Concrete Ponds Research Articles

Is Fortification of Methionine Necessary in Soya Bean (Glycine Max) Based Feeds for Oreochromis andersonii (Castelnau, 1861) Raised in Semi – Concrete Ponds?

An experiment was conducted to determine the optimal amount of methionine that can be incorporated in the soya bean based Oreochromis andersonii feeds. Three levels (2%, 4% and 6%) of methionine included in soya bean based feed (30% and 10% crude protein and crude lipid respectively) were tested on O. andersonii for seventy eight (78) days in hapas erected in a semi–concrete pond (250 m2 ) arranged in a complete randomized design. Specific growth rate (SGR% day-1), mean body weight gain (MBWG) (g) and apparent feed conversion efficiency (AFCE %) differed (P<0.05) among the treatments although the 4% and 6% gave similar (P>0.05) SGR (%), MBWG (g) and AFCE (%) but higher than the control and the lowest methionine level used in the experiment. Trend analysis showed a linear relationship (F=3.358, P=0.02) between Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) and methionine level with the highest methionine level producing fish with the highest GSI. Furthermore, the highest methionine level produced a significantly higher (P<0.05) GSI than in other treatments. However, females and larger sized fish appeared to mature earlier than males and smaller fish respectively. Fish body moisture and ash were similar (P>0.05) in all the treatments. It is, therefore, recommended that soya bean based feed can be fortified with 4% methionine to improve the O.andersonii growth. An economic analysis is required to ascertain the cost effectiveness of using the synthetic amino acid in soya bean fish feeds for O. andersonii.

Effect of synbiotics between Bacillus licheniformis and yeast extract on growth, hematological and biochemical indices of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Twelve practical diets were formulated to contain four levels of Bacillus licheniformis (0.0, 0.24×106, 0.48×106 and 0.96×106CFUg−1), respectively, with three yeast extract levels (0%, 0.5% and 1%), respectively. Each diet was randomly assigned to duplicate groups of 50 Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (5.99±0.03g) in 24 concrete ponds (0.5m3 and 1.25m depth) for 12weeks. Increasing dietary B. licheniformis levels in O. niloticus and yeast extract levels significantly (P<0.01) improved growth performance and nutrient utilization. Supplementation of the experimental diets with, 0.48×106CFU/g−1 and 1.0% yeast extract showed the best nutrient utilization compared to other treatments. All probiotic levels significantly (P<0.01) increased chemical composition (P<0.05) compared to the control group, while increasing yeast extract did not significantly alter chemical composition. Hematological indices, total protein and albumin of O. niloticus significantly increased while aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase significantly (P<0.01) decreased with an increase in B. licheniformis level up to 0.48×106CFUg−1. Increasing levels of yeast extract had no effect on hematological parameters and the diets supplemented with 0.48×106CFUg−1 and 0.5% yeast extract showed the highest hematological values.

The physiological performance and immune responses of juvenile Amur sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii) to stocking density and hypoxia stress

Stocking density and hypoxia are considered priority issues in aquaculture research. In this study, two experiments were carried out in order to investigate the effects of chronic stress (stocking density) and acute stress (hypoxia) on the immune physiology responses (hematology, serum cortisol, glucose, total protein and the mRNA expression of CYP 1A) of juvenile Amur sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii). In the chronic stress study, three triplicate groups of Amur sturgeon (42.0 ± 2.3 g) were reared in nine square concrete ponds (4.4 × 4.4 × 0.45 m3) at three stocking densities (3.7, 6.9 and 9.0 kg/m3) for 50 days. In the acute stress study, three triplicate groups: normal group (7 mg/l), hypoxia group 1 (5 mg/l) and hypoxia group 2 (3 mg/l) were used in nine 100 L indoor tanks. Sampling was performed at the end of the stocking density experiment (50 days) and at 0, 0.5, 1.5, 3 and 6 h after hypoxia stress. The results showed that increased stocking density reduced the morphological indexes (hepatosomatic index, spleen-somatic index and kidney-somatic index), while total protein and hemoglobin increased significantly in the stressed group. In response to hypoxia, the levels of cortisol, glucose and hematological parameters elevated significantly after this stress. As for spleen-somatic index, there was a decline after hypoxia though H1 group returned to the normal level at 3 h and 6 h after hypoxia stress. Additionally, In order to better understand the immune response of Amur sturgeon to chronic and acute stressors, we cloned the complete coding sequence of Amur sturgeon CYP 1A for the first time and investigated its tissue-specific expression and stress-induced expression. CYP 1A mRNA in liver showed over expressions both in crowding condition and in hypoxia stress. The same trend was also found in spleen and kidney which may provide evidence that CYP 1A could serve as a good indicator of immune response in Amur sturgeon. In addition, the result suggested a typical immune response both in high stocking density and hypoxia stress. But the chronically stressed fish might have an adaptation capability to survive under a stable crowding condition without a change in some immune parameters (cortisol, glucose, WBCs and RBCs).

