Settlement Conditions Research Articles

An empirical–analytical approach to the study of recent refugee migrants in Germany

Given the recent surge in interest in refugee research, this editorial discusses whether the study of refugees’ migration and integration requires entirely new theoretical and methodological approaches. We make the case that refugee migration is a special type of migration and that refugee integration is subject to similar laws and regularities as the integration of all kinds of immigrants. Therefore, it should be studied using conventional theoretical and analytical approaches to empirical-analytical migration and integration research. Obviously, special conditions of refugee migration apply, such as specific patterns of refugees’ selectivity, health and resource endowment, settlement conditions, and reception or integration services. However, such peculiarities do not represent distinct mechanisms; they are simply background conditions for more general mechanisms. Contributions to this Special Issue, which all rely on new high-quality data from Germany, best highlight the universality of general mechanisms of immigrant integration, on the one hand, and the relevance of refugee migrants’ specific characteristics and conditions, on the other hand.

Ecological assessment of the condition of rural settlements of Zhytomyr region

Ecological assessment of the condition of rural settlements of Zhytomyr region

基础不均匀沉降条件下立井凿井井架受力性能影响研究

基础不均匀沉降条件下立井凿井井架受力性能影响研究

Methodological approaches to assessing the impact of agro-industrial enterprises on the development of territorial communities

The agro-industrial complex of Ukraine is one of the most relevant segments of the national economy, which provides an adequate level of food security of the regions and the state as a whole, as well as forms a significant amount of domestic expert material. However, institutional miscalculations of the state, underestimation of the peculiarities of the formation and functioning of domestic and foreign food markets, as well as ignoring the role of local governments and civil society institutions in rural development, led to agricultural enrichment, dominance of small-scale production, lack of motivation for integrated development formations, and depopulation of rural areas. The essence of modern EU agricultural policy in the third millennium and the need for our country to join it are studied. Methodological approaches to assessing the impact of agro-industrial enterprises on the integrated development of territorial communities in the context of decentralization of power are developed. The multifaceted nature of the process of functioning of agro-industrial production in the direction of ensuring the development of communities determines the influence of a significant number of factors. Generalizing scientific approaches in this area, all factors can be combined into several aggregate groups: production, consumption, social, institutional, and environmental orientation. The proposed methodological approaches to assessing such impact, in addition, provide an opportunity to develop areas for long-term mutually beneficial development of the entities in this system. The purpose of such promising parameters should be to develop mechanisms to ensure the production of high-quality food products, primarily for domestic consumption; to improve the level and quality of life of rural residents; to improve the system of management of territorial communities and formation of effective schemes of their interaction with business entities; to stimulate the activity of the population of the territories as a locomotive of these processes; to ensure the improvement of the ecological condition of settlements and environmental protection.

Analysis of Environmental Risk Factors on the Leptospirosis Disease in Klaten, Central Java, Indonesia

Background: The number of cases and mortality rates of Leptospirosis incidences in Klaten Regency is increasing from year to year. The study aims to analyze the environmental risk factors toward Leptospirosis incidences in Klaten Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. Subjects and Method: This was a case-control study conducted in Klaten Regency, Central Java. The study sample was all Lepto­spirosis patients who were recorded in Klaten Health Office. The case population was a total of 39 people and the control population was a total of 171 people. The dependent variable was: Leptospirosis incidences and the independent variables were physical condition of the house, environmental condition of the settlement, the presence of mice, the presence of cattle, adja­cent to a river, flooding area, age, sex category, and occupation. The study instruments used were questionnaires and checklist. The data were analyzed by path analysis. Results: The risk of Leptospirosis was directly increased by the presence of mice (b= 7.34; 95% CI= 4.44 to 10.24; p<0.001) and flooding area (b= 8.99; 95% CI= 5.02 to 12.96; p <0.001). The risk of Leptospirosis was directly decreased by age ≥20 to <60 years (b= -1.45; 95% CI= -3.68 to 0.79; p=0.205) and female sex (b= -2.97; 95% CI= -5.52 to -0.42; p= 0.022). The risk of Leptospirosis was indirectly affected by the presence of mice, presence of cattle, flooding area, poor settlement condition, and poor house physical condition through area adjacent to a river, and poor physical condition of the house, working in the wet area. Conclusion: The risk of Leptospirosis is directly increased by the presence of mice and flooding area. The risk of Leptospirosis is directly decreased by age ≥20 to <60 years and female sex. The risk of Leptospirosis is indirect­ly affected by the presence of mice, presence of cattle, flooding area, poor settlement condition, and poor house physical condition through area adjacent to a river, and poor physical condition of the house, working in the wet area Keyword s : Leptospirosis, environmental risk factors, path analysis Correspondence: Patria Sari Dewi. Public Health Office (Balkes­mas) of Klaten, Central Java. Email: patria­klaten@gmail.com. Phone: 085643157125. Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2020), 05(02): 158-167 https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2020.05.02.04

