Social Environmental Conditions Research Articles

Model for training of masters in pedagogical education for activity in virtual social and educational environment based on development of digital competences

Problem and objective. The article provides theoretical basis for model for forming of readiness of future teachers to activity in virtual social and educational environment based on development of their digital competences. Analysis of types of activities of a future teaches listed in the Federal State Educational Standards (3++) for Higher Education and areas for application of their digital competences reveals their interconnection and provides opportunities for development of digital competences of a future teacher in the framework of suggested masters program build up based on the analysis of approximate profile of teachers digital competences. Methodology. The research is based on the analysis of digital competences of a teacher and the logic for build-up of subject training of future teaches at masters level for their successful and effective professional activity in the conditions of virtual social and educational environment based on development of their digital competences. Results. The research analyzes the content of basic digital competences of a teacher; suggests a model for development of professional readiness of a future teacher to activity in a virtual social and educational environment based on development of digital competences; formulates basic content for masters program Digital Technologies and Network Interaction in Education, Pedagogical Education, Professional Education, Additional Education based on development of digital competences of a future teacher in the framework of his professional training in an institution of higher education; formulates basic content of training in the framework of suggested disciplines of masters program. Conclusion. It is shown that for the improvement of effectiveness of teachers activity in the contemporary conditions of society digitalization and development of virtual social and educational environment it is necessary to include subject disciplines aimed at development of their digital competences on a special level into the process of their professional training.

“Different Strolls, Different Worlds? Gentrification and its Impact on Outdoor Sex Work”

AbstractResearch reveals mixed findings regarding gentrification’s effects on longtime residents and legal small businesses. There is only minimal examination of the ways in which urban redevelopment impacts illicit outdoor marketplaces, and the studies that do rarely employ a comparative analysis or focus on individual perceptions regarding such changes. Using the case of street-based sex work, this study illuminates how workers in the outdoor trade assess changing work conditions and establishes that such evaluations color workers’ decision-making. We draw on interviews with 51 sex workers of color who are familiar with two divergent sex work “strolls” in Washington, DC. Our findings suggest that participants perceive gentrification as a multifaceted phenomenon that reconfigures their work by altering social support, environmental conditions, and competition, changes which ultimately inform where they ply their trade. This research shows that individuals in illicit outdoor markets consider the ramifications of urban redevelopment on their work and make strategic decisions that have implications for their emotional, physical, and financial well-being.

Влияние социальной среды на становление этнического менталитета

The paper briefly examines the history of the introduction into scientific use of the concept of “mentality”. In the aspect of the personalistic philosophical approach, the author analyzes the reasons for the difficulties arising in its definition. It is argued that the phenomenon of mentality is subjective and objective in nature, therefore, its certain reification in socio-philosophical discourse is inevitable. However, the excessive emphasis of the researcher on the a priori personality of the qualities of one or another ethnic mentality should not be considered correct. Closer to the truth will be the understanding of mentality as an a posteriori and relative totality of personality traits acquired under the influence of a particular social environment. The conclusion is made that the social environment is the most important factor in the formation of ethnic mentality. Under its direct influence, the processes of socialization of individuals take place, the experience of generations is transmitted and improved. However, one should also take into account the reverse influence of the formed ethnic mentality on the social environment. The social environment and ethnic mentality mutually condition each other, and the person, logically and historically, acts as an active constructive principle, whose creative work is possible only in conditions of social life.

Sex bias in parental care is associated with brood age and fledglings’ growth rate in Western Bluebirds Sialia mexicana

Parental care is defined as any behavioral trait of the parents that improves the fitness of the offspring, and that probably evolved or is currently maintained by this function. There is variation in the type and amount of care allocated by parents depending on fluctuation in brood demands that respond to growth and developmental environment. Each sex, within the breeding pair, may respond differently to changing brood demands, and such variation might impact offspring development and fitness. Even though there is a plethora of studies evaluating sex differences in parental care, proximate factors influencing distribution of parental duties within the breeding pairs have received far less attention. In a wild population of Western Bluebirds, we assessed sex differences in parental care (i.e. brood attendance, food deliveries, nest cleaning) through nestling development, and evaluated whether distribution of parental care between sexes is associated with offspring growth. We found that females adjusted their parental behavior according to changes in brood demands more often than males, and fed, attended, and cleaned more than males. Moreover, a more female-biased distribution of care through nestling development was positively associated with the growth of fledglings. We conclude that sex differences in parental care may be a measure of specialization in parental duties within breeding pairs favored by natural selection. These findings are in marked contrast to earlier studies in Northern populations of Western Bluebirds that have failed to detect differences in parental care between sexes, and suggest that differences in the social environment or ecological conditions between populations of the same species might lead to differences in parental cooperation between males and females.