Farmed Areas Predict the Distribution of Amphibian Ponds in a Traditional Rural Landscape

BackgroundTraditional rural landscapes of Eastern Europe are undergoing major changes due to agricultural intensification, land abandonment, change in agricultural practices and infrastructural development. Small man-made ponds are important yet vulnerable components of rural landscapes. Despite their important role for biodiversity, these ponds tend to be excluded from conservation strategies.Methodology/FindingsOur study was conducted in a traditional rural landscape in Eastern Europe. The aim of this study is twofold: (i) to model the distribution of four major man-made pond types and (ii) to present the importance of man-made ponds for the endangered Yellow Bellied Toad (Bombina variegata) and the Common Toad (Bufo bufo). Six environmental variables were used to model pond distribution: Corine landcover, the heterogeneity of the landcover, slope, road distance, distance to closest village and the human population density. Land cover heterogeneity was the most important driver for the distribution of fishponds. Areas used for agriculture with significant areas of natural vegetation were the most important predictors for the distribution of temporary ponds. In addition, areas covered by transitional woodland and scrub were important for the open cattle ponds. Bombina variegata was found predominantly in the temporary ponds (e.g. ponds created by cattle and buffalo, dirt road ponds and concrete ponds created for livestock drinking) and Bufo bufo in fishponds.Conclusions/SignificanceOur Maxent models revealed that the highest probability of occurrence for amphibian ponds was in areas used as farmland. The traditional farming practices combined with a low level of infrastructure development produces a large number of amphibian ponds. The challenge is to harmonize economic development and the maintenance of high densities of ponds in these traditional rural landscapes.

On The Mathematical Modelling Of Population Dynamics and Growth of Clarias Glariepinus in a Pond

We considered the equation of population dynamics and interacting growth of Clarias glariepinus (catfish) in a concrete pond. We proposed a logistic model using a combination of Euler and RungeKutta methods as the “best” approach in approximating the increases in the yield of the fish according to time. The results obtained showed that it allowed a choice of optimal regimes of aeration, feeding and fertilization of the fish for different climatic conditions in order to maximize the yield. We concluded that these approaches were the best in determining maximum yields of the fish in a concrete pond when tested for growth, stocking densities and harvesting processes.

Comparative Study On The Endo-Parasitic Infestation In Clarias Gariepinus Collected From Earthen And Concrete Ponds In Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria

The study was conducted to collect and identify endoparasites of Clarias gariepinus from earthen and concrete ponds, Victory Fish Farm, Makurdi, and to determine the prevalence and intensity of infestation brought about by the endoparasites in the hosts. Of the eighty (80) Clarias gariepinus from earthen pond, 32 (40%) were not infested while 48 (60%) were infested and were observed to harbor a total of 62 endo-parasites belonging to two species of nematode (Eustrongylides and Camallanus), and two species of protozoa (Hexamita and Trypanosoma) while out of the 80 Clarias gariepinus from the concrete, it was observed that 64 (80%) of the fish were not infested while 16 (20%) were infested by endo-parasites and were observed to harbour a total of 24 endo-parasites belonging to two species of nematode (Eustrongylides and Camallanus) and one species of protozoa (Hexamita). It was observed that male fish from the earthen pond had more percentage parasitic infestation (64.29%) than the female fish (57.69%) while in the concrete pond, female fish had more percentage parasitic infestation (22.73%) than the male (16.67%). It was observed that bigger fishes of weight class between 750-849g were more infested than the smaller counterpart of less than (149g) from both ponds. In the earthen pond, the highest percentage intensity of infestation (0.83%) was recorded in fish with the weight class between 750-849g while the lowest was recorded in fish with weight class between 250-349g. on the other hand, the highest percentage intensity of infestation (0.42%) was recorded in fish with the weight class between 750- 849g while the lowest was recorded in fish with weight class less than 149g.

