Conditions Of Iodine Deficiency Research Articles

Iodine deficiency in Russia: Current state of the problem, global practice and new approaches to therapy

Iodine performs a number of important functions in the body, participating in the synthesis of thyroid hormones, which creates the need for constant replenishment of the element in adequate amounts. Continuous monitoring of micronutrient deficiency in the Russian Federation reveals low average daily iodine intake and an increase in the number of cases of thyroid diseases in the period from 2010 to 2020. This actualizes the need to develop new therapeutic and preventive approaches to replenish iodine deficiency. The aim of the review is to analyze the problem of iodine deficiency in Russia and existing practices of its leveling in order to develop a new approach to the prevention and treatment of iodine deficiency conditions. The sample includes publications in Russian and English in the period from 2002 to 2023, using the resources of scientific metric databases Elibrary, Google Scholar, CyberLeninka, PubMed and ScienceDirect. The research work showed that the common practice of eliminating iodine deficiency is to increase the level of consumption of the trace element in the diet, the consequence of which is the availability of a wide range of iodized food supplements and products on the market. However, the analysis of the current functional nutrition sector has revealed a number of drawbacks associated with low bioavailability of the element and its resistance to technological factors in the production of food products. The article presents the key factors influencing the effectiveness of nutritional supplements being developed for nutritional correction of iodine deficiency. They are based on the evaluation of existing means of prevention. The study proposes the development of the technology of whey hydrolysates enriched with iodine and zinc. Application in food production of a food additive based on protein components of milk whey opens new opportunities for processing of secondary dairy raw materials and for full utilization of all milk components. The rich amino acid composition of the additive helps to increase the concentration of essential trace elements in products, as amino acid residues are able to bind iodine and chelate zinc.

Prognostic factors for the development of obstetric and perinatal pathology in pregnant women under conditions of iodine deficiency

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), iodine deficiency is the main cause of mental retardation in children, and at the same time, it significantly affects the pathological course of pregnancy and childbirth. The problem is complicated by the fact that more than 100.000 children with cretinism are born annually in the world. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in endemic thyroid diseases in Ukraine, the main cause of which is insufficient iodine consumption. Iodine deficiency conditions are aggravated by socio‑economic, ecological and radiological factors, while at the same time mass and group iodine prophylaxis is carried out improperly on the state level. Objective. To determine prognostic factors for the development of obstetric and perinatal pathology in pregnant women under conditions of iodine deficiency. Materials and methods. To compile a diagnostic table of prognostic factors of the threat of miscarriage, the analysis has been performed of 185 cases of threatened abortion (111 in the first trimester, 56 in the second, 18 in the third) and 223 control observations (without the threat of miscarriage). A diagnosis was considered as confirmed if it was established using all applicable methods of examination of pregnant women. Results. The risk factors of the occurrence of perinatal pathology include hypothyroxinemia (DC=–2.5) and ioduria in pregnant women less than 100 mg/l (DC=–1.9). In the intranatal period, a negative impact is exerted by the lack of coordination and weakness of labor activity (DC=–8.1). Levels of thyroid‑stimulating hormone (TSH) in umbilical cord blood >10 mIU/ml (DC=–4.6) are the prognostically favorable factors for the postnatal adaptation of the newborn, especially TSH levels >20 mIU/ml (DC=–8.3). Conduction of iodine prophylaxis (DC=7.7) and ioduria in pregnant women 200—400 mg/l (DC=5.1) contribute to the improvement of perinatal outcomes. Conclusions. A retrospective review of the prognostic significance of the diagnostic table in 188 patients with diffuse nontoxic goiter revealed its sensitivity (76%) and specificity (68%). On the basis of the conducted research, we established risk factors for the development of obstetric and perinatal complications, and assessed their informativeness. The developed algorithm is represented by a diagnostic table for the prediction of complications of pregnancy, childbirth and adverse perinatal outcomes in women with endemic thyropathies.

