Condensation Process Research Articles

Enhancing water evaporation rate in hemispherical solar distillers through innovative modifications and Nano-PCM integration

Solar distillers have been acknowledged as a promising solution to tackle water scarcity challenges, particularly in regions with limited access to clean water, both in remote and urban areas. They offer a sustainable and environmentally friendly method of water purification by utilizing solar energy to produce freshwater through the vaporization and condensation processes. However, one of the primary challenges faced by solar distillers is their few productions. The main objective of this work is to enhance the evaporation rate of the hemispherical distiller (HSS). To achieve this goal, the researchers modified the HSS by introducing an upper absorber with dangled wick cords. The cords wick HSS was abbreviated by CWHSS. The study examines the impact of using square baffles inside the CWHSS. Furthermore, to further improve the system's performance, front and rear mirrors were utilized to enhance the intensity of radiation directed onto the absorber. Additionally, as part of the modifications, Phase Change Material (PCM) combined with Silver (Ag) nanoparticles was incorporated beneath the surface of the absorber. The results revealed that, the best operation for CWHSS was found while employing baffles, reflectors and nano-PCM, where the production rise and efficiency were 245 % and 65 %, where the distillates of HSS and CWHSS-B with nano-PCM and reflectors were 4050 and 14000 mL/m2.day, respectively.

Exploring the interactions of NH3 and H2O co-condensation: A study on the potential of supersonic separators for NH3–H2 separation

The use of a supersonic separator presents a novel approach for separating ammonia (NH3) from hydrogen (H2). Even trace amounts of water (H2O) can significantly influence the condensation characteristics of NH3. This study presents mathematical models for homogeneous NH3 and H2O condensation and heterogeneous NH3–H2O condensation. Through computational analysis, we revealed that the droplet radius and liquid mass fraction of a single condensable gas condensation increased accordingly with increasing inlet condensable gas content. Interactions between the condensation processes of NH3 and H2O were also captured in the simulation. Notably, at 100 ppm H2O content, H2O spontaneously condensed before NH3, serving as a condensation nucleus for NH3, and the heterogeneous condensation of NH3 decreased the rate of its spontaneous condensation. At an inlet H2O content of 50 ppm, the onset of spontaneous NH3 condensation coincided with that of H2O, with H2O having a negligible effect on NH3 condensation. The impact of H2O on NH3 condensation transitioned from minimal to inhibitory and then to facilitative as the content of H2O increased from 25 ppm to 250 ppm. At the nozzle outlet, the liquid mass fraction of NH3 initially decreased from 0.0414 to 0.0352 and then increased to 0.0446.

Investigation on the Extent of Retrograde Condensation of Qianshao Gas Condensate Reservoir Using PVT Experiments and Compositional Reservoir Simulation

In the development of the Qianshao (QS) gas condensate reservoir, it is crucial to consider the phenomenon of retrograde condensation. Understanding the condensate saturation distribution with respect to time and space within the reservoir is essential for planning and implementing effective strategies for the future development of the QS gas condensate reservoir. In this paper, various PVT experiments (including reservoir oil recombination, flash separation, constant composition expansion, and constant volume depletion) were conducted to study the PVT properties and phase behavior of QS gas condensate fluid. Based on experimental data, our in-house PVT computation package was used to determine the appropriate EOS model parameters for the QS gas condensate. A four-step reservoir fluid characterization procedure and workflow for gas condensate reservoirs was developed. Furthermore, by analyzing the pressure-temperature phase envelope, the maximum possible condensate saturation in the QS well area was estimated to be around 3%. Numerical reservoir simulation models were developed using both the EOS model and actual reservoir engineering data. These simulation models were specifically designed to replicate the retrograde condensation process that occurs during production, taking into account both vertical and horizontal wells. By simulating the production process, these single-well reservoir simulation models enable us to quantitatively evaluate the condensate saturation and its distribution over space and time within a specific control area around a single well. Reservoir simulation results show that the condensate build-up around vertical and horizontal wells is quite different. For a vertical well, the maximum condensate oil saturation (30%) around the wellbore is located approximately 5 to 6 m from the well’s center. In contrast, the horizontal well model demonstrates a maximum condensate saturation of no more than 1.5%. This information is crucial for making informed decisions regarding the effective development and management of the QS gas condensate reservoir.