Subjective Environmental Experiences and Women's Breastfeeding Journeys: A Survival Analysis Using an Online Survey of UK Mothers.

Local physical and social environmental factors are important drivers of human health and behaviour. Environmental perception has been linked with both reproduction and parenting, but links between subjective environmental experiences and breastfeeding remain unclear. Using retrospective data from an online survey of UK mothers of children aged 0–24 months, Cox-Aalen survival models test whether negative subjective environmental experiences negatively correlated with any and exclusive breastfeeding (max n = 473). Matching predictions, hazards of stopping any breastfeeding were increased, albeit non-significantly, across the five environmental measures (HR: 1.05–1.26) Hazards for stopping exclusive breastfeeding were however (non-significantly) reduced (HR: 0.65–0.87). Score processes found no significant time-varying effects. However, estimated cumulative coefficient graphs showed that the first few weeks postpartum were most susceptible to environmental influences and that contrary to our predictions, mothers with worse subjective environmental experiences were less likely to stop breastfeeding at this time. In addition, the hazard of stopping exclusive breastfeeding declined over time for mothers who thought that littering was a problem. The predicted increased hazards of stopping breastfeeding were only evident in the later stages of any breastfeeding and only for mothers who reported littering as a problem or that people tended not to know each other. Perceived harsher physical and social environmental conditions are assumed to deter women from breastfeeding, but this may not always be the case. Women’s hazards of stopping breastfeeding change over time and there may be particular timepoints in their breastfeeding journeys where subjective environmental experiences play a role.

COVID-19 pandemic: environmental and social factors influencing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in São Paulo, Brazil.

The new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 14 million people worldwide so far. Brazil is currently the second leading country in number of cases of COVID-19, while São Paulo state accounts for 20% of total confirmed cases in Brazil. The aim of this study was to assess environmental and social factors influencing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the expanded metropolitan area of São Paulo, Brazil. Firstly, a spatial analysis was conducted to provide insights into the spread of COVID-19 within the expanded metropolitan area. Moreover, Spearman correlation test and sensitivity analysis were performed to assess social indicators and environmental conditions which possibly influence the incidence of COVID-19. Our results reveal that the spread of COVID-19 from the capital city São Paulo—its epicenter in Brazil—is directly associated with the availability of highways within the expanded metropolitan area of São Paulo. As for social aspects, COVID-19 infection rate was found to be both positively correlated with population density, and negatively correlated with social isolation rate, hence indicating that social distancing has been effective in reducing the COVID-19 transmission. Finally, COVID-19 infection rate was found to be inversely correlated with both temperature and UV radiation. Together with recent literature our study suggests that the UV radiation provided by sunlight might contribute to depletion of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity.

Investigasi Perilaku Compulsive Buying Berdasarkan Pembayaran Non-Tunai, Lingkungan Sosial, dan Kondisi Keuangan

The behavior of people living in Surabaya is different from people from other cities, including the shopping behavior of the students in Surabaya. Students in Surabaya have more temptation to behave negatively in shopping. It encourages the occurrence of irregularities in shopping. Such action is classified as compulsive buying. Compulsive buying is a spending behavior based on a strong desire that makes people lose consciousness and can not control themself. This study aims to analyze the effect of sales promotion, cashless payment, social environment, and financial condition on compulsive buying on university students in Surabaya. The method used is descriptive analysis with multiple cross-sectional designs. Data were analyzed with Structural Equation Modeling. The result of this research showed that sales promotion, cashless payment, and financial condition variables have a positive effect on compulsive behavior on university students in Surabaya

The Actualization of Economic, Social and Cultural of the Priority Sports Development Program in East Nusa Tenggara Province

East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) is one of the provinces in Indonesia. That area relatively arid, barren and still has great potential in sporting achievements. This study aims to describe the actualization of economic, social and cultural development programs for priority sports. This study uses a naturalistic phenomenological approach. Data collection was carried out qualitatively through observation and interviews with athletes, staff on The National Sports Committee of Indonesia (KONI), staff on KONI NTT, the head of Department of Youth and Sports NTT, coaches and athlete parents. Data analysis was performed based on Miles and Huberman's (1992) interactive analysis model. The results of this study show that individual sports priority and martial arts are top priorities because they are influenced by the actualization of social and cultural environmental conditions. The rich and varied cultural values in the NTT community have the same basic pattern in sports being the basis for determining the pattern of coaching and sports development. Athletes who have achievements from NTT come from the middle and lower economic circles with all its limitations. Therefore, collaboration is needed from parents, teachers in schools, and also local governments in developing sports in NTT.

