Conditions Of Mismatch Research Articles

Evaluation of the design features and components for a large-scale solar simulator for PV module testing

The evaluation of photovoltaic devices must be carried out in laboratories under stable conditions of irradiance, spatial uniformity, and spectral mismatch. Large-scale solar simulators are a reliable option for this. Various designs of simulators have been reported; however, more needs to be deepened in their study. In this work, an experimental investigation was conducted in order to explore the relationship between spatial non-uniformity, temporal instability, and the design features and components of a large-scale solar simulator based on metal halide lamps. The evaluation was based on the standard performance requirements of solar simulators, and various parameters were considered, including the geometry of the reflectors, the distance between reflectors, and the height of the lamps. In addition, the forces and deformations of the complete structure of the simulator, as well as the effects of the lamp orientation and the type of electrical supply, were analyzed. Based on the evaluation results of the design features and components, a simulator solar with an illuminated area of 1.7 m x 1.8 m was designed, constructed, and experimentally tested. A simulator class C was achieved, covering an area of 0.50 m x 0.50 m. The performance of the solar simulator was validated by experimental tests performed on commercial photovoltaic modules.

Detection of distorted interference pulses for UWFBG array based on odd function decomposition

In this paper, we propose a distorted pulse detection method based on odd function for pulse decomposition, to solve the problem of optical path mismatch in UWFBG array. In theory, we build a mathematical model of the distortion pulse and derive the corresponding odd function. Then, we analyze the peak trajectory obtained by the difference curve by simulation, and determine the optimal interference position of the distorted pulse. Finally, we use the vibrating liquid column method to carry out underwater acoustic sensing experiments, under different conditions of optical path mismatch. The results show that, when the distance between adjacent UWFBGs is 50 m and pulse width with 100 ns, the gain of harmonic SNR and average PSD is improved from 2.3 dB and 1.8 dB to 11.2 dB and 10.0 dB respectively, under different circumstances with length difference for 1 m, 1.5 m, and 2 m respectively. So, the algorithm is more robust to length mismatch, and verifies the effectiveness of the algorithm, and has potential significance for reducing the difficulty of designing the UWFBG array interferometer.

Six-year-olds’ comprehension of object-gapped relative clause sentences: Investigating the contribution of NP number mismatch

Comprehension of sentences with a center-embedded, object-gapped relative clause (ORC) is challenging for children as well as adults. Mismatching lexical and grammatical features of subject noun phrases (NPs) across the main clause and relative clause has been shown to facilitate comprehension. Adani et al. concluded that children’s comprehension improved under conditions of NP number mismatch (e.g., singular main clause subject and plural relative clause subject) as compared with NP number match (e.g., both singular subjects). However, their stimuli provided number information on verb phrases (VPs) as well as NPs creating a confound for conclusions about facilitative effects of NP number mismatch. In this study, we isolated the contribution of NP number mismatch. Notably, 32 6-year-olds with typical language participated in a center-embedded, ORC sentence comprehension task with 4 types of stimuli: (a) NP number mismatch without VP number information (NP mismatch only), (b) NP number match without VP number information (NP match only), (c) NP number mismatch with VP number mismatch (NP + VP mismatch), and (d) NP number match with VP number match (NP + VP match). Children selected one of four pictures in an array to a verbally presented relative clause sentence; 56 sentences were presented. The within-subjects comparison for NP mismatch only and NP match only was not significant. However, the within-subjects comparison for NP mismatch only and NP + VP mismatch was significant. Children were more successful in NP + VP mismatch sentence comprehension ([Formula: see text] = 0.70).

A shear-lag model for laminated beams with extreme modulus mismatch between layers

Multilayer laminated beams, comprised of alternating stiff and soft layers, are widely used in flexible electronics and photonics. These structures exhibit complex mechanical behaviors that deviate from the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory under conditions of extreme inter-layer modulus mismatch. Extending beyond prior studies on trilayer beams, we present an analytical framework for laminated beams with arbitrary number of layers subjected to various bending conditions, and validate our theory with finite element analysis. We define an equivalent flexural rigidity, exploring its dependence on position and deformation, and systematically examine the impact of the number of layers, applied deformation, layer properties, and the layer aspect ratio.