Machine learning-driven approach for predicting the condensation heat transfer coefficient (HTC) in the presence of non-condensable gases

This research focuses on developing a predictive model that can effectively estimate the condensation heat transfer coefficient (HTC) on vertical tube surfaces during free-fall. The model takes into consideration the presence of non-condensable gases. The main objective is to assemble an extensive and varied database that encompasses different geometric parameters and operational conditions. The motivation here stems from the urgent need to develop practical models and/or correlations that can accurately predict the condensation heat transfer efficiency for industrial heat exchangers affected by non-condensable gases, with a particular focus on passive containment cooling systems (PCCS) employed in nuclear power plants (NPPs). This innovative cooling system utilizes the force of gravity to condense water steam, effectively removing heat from the containment vessel in the event of an accident. For the development of the model, we employed the neural network toolbox in MATLAB to construct an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) known as a Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) network. This model was designed to predict the HTC during the condensation process involving two different types of Non-Condensable Gases (NCG): Air and Nitrogen, along with Helium as a representative light gas. To build the model, we utilized a dataset comprising 1,888 data points sourced from 21 experimental references. The input layer of our model receives a range of parameters, encompassing total pressure (Ptot), subcooling temperature (ΔTsub), mass fraction of non-condensable gases (wnc), wall length (L), hydraulic diameter (Dh), the ratio of the Helium to non-condensable gases (RHe/nc), liquid density (ρl), gas density (ρg), liquid viscosity (μl), gas viscosity (μg), saturation temperature (Tsat), latent heat (hfg), liquid thermal conductivity (kl), and gas specific heat (cp,g). The output data of our model corresponds to the condensation HTC (h). To ensure consistent scaling, the input data was normalized by scaling each feature within the range of 0 to 1. On the other hand, the output data underwent a transformation using the natural logarithm. By utilizing Pearson correlation coefficient analysis and importance analysis for parameter selection, a new correlation for heat transfer was developed and evaluated. The developed machine learning model exhibited outstanding effectiveness in precisely forecasting the condensation HTC with an accuracy range of ± 10 % and ± 20 %. The outcome of this investigation represents the notable progress in analyzing extensive datasets gathered through experiments. Specifically, it addresses the previously unexplored influence of Helium gas by harnessing the capabilities of machine learning.

BROM: An extension of beam theory through model order reduction

Beam analysis played a crucial role in the design of structures throughout modern history. Classical beam theories rely on analytical derivations under certain a priori kinematic assumptions (and are accurate with low computational cost), but they are not amenable to, for example, orthotropic materials and arbitrary cross sections. On the other hand, full 3D linear elasticity theory solved via the Finite Element (FE) method provides solutions for a wide range of engineering problems at the expense of a high computational cost. Reduced-order models try to provide a theory as general as 3D linear elasticity but as efficient as classical beam theories by assuming the solution to be represented in a low-dimensional basis. Among the several options available in the literature, the domain decomposition and hyperreduction via Empirical Cubature Method (ECM), which we name ddROM [1], exhibits this compelling feature. However, ddROM applied to beam structures, may provide more Degrees of Freedom (DoF) per node than most standard commercial FE codes which only consider rigid body motion of the cross section. This paper presents a methodology, called beam Reduced Order Model (bROM), to integrate ddROM in standard FE codes by means of a condensation process followed by a regression procedure. Condensation gives the stiffness matrix, required by FE commercial codes, of a super-element of a given length. This is achieved by assembling several elements and finding the relationship between applied displacements and reactions (Lagrange multipliers). The condensation process is then used to create a database of stiffness matrices as a function of the beam length over which a regression is performed. Some numerical examples are first presented to validate the proposed methodology against the classical beam theory for the case of isotropic beams, and finally, two orthotropic beam showing the utility of the method in comparison with FE.

A strategy for accelerating condensation by radiative cooling with hydrophilic-hydrophobic surface

Using radiative cooling technology for dew collection is a promising solution to the freshwater resource crisis. Environmental factors such as solar radiation intensity, ambient temperature, and humidity can influence both the radiative cooling process and the condensation process. In this study, the influence mechanisms of environmental factors on the radiation condensation effect are studied through simulation. Then, TiO2 nanoparticles are sprayed on the surface of the PDMS film to form a hydrophobic-hydrophilic surface. The experimental research is conducted at an ambient temperature of 25 ℃ and a relative humidity of 70%−90% to analyze the change in condensation water. The experimental results indicate that after TiO2 nanoparticles are added to PDMS film, the emissivity in the atmospheric transparency window and the surface hydrophilicity of the film are increased, which effectively improves the condensation effect. The condensation rate has reached 916.6 g∙m−2∙h−1. At 70% relative humidity, the condensation water of PDMS film with TiO2 nanoparticles increased by 58%, and the improvement effect is most significant at lower relative humidity. It has great application prospects in arid and water-scarce areas.