Ecological monitoring of iodine in pastoral ecosystems

The problem of iodine deficiency is relevant in many countries, including Ukraine, and has serious health consequences due to the insufficient iodine content in food. In order to overcome iodine deficiency, it is important to be based on monitoring the iodine content in food and water in the relevant area. An excessive increase in iodine in salt can cause hyperthyroidism. Monitoring iodine-deficient areas in rural areas becomes especially important, as plants grown on soils with low iodine content may contain insufficient amounts of this element, which can lead to severe iodine deficiency among the population. Iodine is also important for animal health and can improve animal performance. Some plants accumulate iodine from the soil, which can improve their resistance to diseases and negative factors, and the interaction of iodine with other chemical elements is also important. The article summarizes scientific data on the peculiarities of the iodine cycle in the soil-plant-animal chain in pastoral ecosystems, develops recommendations for assessing and overcoming iodine deficiency in ecosystems of this type. The iodine content was determined by a method based on the oxidation of iodide to iodine with the subsequent addition of NH2CONH2 to destroy excess nitrite. The subject of the study were soils., plants of pastoral ecosystems and milk. In the mountainous zone of pastoral ecosystems, a significant iodine deficiency in soils was detected, due to the iodine-deficient nature of the territory. A similar, but less pronounced deficit is observed in the foothills and plains of Northern Bukovina. The iodine content in the green mass of plants does not have general patterns and is not confined to natural zones. The lowest iodine content was found in Plantago major L. Iodine deficiency in milk is more pronounced and decreases from the plain to the mountainous zone. A close correlation was established between the iodine content in the soil and the density of livestock, as well as the indicators of pasture digression. A high correlation between the iodine content in milk and its content in plants was found. Crops adapted to iodine deficiency conditions cannot withstand the effects of recommended iodine concentrations, which can adversely affect yields. However, lower iodine concentrations can stimulate seed germination.

Population characteristics of thyroid carcinoma in children and adolescents living in conditions of iodine deficiency in the republic of uzbekistan

Population characteristics of thyroid carcinoma in children and adolescents living in conditions of iodine deficiency in the republic of uzbekistan

The problem of iodine deficiency in the environment and prevention of iodine deficiency diseases in the Orel region

Iodine deficiency diseases continue to be a problem in various regions of the world, especially in areas with low iodine content in soils and waters. Among other regions of Russia, the Orel region belongs to territories with a low iodine content in the environment. The aim of the work was to analyze the state of the problem of iodine deficiency in the environment and the prevention of iodine deficiency diseases in the Orel region based on scientific literature data. To achieve this goal, scientific publications, accounting and reporting statistics related to the problem of iodine deficiency were studied. The analysis showed a low iodine content in water, soil and food products produced in the territory of the Oryol region. An assessment of citizens’ preferences for certain foods revealed the priority of bakery and dairy products. Measures are being taken in the region to enrich these food products with iodine, but low awareness of the population reduces the effectiveness of preventive measures. As priority areas for the prevention of iodine deficiency conditions in the Orel region, it is necessary to continue work on the inclusion of food additives and products enriched with this trace element in the diet of residents of the region. At the same time, it will be important to intensify awareness-raising work with the population.

Features of gestation course in women with nodular goiter under conditions of iodine deficiency