Integrating GRU with a Kalman Filter to Enhance Visual Inertial Odometry Performance in Complex Environments

To enhance system reliability and mitigate the vulnerabilities of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), it is common to fuse the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and visual sensors with the GNSS receiver in the navigation system design, effectively enabling compensations with absolute positions and reducing data gaps. To address the shortcomings of a traditional Kalman Filter (KF), such as sensor errors, an imperfect non-linear system model, and KF estimation errors, a GRU-aided ESKF architecture is proposed to enhance the positioning performance. This study conducts Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) to prioritize and identify the potential faults in the urban environment, facilitating the design of improved fault-tolerant system architecture. The identified primary fault events are data association errors and navigation environment errors during fault conditions of feature mismatch, especially in the presence of multiple failure modes. A hybrid federated navigation system architecture is employed using a Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) to predict state increments for updating the state vector in the Error Estate Kalman Filter (ESKF) measurement step. The proposed algorithm’s performance is evaluated in a simulation environment in MATLAB under multiple visually degraded conditions. Comparative results provide evidence that the GRU-aided ESKF outperforms standard ESKF and state-of-the-art solutions like VINS-Mono, End-to-End VIO, and Self-Supervised VIO, exhibiting accuracy improvement in complex environments in terms of root mean square errors (RMSEs) and maximum errors.

Prokaryotic voltage-gated sodium channels are more effective than endogenous Nav1.5 channels in rescuing cardiac action potential conduction: an in silico study.

Methods to augment Na+ current in cardiomyocytes hold potential for the treatment of various cardiac arrhythmias involving conduction slowing. Because the gene coding cardiac Na+ channel (Nav1.5) is too large to fit in a single adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector, new gene therapies are being developed to enhance endogenous Nav1.5 current (by overexpression of chaperon molecules or use of multiple AAV vectors) or to exogenously introduce prokaryotic voltage-gated Na+ channels (BacNav) whose gene size is significantly smaller than that of the Nav1.5. In this study, based on experimental measurements in heterologous expression systems, we developed an improved computational model of the BacNav channel, NavSheP D60A. We then compared in silico how NavSheP D60A expression vs. Nav1.5 augmentation affects the electrophysiology of cardiac tissue. We found that the incorporation of BacNav channels in both adult guinea pig and human cardiomyocyte models increased their excitability and reduced action potential duration. When compared with equivalent augmentation of Nav1.5 current in simulated settings of reduced tissue excitability, the addition of the BacNav current was superior in improving the safety of conduction under conditions of current source-load mismatch, reducing the vulnerability to unidirectional conduction block during premature pacing, preventing the instability and breakup of spiral waves, and normalizing the conduction and ECG in Brugada syndrome tissues with mutated Nav1.5. Overall, our studies show that compared with a potential enhancement of the endogenous Nav1.5 current, expression of the BacNav channels with their slower inactivation kinetics can provide greater anti-arrhythmic benefits in hearts with compromised action potential conduction.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Slow action potential conduction is a common cause of various cardiac arrhythmias; yet, current pharmacotherapies cannot augment cardiac conduction. This in silico study compared the efficacy of recently proposed antiarrhythmic gene therapy approaches that increase peak sodium current in cardiomyocytes. When compared with the augmentation of endogenous sodium current, expression of slower-inactivating bacterial sodium channels was superior in preventing conduction block and arrhythmia induction. These results further the promise of antiarrhythmic gene therapies targeting sodium channels.

Coupled-DC Module-Based Photovoltaic System With Power Mismatch-Tolerated Modulation

This article presents a coupled-DC power module-based cascaded multilevel converter integrating utility-scale photovoltaic (PV) generations (coupled-DC-link power module (CDPM)-PV). CDPM-PV inherits merits such as modular structure, distributed maximum power point tracking (MPPT), direct distribution grid access, from cascaded H-bridge-based PV (CHB-PV) system. But, it supplies more flexible power routes than CHB-PV, through coupling different DC-links. Power routes are intended for enlarging the entire operating range including conditions of active power mismatch arising from nonideal elements such as partial shading and parameter variations. The system construction with its self-balancing principle is first introduced. Switching states for different operating regions are then derived based on the principle of easing implementation. Based on these, a modulation strategy including initial switching pattern selection and coordinated power routing is proposed to allow module-mismatches. Operating ranges are also analyzed and compared with conventional CHB-PV. Simulation results of a 3-MW/13.8-kV system developed in MATLAB/Simulink platform, and experiment results based on a 2.4-kW/311-V setup are presented and have demonstrated that the CDPM-PV topology with proposed modulation strategy can not only ride through a larger range of module mismatches, but also improve solar power utilization and system efficiency owing to noncompromised MPPT.