FLOOD ADAPTIVE SETTLEMENTS TOWARDS URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN THE RIPARIAN OF MEUREUDU RIVER, ACEH PROVINCE, INDONESIA

Meureudu Riparian in the past was a place of a collective settlements; it was then developed to become a Meureudu City in Aceh Province, Indonesia. Initially, it was formed as traditional fishermen settlements but now has shifted into semi-modern settlements. However, the settlements developed sporadically to form an unplanned pattern of settlements. This condition resulted in low maintaining river and non-adaptive existence of the dwellings with the environment. Floods occur repeatedly in the river that affected great lost to the community. This study aimed to propose residential pattern design and adaptive settlements with Meureudu River riparian. Easy access roads to markets will facilitate economy growth to the people. This will also cause large numbers of unbridled migrants to enter and build settlements. In this study the a combination of quantitative methods based on interview data and questionnaires and qualitative exploratory methods based on field observation were used. The data were collected through observation, field measurement and secondary data sources. The results show that the condition of settlements along the river basin do not reflect the culture of the river. In order not to further aggravate the condition of the settlement and its impact on the occupants, we recommended two types of houses, namely in the form of stage and non-stage. The stage houses are located on the riverfront with an orientation overlooking the river. Additionally, undersea area can be used as security from the puddle of river water runoff during the flood and as a garden area and public while dry­­, while at a distance of 100 meters from the river non-stage houses form would be built because the runoff of flood water no longer affects the occupancy.

KONSEP PENATAAN PERMUKIMAN KUMUH TEPIAN SUNGAI DI KELURAHAN SUNGAI BILU KOTA BANJARMASIN

The uncontrolled condition of settlements on the banks of the river city of Banjarmasin has made the settlements of the river banks as slums. Almost all river banks in each kelurahan are categorized as slums so that the actual river banks can be assets of the city of Banjarmasin, on the contrary, it is a bad face for the city. The program and arranging of structural slums in the river bank settlements in Kelurahan Sungai Bilu have indeed been carried out, but basically, they have not been successfully managed completely. Identification of the characteristics of riverbank slum settlements needs to be done to find out the aspects and variables that affect the slum of riverbank settlements to then formulate an appropriate arranging concept and can be implemented in riverbank slum settlements in the study location. Data analysis in identifying the characteristics of riverbank slum settlements is by presenting tabulated data on the results of a statistical questionnaire completed with mapping and field documentation and through narrative exposure. The theory triangulation analysis is used to formulate the concept of arranging suitable riverbank slum settlements and can be carried out at the research location. The results were obtained for the characteristics of slum settlements and the concept of arranging slum areas in the river banks in Kelurahan Sungai Bilu are arranging in aspects of the function and form of residential building mass, arranging environmental infrastructure, arranging environmental utility systems, arranging public and social facilities, and arranging on non-physical aspects.

Biodiagnostics of Soil under a Low Level of Anthropogenic Impact (by the Example of the Urban Settlement of Stepnoe, Saratov Oblast)

Abstract—Biodiagnostics of soil in a settlement with low technogenic impact was performed by the example of the urban settlement of Stepnoe. The number of microorganisms was evaluated in 30 soil samples by inoculation on solid nutrition media: on meat peptone agar for the calculation of the total heterotrophic microorganisms and on the corresponding selective media for hydrocarbon-oxidizing and iron-oxidizing microorganisms. We also analyzed the activity of several soil redox and hydrolytic enzymes (dehydrogenases, catalases, peroxidases, and invertases). The content of the mobile forms of copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, chromium, and nickel was determined to assess the anthropogenic impact on the soil, and the total soil contamination coefficient (Zc) was calculated. The excess of the MPC of mobile forms of Ni, Cu, and Pb was revealed in the area studied. In general, the total soil contamination coefficient did not exceed 16, indicating favorable environmental and geochemical conditions in the settlement. The analysis of the total number of heterotrophic microorganisms and the amounts of hydrocarbon-oxidizing and iron-oxidizing microorganisms showed deviations from the norm in some regions of the area surveyed, which pointed to anthropogenic transformation of the soil biocenoses. The maximum deviations were typical for the index of hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms, which pointed to soil contamination by hydrocarbons. Our data on the evaluation of the activity of indicator soil enzymes did not exclude possible functional disturbances in the soil. It was found that the activity of soil dehydrogenases and invertases corresponded to low and very low levels of soil enrichment with these enzymes. The activity of soil catalases and peroxidases corresponded to the moderate and high levels of the enzymes, which indicated the absence of pathological changes in the soil. It has been shown that the studied soil microbiological and biochemical parameters are promising for soil health biodiagnostics in areas with low anthropogenic impact.