According to statistical data, hypothyroidism with an increase in the level of pituitary thyroid‑stimulating hormone (TSH) occurs during pregnancy in 2—2.5% of cases, thyrotoxicosis due to Graves’ disease — in 0.2%, transient hyperthyroidism due to uncontrollable vomiting of pregnant women — in 2—3%, and the frequency of development of autoimmune thyroiditis is 10%. In the postpartum period, the development of thyropathies is noted in 5—9% of women in labor. Graves’ disease is diagnosed in 70—80% of cases, and thyroid suppression in 20—30% of cases.
 Objective — to study the characteristics of the course of pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period in women with nodular formations in the thyroid gland under conditions of iodine deficiency.
 Materials and methods. Observations involved 159 pregnant women who constantly live under conditions of iodine deficiency. The patients were divided into two groups, the first group included 52 women with a history of thyroid surgery due to nodular formation, and women of the second group (n=57) were administered conservative treatment for nodular goiter during this pregnancy. The control group included 50 practically healthy women with a physiological pregnancy course. The term of pregnancy and the age of women in all groups did not differ significantly.
 Results. It has been demonstrated that insufficient intake of iodine by pregnant woman resulted in perinatal complications and requires monitoring of the iodine balance during pregnancy, in the postpartum and early neonatal periods. The threat of pregnancy termination in the group of surgical treatment of nodular goiter was 42.3%, in the group of conservative treatment 56.1%; the proportion of placental dysfunction was 76.9% and 57.9%, respectively; preeclampsia of the first degree of severity was registered in 11.5% and 12.3% of patients, respectively; mild and moderate anemia — in 78.9% and 64.9%, respectively, which significantly (p<0.05) exceeded similar indicators in the control group.
 Conclusions. Pregnant women with nodular formations of the thyroid gland have a greater number of complications during pregnancy, regardless of the method of treatment of nodular goiter, than women with a physiological pregnancy course.

Specific thyroid status and iode supply in pregnant women in Yakutsk city and rural locations

Insufficient iodine intake in the body of pregnant women may lead to failure of adaptive and compensatory mechanisms, development of hormonal decompensation in the form of decreased synthesis of thyroid hormones and disorders of development and formation of the child's body. The aim of the work is to evaluate the peculiarities of thyroid status and iodine supply in pregnant women of Yakutsk city and rural areas. Materials and methods. Sixty-eight pregnant women in the 2-3rd trimester of pregnancy in Yakutsk city and rural areas participated in the study. The indicator of urinary iodine excretion was used to assess the degree of iodine deficiency. The level of urinary iodine excretion (ioduria) was determined by inductively coupled argon plasma mass spectrometry. The results can be summarized a s follows: the mean urinary iodine concentration in pregnant women living in Yakutsk and in rural areas was in the range of mild iodine deficiency (59 and 84 μg/L, respectively, the differences were statistically significant at p=0.06). It was found that in rural areas the degree of iodine deficiency was less pronounced - the median urinary iodine concentration ranged from 58.5 to 126 μg/l. Conclusion. The territory of Yakutia belongs to the geochemical regions where the degree of iodine deficiency is pronounced. However, the research conducted has shown that the degree of iodine deficiency in the city of Yakutsk and in rural areas is mild. The data obtained confirm the results of research, which indicate that in conditions of iodine deficiency, adaptation mechanisms are activated in the indigenous population.

Multidisciplinary Studies of the Thyroid Gland’s Synthetic Activity under Conditions of Iodine Deficiency Using Correlation Analysis

The article examines the results of a multidisciplinary study of the thyroid follicular cells’ synthetic activity of male albino rats using the author’s methods for determining the profiles of hormonopoietic cells’ special capacities and semi-quantitative analysis of electronograms, a package of mathematical methods using the principle of fuzzy logic, the cluster approach to grouping data, the principle of phase interval, correlation analysis using Pearson’s formula and evaluating the results according to the Chaddock scale, interpreting the obtained results from the standpoint of cytophysiology. A comparative study on the effect of low, moderate, and high doses of organic and inorganic iodine on changes in correlations between protein-synthesizing organelles of follicular cells under conditions of dietary iodine deficiency was carried out. Based on the data on the number, strength and direction of correlations, a comparative study on the effect of low, moderate, and high doses of organic and inorganic iodine on the thyroid follicular cells’ protein-synthesizing organelles under conditions of dietary iodine deficiency was carried out. The information on the peculiarities of thyroid hormonopoiesis under the action of iodine of different chemical nature was deepened and the greater activating effect of organic iodine was proved, which is of scientific interest and has practical significance for the development of personalized preventive measures for dietary iodine deficiency.

Survey of iodized salt coverage in areas with different water iodine concentrations and the iodine status of local women.