Sleeping Eurasian oystercatchers adjust their vigilance in response to the behaviour of neighbours, human disturbance and environmental conditions

AbstractVigilance is a costly behaviour but it enables animals to detect and avoid threats of predation and intraspecific competition. To compensate for the increased risk while sleeping, many bird species have evolved eye‐blinking strategies called peeking, which allows vigilance to persist in a sleep‐like state. However, the drivers of vigilance behaviour during sleep have rarely been explored. We investigated how social factors, anthropogenic disturbance and environmental conditions affected the sleep‐vigilance trade‐off in the Eurasian oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus). Data were collected on the frequency, total duration and average duration of peeking at two locations on the Menai Strait, North Wales. Our results reveal that exposure to anthropogenic disturbance, particularly the presence of people exercising dogs, led to an increase in vigilance duration and reduced time sleeping, while increasing boat traffic resulted in elevated levels of peek frequency, but the overall duration of vigilance was in fact reduced. Furthermore, oystercatchers adjust their vigilance behaviour according to social context, with reduced levels of individual vigilance when a greater number of animals were present. However, if surrounding neighbours were awake – then the observed animal was more likely to be alert, demonstrating the importance of monitoring the behaviour of conspecifics. Likewise, the temperature and wind speed influenced vigilance with elevated levels of peek frequency observed in warmer and windier conditions. Oystercatchers are able to make fine‐scale adjustments to their vigilance behaviour while asleep, which reduces the risk of external threats such as predators. Nevertheless, they are making these decisions against the backdrop of a finely balanced energy budget, particularly during the winter months. Increased levels of human activity and disturbance may elevate the costs of vigilance and ultimately have fitness implications for this species.

The Cultural and Chronological Variability of the Epigravettian of the Middle Dnieper Basin

The cultural subdivision of the Mid Dnieper Epigravettian is based on the typological peculiarities of stone insets of projectile weapons from 22 stratified assemblages. The Mezhyrich, Mizyn, Yudinovo and Ovruch industries, as well as the number of assemblage’s types were defined (Nuzhnyi 2008). The insets of Mezhyrich industry are represented by lanceolate-backed points and rectangular microliths. Both were made on bladelets and micro-blades, sometimes by inverse and alternate retouch (Fig. 1: 1-18). The lanceolate points made on flakes, blades and bladelets by abrupt/semi-abrupt retouch and “atypical rectangles” produced on blades and bladelets are the characteristic feature of Yudinovo industry (Fig. 1: 19-33). The micro-points on bladelets and micro-blades with straight back and obliquely retouched/truncated base are common for Mizyn industry (Fig. 2, 1-18). The Ovruch industry is represented by backed lanceolate points made on blades and bladelets (Fig. 2: 19-26). Often, the bases of these points are obliquely retouched. The rectangles  are not common for Mizyn and Ovruch industries, as well as inverse and alternate types of retouch are rare in the assemblages of Yudinovo and Ovruch industries. The chronological studies are based on 135 radiocarbon dates from 16 sites (Table 1; Fig. 3). The earliest manifestation of Epigravettian at the Mid Dnieper basin was found in Barmaky, 2 (19195-18743, av. 68 % range cal BP) in Volhynia; the latest appearance is known from Pushkari IX, 1 (13672-13066, av. 68 % range cal BP) at the Desna River. That is, at the territory of the Mid Dnieper basin the Epigravettian techno-complex stretches from 20/19 to 14/13 kyr cal BP. In general, the most number of occupations with Mizyn, Yudinovo and Mezhyrich Epigravettian industries assemblages co-exist during 18,5-17,0 kyr cal BP (Fig. 4). The radiocarbon dates for sites of Ovruch industry haven’t been available, yet. On the base of typological studies and chronological data analysis the hypothesis about the Epigravettian evolution at the territory of the Mid Dnieper basin has been proposed. The evolution of local Gravettian industries was interrupted about the beginning of LGM time. The latest manifestations of Gravettian industries from the Desna River basin and from Volhynia are dated to about 28,4-24 and 33-30 kyr cal BP, respectively. That is, the Mid Dnieper basin was depopulated during as minimum as 5-6 thousands years, from 25/24 to 20/19 kyr cal BP. That time corresponds with LGM climatic deterioration. About 19 kyr cal BP the recolonization of this territory begins from the western part of the basin. The Mizyn and Ovruch industries show the number of common techno-typological features with Epigravettian assemblages from the Eastern Carpathian and the Prut/Dniester basins. The problem of Yudinovo and Mezhyrich industries origin is more complicated. Some technological features and shells import suggest possible connections with inhabitants from more southern territories of the steppe zone. The proposed paper is a part of the studies conducted in the frames of the Archaeology Institute state projects and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft grant DFG-392605832 “Social networks and environmental conditions before, during and after Last Glacial Maximum in Volhynia, Western Ukraine”.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL COGNITIVE PROGRAM FOR MEETING BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS IN LATE CHILDHOOD STAGE CHILDREN