Optimal selection of inversion method for gas-adsorption pore characterization of shales in Wufeng and Longmaxi Formation, Sichuan Basin

The pore space in gas shale spans multiple scales, ranging from nanometers to micrometers with an extremely complex structure and strong microscopic heterogeneity. Existing low-temperature gas adsorption (LTGA) pore size distribution (PSD) analysis models are based on the assumption of a one-dimensional tubular model and there is a lack of sufficient basis for selecting the most appropriate inversion model among the various types available. In this study, a comprehensive characterization of numerous samples from the Wufeng and Longmaxi Formation in the southern Sichuan Basin was conducted using different methods and inversion models. Based on multiple dimensions, such as fitting errors, the correlation between different methods including low-temperature CO2 adsorption (LTCA), nitrogen adsorption (LTNA), and large-scale mosaic Scanning Electron Microscopy (LAM-SEM), the most suitable one-dimensional models for LTCA and LTNA PSD analysis for the studied shale samples are determined. The simulation of gas condensation processes on LAM-SEM images yielded pore volume (PV) in the range of 32–48 nm comparable to the PV characterized by LTNA. Furthermore, the differences observed in PSDs between the gas condensation simulation procedure and the equivalent circular area diameter method indicate that irregular corner regions within larger pores are attributed to the volume of smaller-sized pores during gas adsorption characterization. It is revealed that the correlation between stitched surface area (SA) and maximum methane adsorption is stronger than individual characterizations, indicating that both micropores and mesopores contribute significantly to adsorption, and both characterization methods need to be employed to obtain SSA that influences methane adsorption. The research findings are helpful to the improvement of the multi-scale pore characterization level and evaluation of shale reservoirs.

Sol-Gel Synthesis of Zinc Alumotitanate, Monitoring of Chelation, Hydrolysis, Condensation, and Crystallization Processes.

Zinc alumotitanate sorbents with various compositions were prepared through sol-gel synthesis with the use of ethyl acetoacetate as a chelating agent. The formation and decomposition of chelates, providing insight into sol-gel process advancement, have been successfully monitored via 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and FTIR spectroscopy. It has been established that Al(OBus)3 and Ti(OBun)4 react completely with Eaa, forming chelates after 1 h, while after 24 h hydrolysis is already advanced. Hydrolysis is accelerated in the presence of Zn(NO2)3·6H2O, supplying the water needed for hydrolysis. In dried gels, the amount of ethyl acetoacetate is greatly reduced, and it is mainly present unbound. According to XRD analysis, samples with none or less titania are composed of layered double hydroxide, while in samples with greater amounts of titania, crystal nitrates are present. In all samples except those without Al, the spinel phase with variable composition crystallizes.

Performance of Automatic Temperature Control System in Pyrolysis Reactor of LDPE Plastic Waste

Pyrolysis is a process of decomposing material at high temperatures without or with limited air and is an alternative waste treatment which is considered quite prospective to be developed. Plastic waste treatment as pyrolysis fuel, is strongly influenced by operating conditions, which consist of the thermal properties of plastics such as the LDPE type, which are still massively used in society. This research processes LDPE type plastic waste using technology fixed bed pyrolysis type batch reactor with a capacity of 0.01 m³ with initial heating from external heat of LPG energy source. The pyrolysis process takes in a closed reactor and the mass flow rate of the condensate flows naturally to the condenser for the condensation process to become pyro-oil product. Optimization of the reactor pyrolysis was carried out by adding insulated heat cover to reduce heat losses during the heating process. The addition of automatic temperature control to regulate the heating rate, makes operation control easier and reducing fluctuations in temperature distribution during pyrolysis process. The research was carried out with three operating temperature variations of 250, 275, and 300 °C using 0.8 kg LDPE plastic waste for batch test. The performance of automatic temperature control was observed using a digital thermometer and a comparison of the results before and after installation was carried out at a temperature of 300 °C. The results showed that heating temperature control which was previously done manually gives fluctuating results with a temperature difference of up to 50 °C. With the addition of an automatic temperature control system, the operating temperature during the pyrolysis process shows relatively lower fluctuations with a maximum difference of 20 °C. The initial heating energy consumption from LPG and the fuel consumption rate (FCR) show an increase along with the increase in the pyrolysis operating temperature setting.

