Abstract
It is possible to increase nitrogen for wheat productivity by adjusting the single and fractionated dose based on the condition of the agricultural year. The objective of this work is to study the highest amount of nitrogen used for the production of wheat using single dose or fractionation under favorable and unfavorable cultivation years. The study was conducted in 2012, 2013 and 2014 in Augusto Pestana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block in a 4 × 3 factorial scheme with four replications. It consists of N-fertilizer rates (0, 30, 60 and 120 kg ha-1), forms of supply [single (100%), growth stage V3 (third expanded sheet); fractionated (70%/30%) growth stage V3/V6 (third and sixth expanded sheet); fractionated (70%/30%) phonological stage V3/E (third expanded leaf and early grain filling)]. In favorable, intermediate and unfavorable years, wheat cultivated with single dose of nitrogen is more effective than the grain fractionated, regardless of the succession system. Nitrogen use efficiency can be substantially reduced or increased in wheat based on the condition of the year of cultivation and the use of the optimal dose of the nutrient may not necessarily express maximum grain yield with economic efficiency. Key words: Triticum aestivum, relation C/N, meteorological condition, simulation.
Highlights
Wheat is one of the most produced cereals in the world
Nitrogen is considered essential to plants; it is present in the composition of the most important biomolecules such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), chlorophyll, proteins and several enzymes (Bredemeier and Mundstock, 2000)
The maximum temperatures observed in 2012, at the beginning of the wheat development were higher (± 28 °C) compared to 2013 and 2014. This condition favors faster elongation and reduces the incentive to produce new tillers, component directly linked to grain yield
Summary
Wheat is one of the most produced cereals in the world. It has large derivatives and used for different types of flour (Stefen et al, 2015; Camponogara et al, 2016). There is a need to optimize food production from technologies that ensure productivity with reduced costs and sustainability in agricultural ecosystems (Sala et al, 2005; Viola et al, 2013). In this context, several authors have reported the possibility of using nitrogen economically adjusted to the condition of the agricultural year using fractionation to obtain greater efficiency of grain yield (Arenhardt et al, 2015; Espindula et al, 2014; Mantai et al, 2016)
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