The dividing line between normal and abnormal behavior has not been definitively defined, as it oscillates between different cultural and social conditions. A child's behavior is considered disturbed when his behavior is fundamentally and continuously different from normal behavior, which negatively affects his performance in general. The objective of the current research is to verify the effectiveness of an environmental cognitive program for meeting behavioral disorders in late childhood children and apply it to a sample of children in the Special Needs Care Center of the Faculty of Post Graduate Childhood Studies, at Ain Shams University. The study sample consists of (12) children as an experimental group, and the researcher used the sample-semi-experimental method that relies on an environmental behavioral cognitive program to confront some behavioral disorders; using also The Child Behavior Checklist Scale (CBCL) as a way to achieve the goal of the program by applying a pre/post application of the program to children. In addition, it uses the Social, Economic And Cultural Environmental Level Form. The research has reached some results which most important is the demonstration of the effectiveness of the program in meeting behavioral disorders and alleviating these disorders in children, in addition to the fact that the physical and social environment conditions play an important role in children’ exposure to these disorders. Consequently, the study recommends a set of recommendations, the most important of which is to provide training, therapeutic, and counseling courses and programs for children with ADHD who suffer from anxiety to help them reduce anxiety, increase attention and reduce impulsivity; so that, they will avoid exposure to disorders, added to that; family awareness proposed to families of children with ADHD and anxiety to spread out awareness of the two disorders, their causes and the effects on the child in academic, psychological and social terms. Moreover, the program presents a comprehensive awareness for workers in educational institutions, either the administrators or teachers, to educate them how to deal with the manifestations of the disorder of hyperactivity associated with distraction and anxiety.

Ecosystem services and trade-offs: implications for land dynamics and sustainable livelihoods in Northern Lombok, Indonesia

Integrating ecosystem services assessments into policy decision making is a challenging process. Translated into rural development, such a process must address ecosystem services and economic well-being as articulated by a diversity of stakeholders involved. We demonstrate such an effort employed for the first time in the northern Lombok region, Indonesia, where increasingly tense human–nature relationships threaten traditional livelihoods. In close collaboration with multiple stakeholders, our approach weds qualitative scenarios of social-environmental conditions in 2011 to various evidence and models in order to generate quantitative outcomes in 2031 for carbon storage, water yield, and terrestrial economy as conditioned by the amount and location of land changes. Relative to the reference case, two development scenarios show trade-offs between terrestrial economic returns (an increase by 0.5 and 85.4%) and carbon storage (a decrease by 15 and 9.2%, respectively). The approach permits transparent assessments of the trade-offs between the environment and economy based on scenarios employed, and proved useful for decision making and policies.

Progressive view on social justice: Netizen opinions about social justice warrior

<p>Social justice warrior (SJW) is a pejorative term for individuals who fight for equality, environment, and gender. Because their progressive morals radically differ from the predominant values, the so-called social justice warriors spark controversies. This study aimed to describe netizens’ opinions about SJW and describe the dynamics of conflict or support in more detail. Text mining and opinion coding were used to elicit research data. The opinions that we gathered were analyzed in 2 stages: sentiment analysis and content analysis. The results of sentiment analysis are negative (445), neutral (86), and positive (90). Content analysis of the negative opinions showed the characteristics of sarcastic, rude, critical, and contemptuous (mocking/disrespecting). The style of positive sentiments (comments congruent with the phenomena) is divided into supportive, empathic, and motivational opinions. Negative opinions are more dominant because of netizens’ self-acceptance, the effects of informal social control in cyberspace, SJW’s presumed social non-compliance, and doubts of objectivity. Positive opinions can be explained by criticism of social contract theory, namely the demand to be more supportive of minority groups, sensitivity, and empathy (the ability to feel other groups' social conditions and environmental conditions).</p>