A travel though the atrane route, a versatile tool for the materials soft‐synthesis: A twenty‐five years perspective

AbstractThe use of triethanolamine in the preparation of materials has been a fertile area of research during the last decades. It is used in sol‐gel synthesis because of its ability to regulate pH, act as a structure‐directing agent, and form atrane complexes with a wide variety of elements. The atranes harmonize the hydrolysis and condensation processes of inorganic species with their interaction with surfactant molecules or micelles for the obtention of homogeneous materials. This review describes the basic principles of the formation of atrane complexes and their use in material synthesis, followed by a compilation of the main examples found in the bibliography. These materials include pure and doped silicas by using micelles as porogen species (MCM‐41, SBA‐15, UVM‐7, etc.), or without using template agents (TUD‐1, UVM‐11, etc.), non‐silica oxides (Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, etc.), mesoporous phosphates and phosphonates, zeotypes (zeolites, aluminophosphates or silicoaluminophosphates, and layered double hydroxides. The atrane route shows a versatile approach for the preparation of these materials with up to three elements simultaneously. The focus of the review centers on the synthesis of the materials and the discussion of their main applications. These examples enrich with a discussion about the future perspective of the topic.

Deconfinement to confinement by generalizing BRST symmetry on the sphere

Recently, it has been shown that the theory in the quadratic gauge on 4-sphere, [Formula: see text] consists of two phases namely, the confined and the deconfined phases. A suitable finite field-dependent Becchi–Rouet–Stora–Tyutin (FFBRST) transformation interrelates two different gauge fixed theories. In this paper, we use the FFBRST technique on the curved space for the first time and elaborate a novel application of it. We propose two different formulations of this technique that transform the deconfined phase action on sphere to the confined phase action on sphere inside the quadratic gauge. Both proposed passages change the phase with BRST invariance to the phase without BRST invariance unlike usual connections where the FFBRST operation leaves the BRST symmetry intact and there is a unique field theoretic essence of them, which makes them particularly important to study. Thus, the two different field redefinitions act as a new mechanism that execute phase transition between two real QCD phases on 4-sphere other than ghost condensation process.

Characterization of Distillation and Redistillation Product of Coconut Shell Liquid Smoke at Various Temperatures

This study investigates the impact of distillation temperature on phenol content in coconut shell liquid smoke, a product derived from pyrolysis and subsequent condensation processes. Liquid smoke, renowned for its versatile applications including preservation, antioxidation, antiseptic, and antibacterial properties, necessitates distillation for both quality enhancement and safety. The research comprises a two-stage distillation, featuring 11 temperature variations (100-150°C) in the first stage and 9 variations (75-155°C) in the second stage. Characterization involves pH assessment and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis to identify chemical components. The pH range in the initial distillation stage spans 1.18-1.30, and the second stage ranges from 1.11-1.39. GC-MS analysis of raw coconut shell liquid smoke reveals 25 components, including phenol, furan, ketone, acid, alcohol, benzenediol and derivatives, alkyl aryl ether, deoxycytidine, and silicone grease. GC-MS evaluation is conducted on products of the first stage at 125 and 135°C, and the second stage products at 145 and 155°C. In the first distillation stage, liquid smoke contains phenol and assorted compounds. Conversely, the second stage yields purer phenol compounds. The findings suggest potential applications of the redistillation product as raw material in food preservation, antiseptics, and insecticides.

A fuel gas waste heat recovery-based multigeneration plant integrated with a LNG cold energy process, a water desalination unit, and a CO2 separation process