Comparative Study of Maize Bran and Chicken Manure as Fish Feed Supplement: Effects on Growth Rate of &lt;i&gt;Oreochromis niloticus&lt;/i&gt; in Pond Culture Systems

Aquaculture is an emerging reasonable answer to overexploitation of wild fish stock as the demand for wild fish stock is outstripping supply due to several geo-socio-economic reasons. However, productivity and profitability of aquaculture in Zimbabwe is affected by high costs of fish feeds. This study was done to compare and evaluate the effects of maize bran and chicken manure on growth of Oreochromis niloticus cultured in ponds at Lake Chivero. Three replicate spherical concrete ponds were each applied with chicken manure, maize bran and others left to be the control ponds. A complete randomized experimental design was used. Fish sampled from maize bran fed ponds had the highest growth rate, followed by fish fed with chicken manure ponds and, the control ponds respectively. The use of locally available waste products and feed materials in can be useful in the profitability of O. niloticus culture locally as cereal bran such as maize bran is generally cheap and chicken manure are readily available in Zimbabwe. Further studies should be undertaken on how maize and chicken manure should be applied with proper feeding regimes and ratios to stimulate algae production as well as to prevent fish mortality.

Determantion of Growth Parameters, Digestibility and Nitrogen-Phosphorus Enviromental Impacts of Enzyme Supplementation to Soybean Based Diet in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

This study was carried out to determine the effects on growth performance, feed utilization, apparent digestibility and reduce environment pollution waste output of nitrogen and phosphorus of diets based on Soybean Meal (40%) supplemented with exogenous enzymes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) culture. Trout groups was began (initial mean weight 87.00±1,5g) method of random plots with 3 replications of 50 fish/pond with the ratio of 1050 fish with 6,0 metrik tonne in concrete ponds. 43% protein - 12% fat diet was used as the with no added enzyme in control group (K0) and diet supplemented with %02 protease enzyme (P), %02 mix enzyme (cellulose, xylanase, endo-s-1,3:1,4-glucanase (M), %02 pyhtase enzyme (F), %01 protease + %02 mix enzyme (PM), %01 protease + %01 phytase (PF) and %01 mix enzyme + %01 phytase (MF) were tested in total 7 groups. About of growth performance were found while condition factor (1,21-1,23) were statistically similar (p>0.05) however growth rate (173,68-177,27), specific growth rate (1,118-1,340) and feed conversion ratio (1,26-1,30) significantly different among groups (p<0.05) at the end of the experiment. P and F groups significantly improved specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio better than control group. In this study, showed the highest nitrogen apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC-N) (85,49±1,98) in group of P while the poorest value (72,82±0.01) group of K0 obtained, respectively (p<0.05). Also the best (58.57±0.49) and lowest (42.85±1.98a) ADC-P for phosphorus was obtained from F and K0, respectively (p<0.05). The highest (53,71%) and lowest (17,69%) retained nitrogen was held in the P and K0 groups (p<0,05). Also the dropped to water (discarded), nitrogen effluent was lowest (23,31 g/kg) in the P group and highest (46,91 g/kg) in the K0 group, respectively (p<0,05). In addition, highest (68,74%) and lowest (46,12%) retained phosphorus levels were obtained in the F and K0 groups, respectively. Also the dropped to water (discarded) while phosphorus levels reached the maximum (6,.94 g/kg) in K0 group and minimum value was obtained in the F group (4,85 g/kg)(p<0,05).