Coalition-making under conditions of ideological mismatch: The populist solution

This article problematizes how non-spatial factors facilitate the formation of extraordinary ideologically mismatched government coalitions. An intensive case study analysis of the SYRIZA–ANEL governments in Greece (2015–2019) suggests that a shared symbolic discourse directed against mainstream contenders allowed elite actors with widely disparate programmatic commitments to circumvent rigid constraints imposed by minimal range theory. Under conditions of acute polarization and socioeconomic upheaval owing to the Greek sovereign debt crisis, a strategic use of populist anti-bailout discourse upset the usual order of party competition along spatial dimensions, fostering cross-ideological cohabitation at the executive level between the radical-left SYRIZA and the radical-right ANEL for a total of four years. However, an office-seeking approach based on a populist symbolic framework to represent salient grievances cannot fully eliminate policy dissension. Once core ideological commitments become explicitly challenged, inelastic policy-oriented factions and voting blocs may ultimately precipitate the expiration of the populist coalition.

Closed form approximations to predict retention times and peak widths in gradient elution under conditions of sample volume overload and sample solvent mismatch

Closed form expressions for the prediction of retention times and peak widths for gradient liquid chromatography are particularly useful in understanding, rationalizing and optimizing separations. These expressions are obtained by integrating differential equations, in conjunction with a model of the variation of the retention factor as a function of mobile phase composition. Two of these models, the linear solvent strength (LSS) model and the Neue-Kuss (NK) model are explored in the present work. Here, we expand on these closed form expressions to account for effects of sample volume overload and a mismatch between the sample solvent and the initial mobile phase composition for the gradient. We show that there have been errors in expressions reported in the literature, and we have evaluated the accuracy of the predictions from the closed form expressions reported here using a recently developed liquid chromatography simulator. The expressions assume a constant plate height and consider elution across four zones of the gradient profile – elution in the sample solvent, elution in the initial (isocratic) mobile phase caused by the gradient delay volume, elution during a linear gradient, and elution post-gradient at the final (isocratic) mobile phase composition. The expressions generally give reasonably accurate predictions for retention times and peak widths, except for cases where the solute elutes during transitions between the different zones. The average magnitude of the prediction errors for retention time and peak width relative to simulation were 0.093% and 0.40% for the LSS expressions for ten amphetamine solutes at 36 different separation conditions, and 0.22% and 1.8% for the NK expressions for eight alkylbenzene solutes at 36 different separation conditions, respectively.

High-level model based calibration technique design for SAR ADC

This article presents a method of developing and debugging algorithms for mixed-signal schemes using mathematical model. SAR ADC is used as an example to present the method. A divided capacitor array with is used in the mathematical model. The Laplase transform is used to replace differential integral equations with algebraic ones. The input dependence of the comparator on the switches in the capacitor array is the basis of the mathematical model. There are two additional models – capacitance mismatch model, which was performed by randomly adding the value of the uniform distribution from -0.01 to 0.01 unit of the smallest capacitance, and noise model, which was performed as randomly changing comparator offset. As a result, there is a mathematical model of SAR ADC with event-driven architecture. Switching of K0 sample switch and bit switches leads to changing of circuit state. Mismatch in the capacitor array during chip manufacturing leads to deterioration of key characteristics of ADC – signal-to-noise ratio and spurious-free dynamic range. There is an algorithm, that can calculate the capacitors mismatch and correct the output code. Such an algorithm shows the efficiency under the conditions of capacitor mismatch and comparator input noise. With this algorithm, the signal-to-noise ratio has been increased by 7.3 dB, which is equivalent to 1.2 bit ENOB. The spurious-free dynamic range has been increased by 16.8 dB. Using the mathematical model when designing and debugging calibration algorithms speeds up these processes.

A Two-Staged Optimization Approach to Modulated Model-Free Predictive Current Control for RL-Connected Three-Phase Two-Level Four-Leg Inverters

This paper proposes a modulated model-free predictive current controller for three-phase two-level four-leg RL -connected inverters based on a two-staged optimization. The proposed scheme is model-free and does not require any knowledge of system parameters nor the load model to perform current predictions. To improve current prediction accuracy, two input voltage vectors are linearly modulated in every sampling period, doubling the current difference calculation and update frequency. Moreover, the input voltage vectors are independently chosen and optimized in each stage using the integrated approach of cost function minimization and duty ratio optimization, known as the two-staged process. The obtained vectors are adaptive and modulated with variable durations. The proposed method is implemented in a drive circuit using TMS320F28379D and put to tests under various loading conditions of steady-state, dynamic, and parameter mismatch. Results from simulations and experiments demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method.