Analisis Penerapan Perencanaan Pajak (Tax Planning) dalam Upaya Penghematan Beban Pajak Penghasilan Badan pada PT DCM Tahun 2017

This study aimed to analyze the implementation of the zakat policy as a reduction of taxable income of individual taxpayers at the LAZISMU office in Central Jakarta in 2018, and also to analyze the inhibiting entities faced, as well as the driving entities for LAZSIMU office in implementing the zakat policy as a reduction of taxable income of individual taxpayers. This research used a descriptive qualitative approach. The results showed that the implementation of the zakat policy as a reduction of taxable income of individual taxpayers at the LAZISMU office in Central Jakarta in 2018 according to the six factors used by the writer, policy size and objectives, resources, communication between organizations, character of implementing agents, disposition (tendencies/attitudes) of implementers, social, economic and political environments have been fulfilled. However, there are still some obstacles faced by LAZISMU in implementing the zakat policy as a reduction of taxable income, such as size and policy objectives, social and political environmental conditions, and support and participation of taxpayers in supporting this policy. Therefore the government must evaluate and overcome the obstacles in the implementation of the zakat policy as a reduction of taxable income.

Ant colony nest networks adapt to resource disruption.

Animal social structure is shaped by environmental conditions, such as food availability. This is important as conditions are likely to change in the future and changes to social structure can have cascading ecological effects. Wood ants are a useful taxon for the study of the relationship between social structure and environmental conditions, as some populations form large nest networks and they are ecologically dominant in many northern hemisphere woodlands. Nest networks are formed when a colony inhabits more than one nest, known as polydomy. Polydomous colonies are composed of distinct sub-colonies that inhabit spatially distinct nests and that share resources with each other. In this study, we performed a controlled experiment on 10 polydomous wood ant (Formica lugubris) colonies to test how changing the resource environment affects the social structure of a polydomous colony. We took network maps of all colonies for 5years before the experiment to assess how the networks changes under natural conditions. After this period, we prevented ants from accessing an important food source for a year in five colonies and left the other five colonies undisturbed. We found that preventing access to an important food source causes polydomous wood ant colony networks to fragment into smaller components and begin foraging on previously unused food sources. These changes were not associated with a reduction in the growth of populations inhabiting individual nests (sub-colonies), foundation of new nests or survival, when compared with control colonies. Colony splitting likely occurred as the availability of food in each nest changed causing sub-colonies to change their inter-nest connections. Consequently, our results demonstrate that polydomous colonies can adjust to environmental changes by altering their social network.

Young consumer preferences of the housing environment in Makassar City

The increasing number of residents (youth) who have migrated in urban areas triggers various problems, one of which is the problem of providing housing. This study aims to look at the preferences of young consumers towards the residential environment residing in the city of Makassar. The research approach used is a quantitative approach with the analytical method used is factor analysis to reduce several indicators in several variables such as the physical condition of housing, accessibility, facilities, infrastructure, and social environment around the housing into a set of indicators that represent the preferences of young consumers. This research was conducted in Makassar City with a sample of 350 respondents. Sources of data obtained from library research and interviews using data collection tools, namely questionnaires. The results showed of 23 indicators (indicators of type of house, house design, house price, type of house, location of house, availability of public transportation, proximity to the city center, proximity to workplaces, educational facilities, health facilities, trade facilities, sports facilities, facilities green open space, availability of water, availability of electricity, availability of telecommunications, availability of security, neighboring environments, availability of fences / bars / walls, noise disturbances, interference with air pollution and physical road conditions) related to preferences reduced to eight indicators namely indicators of water availability, availability of electricity , and availability of telecommunications, ease of access to public transportation, proximity to the city center, proximity to workplaces and sports facilities and prices are summarized into three factors/components (infrastructure components, components of sports accessibility and facilities, and price components).