There were only two definitions of iodine-deficient (water iodine concentration < 10μg/L) and iodine-excess areas (water iodine concentration > 100μg/L) in China before 2020. Areas with water iodine concentration between 10 and 100μg/L implement the same policy as iodine-deficient areas to provide iodized salt. The definition of iodine-adequate areas was formulated in 2020 for the first time. The paper aims to investigate the coverage rate of iodized salt (CR) in different areas defined according to the latest national standards, evaluate the iodine status of local women, and provide a basis for the revision and improvement of relevant policies. A total of 1948 women aged 18-60 were recruited from the iodine extra-high areas (IEHA), iodine-excess areas (IEA), iodine-adequate areas (IAA), inland iodine-deficient areas (IIDA), and coastal iodine-deficient areas (CIDA). Information on daily diet was collected with the Food Frequency Questionnaire. Drinking water, salt, food, and urine samples were collected and tested in our laboratory. Based on the recommended daily iodine intake, we assessed whether the subjects' daily iodine intake levels were adequate. The CR and the median urinary iodine concentrations (UICs) were 4.02% and 98.03μg/L in CIDA, 89.74% and 144.93μg/L in IIDA, 26.55% and 178.60μg/L in IAA, 8.78% and 446.5μg/L in IEA, 3.95% and 605.4μg/L in IEHA, respectively. The differences among these five areas were statistically significant (P < 0.0001). The daily dietary iodine intakes were mainly from drinking water in IAA (63.92%), IEA (92.29%), and IEHA (92.93%), and were mainly from iodized salt in IIDA (59.22%) and food in CIDA (86.6%). Women in IAA and IIDA were in an adequate iodine state. Women in IEA and IEHA were in an iodine-excess state, and it is necessary to carry out water improvements projects. Women in CIDA were in a slight iodine-deficient state, and health education on scientific iodine fortification should be strengthened to increase iodine intake.

Предиктори цитолізу гепатоцитів інсулінорезистентних щурів за умов пре- та постнатального йододефіциту

Carbohydrate metabolism markers, thyroid profile indexes, transaminase activity and structural features of liver were studied, taking into account sexual dimorphism, in rats which were keeping on a high-fructose diet under conditions of adequate iodine supply and pre- and postnatal iodine deficiency. It was found that under fructose loading of animals with iodine deficiency the risk of insulin resistance (IR) development increases (HOMA-IR index in insulin-resistant male rats under conditions of pre- and postnatal iodine deficiency increases respectively by 22 and 13% compared to the data in animals that received a high-carbohydrate diet and adequate iodine supply). It is important, that in males and females with IR, the secretion of free triiodothyronine decreased by 36 and 40%, thyroid-stimulating hormone – by 28 and 34%, respectively, compared to the data of intact animals. The development of IR was accompanied by the activation of aminotransferases in blood serum (more in males). In particular, in male rats with IR under conditions of pre- and postnatal iodine deficiency, the activity of aspartate aminotransferase increased by 2.7 and 2.4 times, alanine aminotransferase – by 3.9 and 2.7 times, respectively, which led to a decrease of the de-Ritis index (more significantly against the background of prenatal iodine deficiency – by 25%) in relation to the data in animals that were on a standard diet. The activity of aminotransferases in rats with IR under conditions of iodine deprivation was higher than in animals with isolated iodine deficiency – by 11-56% and IR – by 13-47 %. In animals with IR, the presence of binucleated hepatocytes with a diffuse decrease in the number of glycogen granules in them and accumulation of glycoproteins in the wall of liver vessels were found. The foci of fatty dystrophy and pronounced zonal character of dystrophic processes in hepatocytes were identified in females, diffuse dystrophy prevailed in males. In the cytoplasm of hepatocytes of animals with IR under conditions of prenatal iodine deficiency, the lightening and the granularity, single granules of glycogen were observed. Under these conditions, the average perimeter (by 74%) and area (by three times) of hepatocytes, the average area of nucleus (by 3.1 times), the average perimeter (by 50%) and area (by 66%) of the nucleolus were increased compared to the control values. The structural changes were consistent with an increase of the transaminase activity. Thus, fructose loading and the development of IR acts as a trigger for cytolysis of hepatocytes, which increases under conditions of iodine deficiency, especially prenatal.