Development of the multigeneration plants based on the simultaneous production of water and energy can solve many of the current problems of these two major fields. In addition, the integration of fossil power plants with waste heat recovery processes in order to prevent the release of pollutants in the environment can simultaneously cover the environmental and thermodynamic improvements. Besides, the addition of a carbon dioxide (CO2) capturing cycles with such plants is a key issue towards a sustainable environment. Accordingly, a novel waste heat recovery-based multigeneration plant integrated with a carbon dioxide separation/liquefaction cycle is proposed and investigated under multi-variable assessments (energy/exergy, financial, and environmental). The offered multigeneration system is able to generate various beneficial outputs (electricity, liquefied CO2 (L-CO2), natural gas (NG), and freshwater). In the offered system, the liquified natural gas (LNG) cold energy is used to carry out condensation processes, which is a relatively new idea. Based on the results, the outputs rates of net power, NG, L-CO2, and water were determined to be approximately 42.72 MW and 18.01E+03, 612 and 3.56E+03 kmol/h, respectively. Moreover, the multigeneration plant was efficient about 32.08% and 87.72%, respectively, in terms of energy and exergy. Economic estimates indicated that the unit product costs of electricity and liquefied carbon dioxide production, respectively, were around 0.0466 USD per kWh and 0.0728 USD per kg-CO2. Finally, the total released CO2 was about 0.034 kg per kWh. According to a comprehensive comparison, the offered multigeneration plant can provide superior environmental, thermodynamic, and economic performances compared to similar plants. Moreover, there was no need to purchase electricity from the grid.

Study on the effect of pressure in humid air dehumidificationournal

In this paper, there are problems such as large energy consumption and complex system in the field of condensation dehumidification. It is found that increasing pressure can strengthen the effect of condensation dehumidification, simplify the system and reduce energy consumption. So this paper simulates the condensation and dehumidification process of humid air in horizontal pipe under positive pressure. The results show that the dehumidification capacity increases by 25%∼30% when the pressure increases by 100kPa on average. The increase of pressure has little effect on the heat transfer coefficient, but the increase of humidity increases the heat transfer coefficient more obvious. When the humidity of wet air increases by 20%, the heat transfer coefficient increases by 18% ∼ 33%. The dehumidification capacity and heat transfer coefficient increase with the increase of pipe diameter and fluid flow rate.

Numerical simulation and experimental study of new design of PV/T as desalination units

ABSTRACT Other researchers have examined alternative methods for desalinating water in arid regions, focusing specifically on the utilization of solar energy due to its abundance and lack of negative environmental impact. Desalination is one of the many applications of solar energy, and this study proposes a novel approach that employs solar radiation to evaporate brackish and saltwater. By harnessing the heat generated by incident solar radiation on photovoltaic panels, water is able to evaporate under-controlled conditions. This paper is divided into two main sections: the first involves conducting experiments in the laboratory of Najaf Engineering Technical College, while the second entails the numerical simulation of proposed models using COMSOL Multiphysics V. 6.1 software. Previous research has demonstrated the use of heat produced on the back surface of solar cells to generate distilled water by passing non-potable water through a cotton wick attached to the back surface. The new design of the solar active photovoltaic distiller incorporates a solar photovoltaic, wick, and Peltier device. In this study, the Peltier device was employed to enhance the evaporation and condensation processes, resulting in a solar still that integrates the distillation system with the solar panel, thereby increasing productivity per unit area. The experimental and numerical results indicate that model 02 achieves a productivity of 0.827 kg/m2 h, and 0.907 kg/m2 h for flow rates of 2 mL/min and 4 mL/min, respectively. Model 02, which incorporates a Peltier device within a glass container, demonstrates higher productivity across all experimental days, with a maximum daily cumulative productivity of 4355.3 g. Furthermore, model 02 exhibits higher temperatures compared to other modules, with a maximum average back sheet temperature of 78°C in March and a minimum of 55°C.

A close look at the H-C phase Diagram and Hydrocarbon Reservoir Classification and Behavior

H-C phase diagram of reservoir fluids is an important tool used in explaining reservoir fluids behavior during the life period of any reservoir. In this paper, detailed analysis of certain terms of the Pressure–Temperature Diagram (P-T diagram) are presented and discussed. Some of these terms are redefined since the already existing definitions does not fit all cases and conditions of reservoir pressure and temperature, and hence, new definitions are given to such terms so as to make them fit all possible conditions that might exist in the reservoir. Special attention was given to explain and analyze the phase behavior inside the phase envelope (two phase region) of the P-T diagram. Among such terms for example, new definitions and analysis are given to the quality lines to give them much more interest and importance in the P-T diagram as they should be given than just representing the percentages of both liquid and gas phases. The new given definition will open new interpretations and add more interesting and valuable importance to the quality lines. Another new definition is given herein to the Cricondenbar Pressure to make it fit all possible conditions on the P-T diagram since the existing definition does not fit all pressure and temperature conditions. This paper also include some explanations regarding the retrograde gas condensation process and region on the P-T diagram. Finally, the herein mentioned factors and definitions will add more important and wider interpretations and applications for the P-T Diagram for a better understanding of H-C reservoirs. Such interpretations might be applied, also to the fluid flow control inside the reservoir and in the choosing of the best EOR method to apply whenever and wherever it is necessary.