Masculinización de la tilapia roja oreochromis spp. Con el esteroide acetato de trembolona (atb) suministrado en el alimento

El cultivo de la tilapia en nuestro país ha presentado en los últimos años un auge y diversificación importante, esto debido al déficit alimenticio tanto en nuestro país como en el resto del mundo, existen algunas alternativas para aumentar la rentabilidad de su cultivo siendo también una actividad importante en el Estado de Sinaloa, principalmente en las comunidades adyacentes a las presas y embalses de agua. En la presente investigación se presentan los resultados obtenidos en el proceso de reversión sexual de alevines de tilapia roja Oreochromis sp., efectuado en las instalaciones del CIIDIR-IPN, Guasave Sinaloa. En el experimento se utilizó una población total de 4000 organismos, los cuales se distribuyeron en tres estanques, tratamiento hormonal mediante su integración en el alimento (ATB) y tres controles (C), los estanques eran de concreto con una capacidad de 500 L. de agua, la hormona fue aplicada al alimento, para ser suministrada por vía oral. El porcentaje de cambio de sexo fue determinado por la técnica "Squash". En el tratamiento de suministro de alimento hormonado. Los parámetros fisicoquímicos no presentaron diferencias significativas debido a que están en los límites permitidos en el cultivo de tilapias. La supervivencia en el tratamiento de suministro de hormona fue del 89.6±2.5% y el control de 78.0±3.2. En le peso final (g) en el tratamiento de aplicación de hormona fue de 0.52±0.02 g y en el control fue de 0.50±0.04 g. En el porcentaje de la reversión sexual el tratamiento de hormona (ATB) fue de 89.7±3.0%, en el control (C) fue de 57.0±2.3%. Esto permitió conocer que es eficaz el uso de la hormona en el alimento

Culture Trials of &lt;i&gt;Gymnarchus niloticus&lt;/i&gt; in Earthen and Concrete Ponds

Culture trials of Gymnarchus niloticus in earthen and concrete pond was carried out. A total of 440 fingerlings of G. niloticus from Burutu River, Delta State, were collected. A total of 220 fingerlings were stocked in each of the receptacles. The fingerlings were fed with live artemia for two weeks and commercial feed of size 0.5-0.8mm and 0.8-1.2mm for 10 weeks. Samples were taken weekly and the result shows 99% survival, 13.08cm final length and 4.41g final weight for earthen pond as against 54.5% survival, 11.30cm final length and 2.76g final weight in concrete pond. This shows that G. niloticus can be cultured in captivity and grow better in earthen pots than concrete tanks. G niloticus was able to convert feed to flesh and shows ability to withstand culture stress to some extent in the two culture system. Key words: Gymnarchus niloticus , culture, fingerlings, Burutu.

Evaluation of the Personnel and Physical Infrastructure of Fish Farms in Minna and Its Environs

This study evaluated the fish farming facilities in Minna and its environs. Fifteen (15) fish farms were surveyed. Structured questionnaire were used to collect data from the sampled fish farms. The analytical technique used was percentile value. It was evidently discovered that ninety three percent (93%) of the fish farms were owned private individuals. It revealed that eighty five percent (85%) of the fish farm proprietors were males, while fifteen percent (15%) were females. These studies revealed that eighty percent (80%) of the fish farms have one or two trained staff, while twenty percent (20%) have no trained staff. Data also showed that ninety percent (90%) of the workers were males. The study showed that all the farms have access roads. In addition to this, sixty seven percent (67%) of the fish farms were close to market places. All the farms except one were fenced. Seventy three percent (73%) of the fish farms operate both public and private power supply sources. The data further revealed that sixty percent (60%) of the farms used both earthen ponds and plastic tanks while all were found to use concrete ponds. Few (13%) of the fish farms were also found to use digitized measuring scales while majority (87%) used manual measurement scales, accounting to eighty seven percent (87%). The study showed that only fifty three percent (53%) of the farms had Hammer Milling machines while others have none. Related to this, was that seventy three percent (73%) of the farms have pelleting machine. Other facilities were below fifty percent availability.Keywords: Evaluation, fish farm, personnel, infrastructure, Minna, environs