Changes of endothelial function and oxidant status in insulin resistance and obesity under the conditions of iodine deficiency

Background. The topicality of the theme is due to the significant prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and an increase in costs for medical care, the high risk of disability, which characterizes the medical and social component of the problem. Pathological changes can be a manifestation not only of a cardiovascular disorder, but also develop as a result of other diseases, including diabetes mellitus, obesity, and thyroid pathology. One of the main mechanisms of morbidity and mortality is macrovascular complications that can occur in endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress. The purpose of the research is to study the peculiarities of changes in the parameters of the endothelial system and oxidant status in animals with insulin resistance and obesity under conditions of adequate iodine supply and iodine deficiency. Materials and methods. Study included 75 sexually mature rats having received a high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet under conditions of adequate and limited iodine supply, followed by analysis of markers of carbohydrate metabolism, thyroid status, indices of endothelial function, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protection. Results. The development of insulin resistance and obesity in a diet loaded with fructose and fats is accompanied by the development of endothelial dysfunction: in the blood serum, the level of endothelin-1 increases and inducible NO-synthase (iNO-synthase) is activated, in the myocardium, the activity of iNO-synthase increases compared to the data in animals who received a standard diet. The development of oxidative stress in experimental animals characterizes an increase in the content of diene conjugates and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in blood serum and myocardium against the background of inhibition of serum antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, ceruloplasmin, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase). The degree of endothelial dysfunction and the intensity of lipoperoxidation increase with hypothyroid dysfunction against the background of iodine deficiency. Conclusions. Metabolic disorders under the conditions of insulin resistance and obesity are characterized by the development of endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress, which are the predictors of the development of cardiovascular risks. Their intensity depends on carbohydrate and thyroid homeostasis.

Transformation of the cellular composition of the thyroid gland of cows under conditions of iodine deficiency

Transformation of the cellular composition of the thyroid gland of cows under conditions of iodine deficiency

Compensation for iodine deficiency conditions with drugs based on duckweed substrate

Compensation for iodine deficiency conditions with drugs based on duckweed substrate

ЙОДОДЕФИЦИТНЫЕ СОСТОЯНИЯ И ПУТИ ПРОФИЛАКТИКИ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ И РЕСПУБЛИКЕ САХА (ЯКУТИЯ)

The Russian Federation (RF) refers to countries with proven natural iodine deficiency. The relevance of this topic is due to the fact that iodine deficiency diseases (IDD) rank first in prevalence among thyroid diseases, and represent pathological conditions that develop as a result of iodine deficiency in the diet, which can be prevented by normalization of its consumption. The purpose of the work is to clarify the relevance of already known information about iodine deficiency states by reviewing modern literary material. About 2 billion people live in conditions of natural iodine deficiency. More than 70 % of the territories of the Russian Federation are geochemical provinces with iodine deficiency, currently there are noticeable disparities between individual regions in the country. Among Russians, there was a decrease in iodine consumption to an average of 50-80 micrograms per day, which is 3 times less than the established norm (150-250 micrograms). With a high prevalence of iodine deficiency, foci of severe iodine deficiency were found in some regions of the North, Siberia and the Far East (in the Republics of Sakha (Yakutia), Tyva, Khakassia, and some districts of Arkhangelsk Oblast). Salt iodization is recommended by WHO and UNICEF as a universal and highly cost-effective method of eliminating IDD on a global scale. In many countries of the world, it has become possible to achieve a significant reduction in the incidence of thyropathies associated with iodine deficiency in the diet by legislatively adopting a decision on mandatory salt iodization, but in the Russian Federation the problem persists.