Development of Recruitment Information and Human Resources in the Chinese Labor Market New Format

The main prerequisites for the transition of the Chinese labor market to a new development paradigm are highlighted. A combination of economic, social and demographic factors that determine fundamentally new aspects of the transformation of the labor market in China is revealed. The economic conditions of functioning of the national labor market are defined. The necessity of using the concept of a "New Format" for the Chinese labor market is justified. The features of the formation of the labor market of the People's Republic of China in the XXI century are revealed. Among the conditions for transforming the functioning of the labor market, attention is focused on the elements of the infrastructure development. It is recognized that within the framework of innovative development, the content model of employment provision is changing most intensively, technologies are improving, and the trajectory of staff search and recruitment is expanding. The article considers the main personnel information resources that characterize the development of recruitment in the conditions of the dynamic development of the labor market. The concept of "personnel information resources" as an element of recruitment services in the digital economy is substantiated. A classification of personnel information resources that offer recruitment services in the Chinese labor market is given. Priority services (personnel information resources) provided in the labor market for the purpose of citizens' employment have been established. The conditions of mismatch between supply and demand in the modern labor market of China are substantiated.

ASSESSMENT OF DEMAND FOR PUBLIC GOODS IN THE NON-MARKET SERVICES SECTOR

The article is devoted to the development and approbation of approaches to the assessment of demand for public goods. It presents the results of the assessment of demand for civic education as a public good of the nonmarket services sector. The assessment is based on the application of various research methods: desk research (analysis of publications, reviews, reports), qualitative research (focus groups, in-depth interviews), quantitative research (sociological survey). In this article is carried out the analysis of scientific publications devoted to the analysis of demand for public goods, and the actual aspects of researches are allocated. The object of research is the process of forming and meeting the demand for civic education. For analysis of the market of educational needs was conducted a comparison of the population's requests for educational services and data of the number of activities carried out by providers of educational services. The result of research is the proof of hypotheses about low demand for civic education in the conditions of absence of high level of civic competence and in the conditions of mismatch of supply and demand in the field of civic education. Regarding various areas of civic education, the results of the analysis showed that the greatest demand is in creative studios, and this demand is quite satisfied. Next in the ranking are educational services in the field of leadership and personal development, but these needs are satisfied with less than half. The rest of the needs are unmet, and at the same time we see that due to the actions of service providers, the interest of citizens in political or civic education is approaching to satisfaction level. At the same time, low satisfaction of the needs in financial literacy, critical thinking, and media literacy indicates the necessity to develop and offer educational services of this type. Demand for family psychology, relationship psychology, public speaking and business education is also unmet. The conclusions of the study formulate proposals for matching demand and supply for civic education through non-market mechanisms. In particular, it is justified the need for the formation of effective demand from local authorities and local public institutions (local schools, universities, businesses, NGOs).

Effects of Repetition and Stimulus Mismatch in Sensory Visual Components of Event-related Potentials

Three modifications of the paradigm of visual stimulus-to-sample comparison were used to study mental operations under the conditions of sensory repetition and mismatch. Ninety-seven healthy adult subjects took part in the studies, where event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded and analyzed in 31 channels in the current source density (CSD) montage. It is has been shown that the repetition of stimuli in an active, response-demanding test construction induces the N250 component localized in posterior temporal derivations (T5, T6) and associated presumably with synaptic habituation. On the contrary, a mismatch in physical characteristics of a stimulus induces the positive component P2 localized in the same derivations and presumably associated with a recurrent income of information from higher to lower cortical areas. Similar correlates of repetition/mismatch are also observed in a passive, not response-requiring test construction, but the amplitude of the components in the passive construction was lower.