Pengaruh Penumbuhan Bioflok pada Budidaya Udang Vaname Pola Intensif di Tambak &lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;[The Effect Of Biofloc Growing On Vannamei Shrimp Culture At Intensive System Pond]&lt;i&gt;

Abstract The objective of the research are to monitor of floc and same parameters production of Litopenaeus vannamei cultured in concrete pond. Two unit of concrete ponds consist of one pond real conccrete pond cemented in the dike and pond bottom, it size 3250 m2 (A pond) was stocked with vanname post larvae day 10 at density 170 ind./m2 (561.200 ind.). The other one pond only cemented in the dike, whereas the pond bottom still of sandy soil, its size 3915 m2 ( B pond) was stocked with vanname post larvae day 10 at the density 148 ind./m2 (579.600 ind.). These ponds were monitored started from pond preparation stages untill shrimp harvested. In A pond , after two months shrimp cultured, at every two days the pond waters was added 15 kg of molasses in order to enhance the CN ratio, so that the floc can growth easily. B pond was control pond without molasses addition. Both of these ponds were added with varies of probiotic shifted daily. Monitored on srimp feed given to the shrimp showed that after post larvae stocked in pond, the feeed given to the post larvae at the dosage 3 kg crumble feed/100.000 ind. post larvae. The quantity of shrimp feed increases to 6 kg/100.000 ind post larvae at the day of culture 20 - 25. Then after that period the quantity of feed given to the shrimp follow the standard feeding program and depend on the feeding monitoring in trays (anco). Shrimp survival rate, production and feed convertion were monitored after shrimp harvested. Water quality, total bacteria and total Vibrio sp were monitored beweekly. TSS, VSS and floc volume were monitored after floc develop in pond waters. Result of the research showed that floc develop in A pond at the day 75, while in B pond after the day 90. Ammonium concentration in pond waters was decreases coinsides with the developing floc in A and B pond. However, nitrite decreased only in B pond and Vibrio sp population was stagnant. Shrimp harvested in both ponds at two times, first at the day 110 and secondly at the day 140. Shrimp production attained 11.123,5 kg (34.226,15 kg/Ha), survival rate 88,55%, feed convertion 1 : 1,82 and shrimp size 41,7 – 52 ekor/kg in pond A. In B pond shrimp production is15030 kg (38.390,8 kg/Ha), survival 99,6%, feed convertion 1 : 1,66 and shrimp size 36,5 – 46,5 ind./kg. Based on this research indicated that in A pond more fasted floc develop compared than that of B pond. However, shrimp production was lower, feed convertion was higher in A pond compared than that of B pond. Total yields in plots A (flock) of 11123.5 kg (34226.15 kg / ha), with 88.55% survival rate, feed conversion 1: 1.82. The average size of 46 shrimp tails / kg. In plot B the production of 15 030 kg (38390.8 kg / ha), 99.6% survival rate, feed conversion of 1.66, the size of the shrimp tails 41.5 / kg. Based on these results suggest that although the plot A flock is formed faster than in plot B, but lower shrimp production and feed conversion value is higher than that obtained in plot B. The analysis focused on the cultivation of farms with the highest production of plot B is converted in a total of 36 308 kg ha (an average of 34226.15 kg / ha - 38390.8 kg / ha) with a value of Rp. 805.465.160/season. Vaname shrimp farming can be done two times a year. Reveniu calculation cost ratio (R / C ratio) value of 2.02 indicates the feasibility of (2.02&gt; 1) in a season of business, while for the Benefit cost ratio (B / C ratio) of 1.02 (1.02&gt; 1) is worthy of sustained effort.