Influence of the mother's history during pregnancy on the development of hyperthyroidism in children living in conditions of iodine deficiency

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)

Prevention of iodine deficiency diseases: focus on regional targeted programs

The strategy for the elimination of diseases associated with iodine deficiency throughout the Russian Federation is based on the adoption of a federal law providing for the use of iodized salt as a means of mass (population) iodine prophylaxis. Chronic iodine deficiency that exists in Russia leads to dramatic consequences: the development of mental and physical retardation in children, cretinism, thyroid diseases, and infertility. Under conditions of iodine deficiency, the risk of radiation-induced thyroid cancer in children in the event of nuclear disasters increases hundreds of times. By definition, all iodine deficiency diseases (IDDs) can be prevented, while changes caused by iodine deficiency during fetal development and in early childhood are irreversible and practically defy treatment and rehabilitation. The actual average consumption of iodine by a resident of Russia is only 40-80 mcg per day, which is 3 times less than theestablished norm (150-250 mcg). Every year, more than 1.5 million adults and 650 thousand children with various thyroid diseases turn to medical institutions. The cause of 65% of cases of thyroid disease in adults and 95% in children is insufficient intake of iodine from the diet. At the stage of preparing the relevant legislative act, the development and implementation of regional programs for the prevention of IDD is of utmost importance. A typical draft of such a program is proposed in this article for its adaptation and use at the regional level.

Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictive Values Measurement of Serum Thyroglobulin Considering Urinary Iodine Status as Gold Standard

Background: Iodine is a necessary element of the hormones produced by the thyroid gland. Basically, thyroglobulin (Tg), a thyroid-specific protein, that reflects the size of the thyroid gland, is usually considered a biomarker of urinary iodine status of several patients. But in Bangladesh, we do have not enough information regarding the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of thyroglobulin in determining iodine deficiency among simple diffuse goiter patients. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of thyroglobulin in determining iodine deficiency among simple diffuse goiter patients. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Department of Endocrinology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), and Dhaka Bangladesh. The study was conducted during the period from May 2014 to March 2016. The targeted sample size of this study was between 39 and 90 and the final sample size was finalized as 87. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 87 patients with simple diffuse goiter attending the outpatient department of the mentioned hospital. Results: In this study, we did not find any statistically significant difference in urinary iodine between the different cut-off values of serum thyroglobulin at 14.46 (ng/ml). Similarly, there was not any statistically significant difference in urinary iodine levels at different cut-off values of thyroglobulin. Thyroglobulin had a high negative predictive value and comparatively low positive predictive value in determining iodine deficiency, at 98.51% and 30% respectively. Serum thyroglobulin had 85.71% sensitivity and 82.50% specificity. Thyroglobulin also had a high negative predictive value at 98.51%, but a low positive predictive value at 30%. The overall accuracy of thyroglobulin as an indicator for iodine deficiency was 82.76%. Conclusion: Thyroglobulin seems to have an inverse association in iodine deficiency state and a positive association in over sufficient state with UI. The overall sensitivity of thyroglobulin was satisfactory but the specificity was found very low. Considering the urinary iodine as the gold standard, basically, the positive predictive value of thyroglobulin was found very low but the negative predictive value was found very high.

THE IMPORTANCE OF SOME IODINE-CONTAINING PLANTS FOR THE PREVENTION OF IODINE DEFICIENCY AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL AND CYTOSTATIC ACTIVITY

One of the urgent problems of health care in Ukraine is the problem of iodine deficiency, which is solved by creating special foods. The least harmful component of this diet may be plant ingredients. Therefore, the study of plants rich in organic iodine compounds is an important task of medical botany. The paper presents the results of the study of iodine-enriching, antibacterial and cytostatic activity of Lemna minor L., Zostera marina L., Laminaria saccharina L., Xanthium strumarium L.It is shown that all the studied plants have an iodine-enriching effect, but the most effective is Xanthium strumarium. All studied plants showed antimicrobial activity, but no direct correlation between iodine content and antimicrobial activity was found. The antibacterial activity of Xanthium strumarium against Escherichia coli exceeds the similar effect of antibiotics such as cefazolin and ampicillin, and against Staphylococcus aureus is equal to the effect of norfloxacin. Xanthium strumarium and Lemna minor showed fungicidal activity against Candida albicans. The greatest antitumor activity is characteristic of Laminaria saccharina, Xanthium strumarium Zostera marina. The expediency of using the studied plants in the conditions of iodine deficiency is discussed.