Sustainable cellulose nanofiber/hydrophobic silica nanoparticle coatings with robust hydrophobic and water-resistant properties for wood substrates

Hydrophobization of wood is pivotal for enhancing the utility of wood products. Traditional hydrophobic coatings, primarily petrochemical-based, are now being replaced by environmentally friendly silane-coupled inorganic nanoparticles. However, these alternatives face challenges like poor dispersion stability and weak wood surface adhesion. Our research introduces cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) into the condensation process of silica nanoparticles, creating a CNFs/silica nanoparticle composite. This composite exhibits remarkable dispersion stability and adjustable viscosity, leading to an improved hydrophobic silica/CNFs coating. Its versatility allows for various application methods, including spray, dip, and brush coating. Remarkably, the composite maintains a water contact angle of about 151°, demonstrating excellent water repellency, even with hydrophilic CNFs. The CNFs also enhance the interaction with wood surfaces, boosting the durability of the coating. This innovative approach not only improves storage stability and workability but also ensures uniform hydrophobicity and durable coating formation. Our findings suggest that CNFs derived from lignocellulosic biomass could ultimately be incorporated into environmentally friendly wood coating materials, significantly improving the shortcomings of conventional hydrophobic coatings while reducing dependence on petroleum-based products.

A low-carbon polygeneration system based on a waste heat recovery system, a LNG cold energy process, and a CO2 liquefaction and separation unit

Abstract Expanding energy conversion plants that simultaneously produce water and energy can address multiple issues in these two major fields. Additionally, utilizing waste heat energy from fossil fuel-driven plants rather than releasing it into the atmosphere can provide both thermodynamic and environmental benefits. A new polygeneration plant that integrates a waste heat recovery process and a CO2 liquefaction and separation process is developed and analyzed through a multi-criteria assessment (thermodynamic, economic, and environmental). The plant is capable of producing several advantageous products, including power, natural gas, desalinated water, and liquefied CO2. The polygeneration plant employs cold energy of liquefied natural gas (LNG) for condensation processes, a novel approach. Results indicate a net power rate of ~41.96 MW, with 166.8, 4912.8, and 972.6 mol/s for liquefied CO2, natural gas, and desalinated water, sequentially. The plant exhibits energy efficiency and exergy efficiency of ~31.6% and ~86.5%, respectively. The cost feasibility shows that electricity production carries a unit cost of 0.0474 US$/kWh, while liquefied CO2 production cost was about 0.0742 US$/kgCO2. The plant is estimated to emit roughly 0.0343 kg/kWh of carbon dioxide. The energy and exergy efficiencies decrease by ~9% and 2%, respectively, as the seawater feed rate increases from 13 to 23 kg/s. A comprehensive comparison indicates that the studied polygeneration plant yields superior economic, thermodynamic, and environmental performance compared to similar facilities. Furthermore, the proposed plant is capable of meeting its own power demands and does not require electricity from the grid.

A technical appraisal of solar photovoltaic-integrated single slope single basin solar still for simultaneous energy and water generation

In the contemporary era, the availability of energy and water stands as an essential foundation for human survival, with water's significance underscored by its role in shaping habitats. However, the modern world faces the pressing challenge of water scarcity, exacerbated by factors like air and water pollution, leading to ecological imbalances. Water, an indispensable resource for various daily human activities, necessitates the generation of freshwater. Simultaneously, the imperative of sustainable energy generation has taken precedence on the national agenda for growth. In this context, the integration of solar photovoltaic (PV) technology with solar stills emerges as the most viable solution. Within these integrated systems, electrical energy generated by solar PV is strategically employed to preheat inlet feeds, enhance air temperature, and optimize the evaporation and condensation processes within the solar still, thereby augmenting its overall performance. This study delves into the integration of solar PV collectors/systems with solar stills, distinguishing between thermal and electrical energy utilization in solar PV systems. The review underscores the pivotal role of solar PV integration in addressing critical issues of water scarcity and sustainable energy generation, contributing to the nation's growth.

Numerical investigation of exit pressure on flow structure in steam ejector by considering condensation and evaporation process

Numerical investigation of exit pressure on flow structure in steam ejector by considering condensation and evaporation process