ЕСТЕТИЧНІ ПРАКТИКИУ СУЧАСНОМУВІЗАЛЬНО-АНТРОПОЛОГІЧНОМУ ДИСКУРСІ

Introduction. In contemporary studies, so much dynamic changing field of new images as practices are of interest. As a result of some contextual expansion of the art discourse, the problem of the aesthetic is exacerbated. With the expansion of ideas of and the visuality in contemporary interdisciplinary cultural and philosophical studies, there is a need for a deeper reflection of aesthetic practices in visual-anthropological discourse. The subject of research is increasingly becoming the psychology of image perception, its understanding as the unity of certain social visualities, the aesthetization of contemporary consciousness in the contexts of everyday life and art, aesthetics of the environment. Р urpose. The purpose of the article is to investing ate the aesthetic parameters of practices in the context of contemporary anthropological discourse. Methods. The general scientific and interdisciplinary methods of research are used: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparison, generalization, formalization аnd cultural-theoretical approach. Results. Aesthetic practices are considered in the context of modes of vision, whose history of study goes beyond the boundaries of art discourse, and which, in terms of total media and transparent borders, operate on the principles of repetition and synchrony. In a situation of media visualization of the culture that causes excessive activity, the conditions of vision, selectivity of perception and specificity of ignoring are changing, and their connection with the phenomena of visual violence and learned blindness is updated. The characteristic features of the modes of seeing boundary phenomena with uncertain status are rooted in the syncretism of primality, which has a manifestation in the modern aesthetics of the environment. There is a need for comprehension of a new methodology for the model of culture creation, which operates a system of vision modes, which contains different worldviews and anthropotechnics. The dynamics of sensual, different modalities of aesthetic experience in terms of intensity of messages, boundary phenomena at the junctions of different realities and ways of homogenization of culture require studies. Originality. Turning of aesthetics to practice focuses on the origins of cognitive experience, the practices of primality as primary forms of formation in sacralized everyday life, when the utilitarian and the aesthetic were one. As a result, in a modern multimedia environment, a new system of adaptation is formed in the conditions of transparency and lack of prescription not to see. The mode of ignoring complexity as learned blindness leads to the use of one of the previous modes of vision. Another way is a step-by-step movement from simpler schemes to more complex ones, the transition from the situation to the formation of the image, from the feeling of the atmosphere to the development of a new imagery. Such transformed sensuality actualizes the experience of presence in the conditions of total mismatch of experience and perception, serves as a basis for mastering new modes of vision, accepting their ambivalence in the new creative laboratory of image creation. Conclusions. There is so much a replacement of the optical and opto-tactile paradigm with the concept of corporeality as the center of perception, but rather their ductile complementarity in a network-like mimicry environment. Understanding the culture through the idea of the environment brings together researchers of in cultural and anthropological discourse.

Analysis of mode mismatch in uncertain shallow ocean environment

The actual ocean is an uncertain acoustic propagation environment. For the localization algorithms that rely on the precise ocean environmental parameters, the environmental mismatch problems will exist and performance degradation may be very serious. In the uncertain ocean environment, the uncertainties of sound field will have different effects on different normal modes propagating in the sound field, thus analysis of the mismatch characteristics of normal modes affected by uncertain environmental parameters can provide technical guidance for practical engineering applications. Based on the shallow-water acoustic propagation model, this paper simulates and analyzes the mismatch results of the modal depth eigenfunction and the horizontal wave number of each normal mode under conditions of environmental mismatch. Research indicates that the influence of different environmental parameters on normal modes in the sound field is not exactly the same. It was found that the sound-speed profile and seawater depth affect significantly, followed by sediment sound speed, the other parameters appear to be relatively minor importance.

Finansijska integracija i kapitalni račun Srbije u dugom roku

It is generally believed that the liberalization of the capital account causes many crises due to its volatility. Given the relative 'immaturity' of Serbia's financial market, additional caution is needed in capital liberalization and the careful management of large capital flows. In conditions of structural mismatch and high indebtedness, the opening of the capital account required careful attention and delicate moves of the economic policy makers. Systemic liberalization of Serbia's capital account begins with political changes in 2000. The political economy plays an important role in forming sufficient support for liberalization. This paper deals with measures taken to establish control over capital flows. It also analyzes the movement of sub-accounts of the balance of payments on which the quantity of capital assets is registered.

Метаболічні зміни у листі дерев природного лісу за впливу асоційованих з альтитудою схилу умов мікроклімату та освітленості