Determination of Serum Thyroglobulin Concentration in Simple Diffuse Goiter Patients with Known Iodine Status

Background: Thyroglobulin (TG) seems to be a valuable indicator of thyroid function and iodine nutrition status. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to observe the relationship between serum thyroglobulin and urinary iodine (UI) in simple diffuse goiter patients.Methods:This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Department of Endocrinology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study duration was 2 years, starting from May 2014 to March 2016. Total 87 patients with simple diffuse goiter attending the OPD Department of Endocrinology of BSMMU had been recruited as study population. A purposive sampling technique was followed for sample selection.Results:Serum thyroglobulin (ng/mL, mean±SD and median) was lowest in the age group 12-16 years (6.0±4.5, 5.16 ng/mL) followed by age&gt;31 years (8.8±8.1, 6.16 ng/mL), whereas other age groups showed level around 13.0 and 10.0 ng/mL (p= 0.520). Mean (±SD) Urinary Iodine was not statistically different among age groups (347.4± 226.5 vs. 337.08±188.9 vs. 300.5± 95.37 vs. 337.7± 225.42 vs. 278.3± 105.7, µg/L; F 0.451, p=0.771) while median values were 325.26 vs. 355.68 vs. 325.80 vs. 338.86 and 300.90 µg/L respectively. Neither thyroglobulin (5.76±5.72 vs. 11.60± 13.50; 3.47 vs. 8.9 ng/mL, m±SD and median; p=0.294) nor Urinary Iodine (373.5± 44.5 vs. 317.2± 180.32; 378.1 vs. 308.9 µg/L, m±SD and median; p=0.450) were statistically different between the gender groups. Similarly, thyroglobulin and Urinary Iodine were also statistically similar for grade-1 and grade-2 goiter (thyroglobulin: 6.79±4.33 vs. 11.67±13.69 and 6.74 vs. 8.02 ng/mL, m±SD and median, p=0.319; Urinary Iodine: 361.33± 51.60 vs. 317.09± 182.44, 362.69 vs. 305.35 µg/L, m±SD and median, p=0.498).Conclusion:Thyroglobulin seems to have an inverse association in iodine deficiency state and positive association in over sufficient state with UI. There was no statistically significant difference of TG concentration between males and females nor between Grade-1 and Grade-2 goiter.

MINERAL DENSITY AND PROCESSES OF BONE TISSUE REMODELING IN CHILD POPULATION LIVING IN IODINE-DEFICIENT BIOGEOCHEMICAL TERRITORY

The territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan belongs to the regions with natural iodine deficiency in soil and water. The population of the republic is at risk of developing iodine deficiency conditions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of a decrease in bone mineral density and the level of markers of osteoresorption and bone formation in young schoolchildren and adolescents living in a region with natural iodine deficiency. Materials and methods. The survey covered 288 students of general education schools aged 11–12 and 309 students aged 14–15. Theauthors studiedconcentration of iodine in urine, plasma levels of thyroid hormones (thyroid stimulating hormone, free thyroxine), levels of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen, activity of the bone isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase. The volume of the thyroid gland, the mineral density of the bone tissue of the middle diaphysis of the tibia, the lower third of the radius were determined by ultrasonometry. Results and discussion. It was found that children have a high prevalence of iodine deficiency from 44% to 57.6% and a decrease in the concentration of iodine in the urine, an increase in the content of thyrotropin, calcium and magnesium in the blood plasma. Insufficient iodine supply leads to a slowdown in the intensity and imbalance of remodeling with a decrease in bone formation processes.