focused on investigating the positions of these algal endosymbiotic strains within the chlorophyte lineage. Molecular analyses established that different genera and species of unicellular green algae are present as endosymbionts in green Hydra, showing that endosymbiotic algae growing within green Hydra sampled from four Croatian localities are not monophyletic. Our results indicate that the intracellular algal endosymbionts of green Hydra have become established several times independently in evolution.

Role of subsurface entrainment temperature (Te) in the onset of El Niño events, as represented in an intermediate coupled model

An improved intermediate coupled model (ICM) is described for use in ENSO-related modeling in the tropical Pacific, with ten baroclinic modes included in the vertical and horizonatally varying stratification taken into account. One crucial component of the model is the way in which the subsurface entrainment temperature in the surface mixed layer (Te) is explicitly used to determine the sea surface temperature (SST) variability. An optimized procedure is developed to depict Te using inverse modeling from an SST anomaly equation and its empirical relationship with the sea surface pressure variability. The coupled system realistically produces interannual variability associated with ENSO cycles, with a dominant 4-year oscillation. The onset and development of El Nino events from this ICM are examined in view of the well-known delayed oscillator paradigm; an example is given for the evolution of La Nina conditions in model year 2 to El Nino conditions in year 4. Right after a La Nina event (e.g., in year 2), there is a clear signature of reflections at the western boundary in early year 2, with related equatorial signals propagating eastward along the equator into the eastern basin in middle year 2. However, these reflected signals on the equator do not directly lead to an onset of an El Nino event at that time. Instead, approximately 1-year delay, a major El Nino event is seen to develop in the following year (late year 3), at a time when there is no reflected signal explicitly from the western boundary, indicating that the origin of the El Nino event cannot be directly ascribed to the reflection processes. Instead, Kelvin waves in the ocean that actually triggers the El Nino event in early year 3 are generated by interior wind anomalies near the date line that are associated with the first appearance of warm SST anomalies off the equator. Persisted Te anomalies off the equator in the western tropical Pacific initiate the warm SST anomaly near the date line along the North Equatorial Countercurrent region, which induces wind anomalies and an ocean–atmosphere coupling, leading to the El Nino event in year 4. The relevance of these ICM-based results to other onset mechanisms of El Nino and observations is also discussed.

INFLUENCE OF FARMING SYSTEM, NITROGEN RATES AND METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS ON NAKED OAT IN LATVIA

Research and development related to the naked oat is now becoming more wide-spread as the opportunity for its different uses is understood also in Latvia. It has been recognized as a more valuable product in the food industry because both the interest of consumers in their health and the promotion of food products are increasing. Naked oat kernels contain high levels of β-glucans and unsaturated fatty acids. The aim of the study was to evaluate the yield and oat grain quality of naked oat breeding lines from Latvian oat breeding program. The following parameters were assessed grain yield, 1000 grain weight, test weight, crude protein fat and β-glucan. The research assessed the variability of these parameters in organic and conventional farming system (at three different mineral fertilizer rates: N80, N120, N160). The field experiments were carried out at the State Stende Cereal Breeding Institute during three years (20112013). Results showed that the higher N fertilizer rate positively affects the amount of the crude protein and β-glucan in naked oat grains. The farming system (η 2 =42.9 %) and testing year/meteorological condition of years (η 2 =35.9 %) had a greater impact on naked oat yield. Comparing only N80, N120 and N160 variants in conventional system it was observed that during the three year period the meteorological conditions had the greatest impact on the yield of naked oat (η 2 =86.6 %). Naked oat line ‘S-156’ gave the highest grain yield in conventional and organic farming systems and formed significantly higher crude protein, fat and β-glucan amounts in the grain.