The present work has explored the influence of immediate microclimate conditions associated with different slope altitude on metabolic processes in leaves of woody species. In the recent years, climate change tending to aridity features enhancement, have made more pressing the forests survival and the trees adaptive capabilities studying. The problem of natural forests conservation and restoration is relevant inUkraine as well, especially in the Steppe zone, because of the forest ecosystems developing under the unfavorable conditions of geographic mismatch; therefore forests are very sensitive to any environmental changes. The study was carried out on the territory of Bellegarde’ Prisamarsky International Biosphere Reserve (48°45'01.56N 35°28'31.09E) in the natural old-growth (more than 85 years old) mixed deciduous forest. Studied areas have been located on the southern slope of the river Samara right steep bank in the lower (52 ma.s.l.), middle (74 ma.s.l.) and upper (96 ma.s.l.) altitude of the slope. Autochthonous arboreal flora of natural forest was represented by the edificatory species Quercus robus L. and Fraxinus excelsior L., and some co-dominant species including Tilia cordata Mill., Acer platanoides L., Acer campestre L., and Ulmus laevis Pall. The objects of study were chosen in the upper tier ( F. excelsior , an ash) and lower tier ( T. cordata , linden) of natural forest. The gradient character of increasing temperature and light levels dependent on slope altitude together with reducing relative humidity level under the canopy of trees was established. This direction of the local changes in the environmental factors was defined as conventional increase in aridity traits at moving upwards on slope. Trees leaves metabolic responses to these local changes have been identified. The leaves of F. excelsior and T. cordata were selected from 5-7 trees in each parts of the slope in May 2016. Leaves chlorophyll (total level, Chl a, and Chl b) content and antioxidant enzyme catalase activity were measured. Decreasing amount of chlorophyll in leaves of both tree species at the middle and upper parts of the slope compared with index on lower part were found, respectively at 15% and 20% for linden, and at 23% and 33% for ash. Correlation coefficients of total chlorophyll content with light intensity, temperature and relative humidity were similar in linden leaves (respectively, r = - 0.83, r = - 0.98, and r = 0.96) and ash leaves (respectively, r = - 0.84, r = - 0.99, and r = 0.97). In contrast, catalase activity in leaves of T. cordata and F. excelsior had opposite directions of change along the slope altitude. Catalase activity in linden leaves decreased by 1.4 and 2.0 times at the middle and upper level relative to the bottom part of the slope, while enzyme activity in ash leaves increased 1.1 and 1.5 times respectively. Correlation coefficients of catalase activity in T. cordata leaves with light, temperature, and humidity were high, respectively r = - 0.93, r = - 1.00, and r = 1.00. At the same time, dependence of F. excelsior leaves catalase activity has been expressed by such coefficients: r = 1.00, r = 0.89 and r = - 0.93, respectively for light, temperature, and humidity. Thus, a very high sensitivity of arboreal trees leaves photosynthetic and antioxidant processes even to slight changes in environmental features at different slope altitude was established. T. cordata and Fraxinus excelsior showed various adaptive strategies to altitude-associated changes of microclimate conditions including temperature and light intensity increase together with relative humidity decrease. In linden leaves, the positive dependences were established between both metabolic processes and humidity together with negative influence of temperature and light. In leaves of ash, chlorophyll content also increased due to humidity level, while catalase activity increasing was associated with light and temperature growth. Study results can be used to assess the adaptive potential of tree species to enhancing aridity traits, as well as for design of planted forests resistant to climate change.

Acoustomechanical constitutive theory for soft materials

Acoustic wave propagation from surrounding medium into a soft material can generate acoustic radiation stress due to acoustic momentum transfer inside the medium and material, as well as at the interface between the two. To analyze acoustic-induced deformation of soft materials, we establish an acoustomechanical constitutive theory by combining the acoustic radiation stress theory and the nonlinear elasticity theory for soft materials. The acoustic radiation stress tensor is formulated by time averaging the momentum equation of particle motion, which is then introduced into the nonlinear elasticity constitutive relation to construct the acoustomechanical constitutive theory for soft materials. Considering a specified case of soft material sheet subjected to two counter-propagating acoustic waves, we demonstrate the nonlinear large deformation of the soft material and analyze the interaction between acoustic waves and material deformation under the conditions of total reflection, acoustic transparency, and acoustic mismatch.

Wavelength mismatch effect in electromagnetically induced absorption

We present a theoretical investigation of the phenomenon of electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) in a 4-level system consisting of vee and ladder subsystems. The four levels are coupled using one weak probe field, and two strong control fields. We consider an experimental realization using energy levels of Rb. This necessitates dealing with different conditions of wavelength mismatch—near-perfect match where all three wavelengths are approximately equal; partial mismatch where the wavelength of one control field is less than the other fields; and complete mismatch where all three wavelengths are unequal. We present probe absorption profiles with Doppler averaging at room temperature to account for experiments in a room temperature Rb vapor cell. Our analysis shows that EIA resonances can be studied using Rydberg states excited with diode lasers.