Settlement conditions of magma (s) forming Jurassic plutonic rocks in the Gümüşhane (Eastern Pontides, Turkey)

In this study, the petrography, mineral chemistry and crystallization conditions were reported for the Alemdar and Isikdere plutons located in limited areas in the south of the Eastern Pontides. These plutons, which trend mostly in NE-SW directions, were emplaced by cutting the Early- Middle Carboniferous-aged Gumushane Granitoid and Early-Middle Jurassic Şenkoy formation. Petrographically, the studied plutons are compositionally fine to medium grained quartz-diorite, quartz monzodiorite and tonalite. The rocks in the plutons have granular, poikilitic, monzonitic, graphic and rare porphyritic textures with consist of plagioclase, (An05-92), hornblende (Mg# = 0.52- 0.81), biotite (Mg# = 0.32-0.67), orthoclase, quartz and Fe-Ti oxide. According to thermobarometric calculations, plutons have crystallization temperatures, pressures and oxygen fugacity values ranging from 541°C to 938°C, 0.1 to 4.4 kbar, and -23 to-12, respectively. The estimated water content calculated from amphibole is between 4.4 to 7.8%. It can be concluded that the studied plutons were emplaced at mid to shallow crustal depths (~4-15 km).

Spatial Model of Settlement Expansion and its Suitability to the Landscapes in Singkawang City, West Kalimantan Province

Expansion of settlement is part of a change that happens in a land cover that occurs in a city, changes in the land cover itself occur due to a development process that happens dynamically. Singkawang City has experienced land cover changes, in 2014-2015 Singkawang City have decreased the farming area by 5.33% and a population growth of 2.67%, and from the projection of data, Singkawang’s Population will increase by 22.14% from 2015 to 2035. The purpose of this study aims to analyze the spatial pattern of settlement expansion that occurred in Singkawang city, and by using Cellular Automata Markov Chains (CAMC) it could identify the condition of settlement in Singkawang City in 2032 by model projection. This method assumes that each existing cell will represent a unique land cover and will affect each other's surrounding cells after the model have been made, the model will be overlaid with the Singkawang City landscape suitability model using Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation (SMCE) method. The results show that the calibrated data can be used to predict settlement expansion by 2032 and suitable landscape conditions will support the current existing expansion. Afterwards, settleme nt areas that are currently expanding will always be affected by geographical and development factors in the region. In the end, it is necessary to analyze between the model that has been developed with the Regional urban plan of Singkawang City to see the availability of space for the construction of settlements and buildings in a sustainable manner.

Transitions in rural settlements and implications for rural revitalization in Guangdong Province

Since the implementation of China's open-door policy in 1978, the number, structure, and environmental conditions of rural settlements have changed dramatically. This study examined the changes in rural settlements and the factors behind rural change in Guangdong Province using land-use datasets from 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015, a digital elevation model, and data for transport networks and physical characteristics. Different stages of change in the rural settlements became evident: there was expansion from 1980 to 2000 and rapid decline from 2000 to 2010. Urban growth was facilitated by converting high-production cropland. The density of rural settlements was highest in areas with medium-level development: the density was highest in eastern and western parts of the province, lower in the center, and lowest in the north. The patterns and changes in rural settlements were most strongly related to water sources and transport systems; however, some physical variables (terrain, precipitation, and temperature) were significantly associated with the probability of occurrence of rural settlements. We argue that comprehensive, systematic planning systems should be established for rural areas and that it is necessary to recognize the value of the cultural heritage of southern Guangdong. To ensure the success of a rural revitalization strategy, it is important to introduce regional development schemes that resolve inequalities between less and more economically developed areas.