Optimalisasi Pokdarwis Massawi Melalui Tourism Service Management Pengembangan Objek Wisata Teluk Love Jember

Jember has a very diverse natural, cultural and artificial tourism potential. One of the natural potentials that currently become the prima donna in Jember is Teluk Love beach, located in Sumberrejo-Ambulu-Jember. The main attraction of the Love Bay is in terms of its shape that symbolizes love, which is not possessed by other destinations in Jember. The booming existence of the Love Bay increases tourist arrivals at this destination every day, in the other hand the condition of human resources and social economic environment is not ready to face of the growth of Love Bay tourism. Weak tourism knowledge, slum social environment patterns, society economic management are some challenges in developing this Love Bay tourism. Theoretically, if a tourist destination is well managed, tourists as subjects in the tourism industry have an important role in the sustainability of a tourist destination. The tourist services needs to get special attention. If the tourists are well served, then they will feel satisfied. This is a factor driving these tourists to come back, and with the more tourists it will have an effect on improving the economic level of the community itself. Based on the problems experienced by partners, the solutions that can be offered are providing soft skills training (attitude) for tourism services, providing hard skills training (procedural), providing assistance in the form of procurement of quality improvement service.

Similarity between deviant peers: Developmental trends in influence and selection*

AbstractThe association between an adolescent's own behavior and that of his or her peers remains a key empirical finding in the study of delinquency, and this similarity is often explained in criminology by invoking processes of social influence and homophily. Adolescence is a period of rapid change for both individuals and their surroundings, however, and influence and homophily are often discussed without attending to their development over time. In the current study, I employ longitudinal social network models to estimate social influence and homophily related to alcohol and cigarette use and to determine whether there is change in the strength of these processes. Furthermore, I test whether the broader social environment conditions these processes and their observed changes. The results from this study indicate that although influence from peers decreases from early to mid‐adolescence, homophily on drinking and smoking increases. There is also evidence that school‐level opportunities and expectations affect social influence and homophily but do not account for the average changes observed in these processes.

A cross sectional study on out born neonate referral pattern and factors influencing the neonatal outcomes among the out born neonates admitted to sick newborn care units of a government teaching hospital

Background: Neonatal mortality rate (NMR) is one of the major contributors to infant mortality rate. The neonatal mortality depends on many factors birth weight, gestational age, post-natal care; it also depends on maternal social and environmental conditions which contribute to the social determinants of maternal health. This study was taken up to identify maternal social determinants contributing to outcome among outborn neonates in order to reduce neonatal deaths. The present was conducted to assess the outcome among the outborn neonates and assess the maternal social determinants of health affecting the outcome.Methods: A cross sectional study conducted in sick newborn care units (SNCU), Hassan Institute of Medical Sciences, Hassan among all out born neonates. After taking prior written consent, all mothers/bystanders of outborn neonates were interviewed using predesigned, pretested semi-structured proforma. Social factors, environmental conditions and antenatal care affecting the maternal health were collected. Neonatal outcome data was collected from SNCU register. The mothers/bystanders of outborn neonates not willing to give consent and re-admitted neonates were excluded from the study. Data analysis was done using SPSS V20.0.Results: Of 353 outborn neonates admitted, 16.1% was mortality rate. Number of antenatal care visits, consumption of iron tablets, gestational age, high risk mother, staff attending delivery, birth weight, referral time (at p≤0.5) and distance from hospital, passive smoking exposure, maternal services utilization (at p-value <0.1) were significantly associated with poor outcome among outborn neonates.Conclusions: There is need for establishment of SNCUs at sub-divisional levels.

Understanding the gender gap in immigrant entrepreneurship: a multi-country study of immigrants\u2019 embeddedness in economic, social, and institutional contexts

Given the rising rate of migration across the globe, immigrant entrepreneurship is more than ever a topic of high theoretical and practical relevance. Immigrant entrepreneurship can offer host societies a win-win situation, generating incomes for immigrant entrepreneurs and contributing to knowledge transfer, innovativeness, and economic growth within the host economy. However, studies reveal that immigrant entrepreneurship is primarily male dominated and our understanding of the drivers and contextual factors that explain the gender gap is limited. Based on the mixed embeddedness approach, this multi-country study investigates the effects of immigrants’ embeddedness in supportive economic, social, and institutional environmental conditions on the gender gap in immigrant entrepreneurship. Our key findings are threefold: First, the results confirm that a gender gap in immigrant entrepreneurship exists. Female immigrants, compared with their male counterparts, are less likely to start and run their own business. Second, the results reveal that female immigrant entrepreneurship is encouraged by a supportive entrepreneurial environment, showing that policy can enhance female immigrant entrepreneurship through supportive conditions. Third, we find the same pattern of results for forced immigrants and opposite results for natives, suggesting that entrepreneurship is a “Plan A” employment strategy for (forced) female immigrants, whereas it is only a “Plan B” employment strategy for female natives.