Functional Changes of Under Stilt Houseas an Effort of Adaptation and Adjustment in Settlement

The development and change of stilt house on the Musi riverside are influenced by river geography. Model houses on the banks of the river Musi in the form of houses on stilts. The effort to build a stilts houseis inseparable from the condition of the Musi river, which is generally in the form of wetlands, so that housing is needed that can adapt to the water environment. In the initial conditions of settlements, under the riverfront house stage functioned as allowing air to move so as to minimize the humidity that is under the stage. With the current settlement conditions, people make adjustments or change the settlement environment as a form of adaptation to the tidal Musiriver. Stilt houses are an alternative place to stay that continues in the Palembang river community in dealing with climate and weather. This study aims to determine the tendency of morphological changes in the development of space under the stilt house. In achieving the objectives of the study carried out to identify architectural models, explore the activities of community settlements on the banks of the Musiriver. Data collection is done through field observations, literature studies, and in-depth interviews. Data analysis was carried out qualitatively on the variable elements of the building, with identification of riverfront stilt house models. The results show that the house on the river bank has experienced physical changes in the model house on stilts, both in terms of function and building materials. Changes in the physical elements of houses from wood to fabrication occurred in some of the stilt houses on the banks of the river Musi, resulting in river bank settlements dominated by brick or terrestrial houses.

Condannati al riuso : mercato immobiliare e forme della riqualificazione edilizia e urbana

Urban regeneration strategies are different and depend on developers’ expectations. The study considers two in particular: the demolition and reconstruction of obsolete buildings and the reuse of existing assets. The research examines the feasibility conditions of the two strategies, highlighting the aspects that favour the processes of demolition and reconstruction over reuse with a theoretical model that holds together spatial and economic variables. The model is tested in three Italian cities of different size. The results show that demolition and reconstruction is an option that can only be pursued under favourable settlement and market conditions, forcing small and medium-sized cities to focus on strategies for retrofitting existing buildings.

SUPPLEMENTARY CLAIMS CONCERNING THE PROTECTION OF INHERITANCE IN GERMAN LAW

The inherited estate or individual items comprising the estate may, for various reasons, come into possession of unauthorised persons. In such circumstances, the true heir could claim the return of inheritance items via singular claims, or make a claim under the protection of inheritance to surrender the estate or its individual items. However, as a rule, the restitution of assets does not compensate for the entire damage suffered by the heir. The scope of and conditions for such mutual settlements are regulated specifically in different legal orders. In German law, the issue of the protection of inheritance and the related mutual settlements is subject to extensive regulations, which make both the scope and type of mutual obligations dependent on the good or bad faith of the possessor of the estate, and even on the manner in which they have come into possession of inheritance items. This paper presents normative solutions related to the protection of inheritance and related supplementary claims in German law.

ИНДЕКСНЫЙ МЕТОД РАСЧЕТА ЛИМИТОВ НА ОБОРОТНОЕ ФИНАНСИРОВАНИЕ

The article considers the factors causing the formation of credit limits. There has been carried out a review of methodological approaches to analysis of credit limits described in domestic economic literature, as well as applied in practice. The advantages and disadvantages of existing methods of determining credit limits have been revealed. It has been pointed out that nowadays in the theory and practice of banking there is no generally accepted method for setting limits. On the basis of the financial model, the nature of the working capital needs of customers and its impact on the need for lending were investigated. The ratios of net working capital and own working capital are considered depending on the nature of the need, financial cycle, business profitability and conditions of settlements with counterparties. A calculation of the working capital need based on the index method is proposed. The methods for calculating the limit of working capital with temporary and permanent working capital need are substantiated. There have been made calculations of the working capital need for options characterized by increasing volumes in production and sales and by changing the terms of settlements with counterparties. The relationship between the revenue growth and the required net working capital is shown. The dynamics of own working capital growth is analyzed. Using the results, the calculation of the limit for revolving financing has been made including a one-time loan for replenishing working capital and a revolving credit line with a debt limit due to the constant need for materials procurement. In the course of analysis there were used general scientific methods and techniques: systemic and logical analysis and synthesis, comparison, building a system of indicators based on vertical and horizontal relationships between them, studying the relationship between effective (generalizing) indicators and quotients, forecasting and extrapolation, the principles of induction and deduction.

Research on transitional pavement structures based on foundation settlement in goafs

Based on actual engineering geological conditions, foundation settlements and the effects of goaf’s positions on the settlements were measured to study the effects of underlying goaf on the road construction. Four transitional pavement structures with various base course were designed in goaf-affected areas. Under the soil consolidation settlement and traffic loading, the mechanical response of transitional pavement structures was simulated and analyzed. The critical safety zone of the goaf was obtained along the depth and the horizontal directions, respectively. The results indicate that the transitional pavement structure containing graded gravel base exhibited the minimum uneven settlement and pavement inclination under the condition of soil consolidation settlement. under traffic loading, the minimum tensile stress existed at the bottom of graded gravel base compared with that of the other three transitional pavement structures. Therefore, the flexible pavement with graded gravel base course is proposed as the transition pavement the mined-out areas.

A repeated-negotiation game approach to distributed (re)scheduling of multiple projects using decoupled learning

With peer-to-peer software technologies based on Blockchain and Smart Contracts, automated negotiation of client-server relationships for enterprise networking and project-oriented fractal organizations can now be readily implemented. To this aim, the distributed (emergent) schedule of client-server contracts must be a Nash equilibrium from which any agent finds no incentive to deviate. Also, to respond effectively to unplanned events and disturbances, the renegotiating process of all concerned client-server contracts must pursue a new Nash equilibrium solution in the face of incomplete information by each individual agent. In this work, distributed multi-project (re)scheduling is formulated as a repeated-negotiation game in a multi-agent setting where each agent resorts to decoupled learning rules for deciding the terms and conditions in each contract settlement. After a finite number of stages of the negotiation game, a new emergent schedule close to a Nash equilibrium is found. An agent-based simulation framework is proposed to implement the repeated negotiation game based on bilateral client-server contracts. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated using a case study of a project-oriented fractal company in the pharmaceutical industry. Simulation results obtained highlight that repeated negotiations and decoupled learning are key for approaching a Nash equilibrium and welfare solutions to a (re)scheduling problem.

Pluriatividade em assentamentos rurais: forma de exclusão, inclusão ou permanência no campo?

A organização da produção no rural tem sido marcada por uma diversificação que vai da especialização à pluralidade de atividades, da produção em grande empresa à produção em pequenas propriedades. A organização na pequena propriedade voltada para agricultura familiar produz uma dinâmica que envolve atividades agrícolas, para-agrícolas e não agrícolas. A combinação de práticas agrícolas/para-agrícolas e não agrícolas, em uma mesma propriedade, aparece como uma opção para os agricultores familiares assentados, prática que é denominada como pluriatividade. A intenção desse artigo é analisar diferentes perspectivas buscando compreender o papel da pluriatividade para o agricultor em condição de assentamentos. Pretende-se destacar os pontos positivos e negativos das práticas pluriativas e, por fim, responder se a pluriatividade em assentamentos pode ser uma forma de exclusão, inclusão ou permanência no campo, a partir de estudos teóricos e empíricos. O recorte espacial é Microrregião Geográfica Sudoeste de Goiás, nos Assentamentos Agrovila Rio Verdinho no munícipio de Rio Verde (GO) e Nossa Senhora de Guadalupe no munícipio de Jataí (GO).&#x0D; Palavras-chaves: Pluriatividade, Agricultura familiar, Assentamentos.

The Feasibility Study on Treating Soft-Soil with Lightweight-Pile Composite Foundation

The new method of soft foundation treatment in continuous exploration, the introduction of lightweight materials to overcome the low bearing capacity of soft soil foundation is considered to have a good prospect. In this article, it is assumed that the lightweight material can be used as the vertical reinforcement in the form of short pile to form the composite foundation with the soft soil, and to bear the overlying load. Firstly, the material parameters of the lightweight pile under the working conditions were calculated by numerical analysis. According to the calculated parameters of the pile body, the feasible materials were selected, EPS (expanded polystyrene) was preferred for further study in materials that meet the parameters. Through centrifugal model test, settlement and stress state of lightweight material pile composite foundation were analyzed, its smooth settlement and ideal working condition shows a good treatment effect. The results of numerical analysis and centrifuge model test show that it is theoretically feasible to treat soft foundation with lightweight pile composite foundation.

Kemiskinan dan kondisi pemukiman nelayan tradisional (studi di Kelurahan Kampung Nelayan Kecamatan Tungkal Ilir Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat)

This study aims to analyze the poverty problems of traditional fishermen at Nelayan Village Tungkal Ilir District, Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency. And analyze the condition of coastal settlements of traditional fishing communities at Nelayan Village Tungkal Ilir District, Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency. The poverty that occurs in traditional fishermen at Nelayan Village is caused by 3 (three) most influential factors. There are; 1) quality factor of human resources, 2) economic factor, and 3) institutional factor. The spread pattern of settlements of traditional fishing communities at Nelayan Village takes place naturally, spontaneously and tend to be sporadic. This fishing community settlement tends to be dense