Dietary phosphorus affected growth performance, body composition, antioxidant status and total P discharge of young hybrid sturgeon (♀Huso huso × ♂Acipenser schrenckii) in winter months

An 8-week feeding trial was carried out using young hybrid sturgeon (♀Huso huso × ♂Acipenser schrenckii) to study the effects of dietary phosphorus (P) on growth performance, body composition, liver and serum antioxidant status as well as the effluent P content in the wintertime. Four puffed pellet diets were formulated to contain graded total P levels at 0.63, 1.15, 1.85, and 2.12%, respectively. Triplicate groups of hybrid sturgeon (494.21 ± 18.63 g) were reared in concrete ponds (2.0 × 1.2 × 1.4 m), and fed one of the four diets for 8 weeks. Weight gain and feeding rate significantly decreased with increasing dietary P content, and fish fed the 2.12% P diet had negative growth. With the increase in dietary P, whole body ash and P content significantly increased. There was no inverse relationship between the whole body lipid content and dietary P level in young hybrid sturgeon. Hybrid sturgeon liver exhibited higher superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities in the 0.63 and 1.15% dietary P treatment groups than those in the other two groups. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity increased significantly with increasing dietary P. Discharge of P into the pond increased significantly with increasing dietary P. In conclusion, a dietary P content between 0.63 and 1.15% helped young hybrid sturgeon to activate their antioxidant defense system and eradicate the free radicals, in order to reduce the antioxidant damage, while still keeping total P content in the pond at a relatively low level during the winter months.

The application of bioflocs technology in high-intensive, zero exchange farming systems of Marsupenaeus japonicus

A 106-day experiment was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of bioflocs technology for maintaining good water quality, supplying feed nutrition and inhibiting potential pathogen in high-intensive, zero exchange farming systems of Marsupenaeus japonicus. The experiment was progressed with 2 groups differentiated by bioflocs treatment and relative control in 6 indoor concrete ponds. Sucrose was added to the water of bioflocs treatment ponds based on the amount of daily feed. The monitoring indicated that ammonia-N and nitrite-N concentrations of water in the bioflocs treatment group were significantly lower than the relative control group (P<0.05). Comparing with the relative control group, the bioflocs treatment resulted in a 41.3% higher shrimp yield, 12.0% higher protein efficiency ratio, and 7.22% lower feed conversion rate. The production of M. japonicus reached to 1.3kgm−2 at a body length of 11.33cm after 106-day farming in the bioflocs treatment group. The predominant microbe analyzed with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was characterized by Bacillus sp. in the bioflocs treatment group, but by Vibrio sp. in the relative control group. It was concluded that bioflocs technology performed well in high-intensive, zero exchange farming systems of M. japonicus, and the performance may be associated with microbial diversity.

Comparative Studies on the Growth Performance of Four Juvenile &lt;i&gt;Oreochromis niloticus&lt;/i&gt; L., (1758) Strains in Pond Culture, Ethiopia

This study was conducted to investigate and compare the growth performance of four juvenile Oreochromis niloticus strains in pond culture. The fish having an average body length of 9.18 cm and weight of 12.48 g were collected from Hawassa, Ziway, Koka, and Hora lakes. They were stocked in triplicate in 5.0 m × 5.0 m × 1.5 m concrete earthen ponds in 1 m water depth. The stocking density was 2 fish/m 2 . The fish were fed 3% of their body weight per day manually, twice a day with locally available feed having 23% crude protein. The results showed that the Koka strain had the best strain and had significantly (p < 0.05) higher final mean body weight (FMBW), mean body weight gain (MBWG), specific growth rate (SGR) and gross fish yield (GFY) than the Ziway and the Hora strains, but not from the Hawassa strain. The Koka stain had the best feed conversion ratio (FCR) with slightly higher Fulton’s condition factors (FCF). However, statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference in FCF and FCR among the four strains. Except for the Ziway strain, all the strains revealed an isomeric growth pattern. The overall conclusion is that growth performance between the four strains of Oreochromis niloticus was significantly different and thus, it is crucial to select the right strain for aquaculture purpose. However, further research may still be needed to compare more strains from different Ethiopian lakes to evaluate the genetic potential for Oreochromis niloticus breeding program.

Comparative analysis of the promixate compositions of Tarpon atlanticus and Clarias gariepinus from culture systems in south-western Nigeria

The comparative analysis of the proximate compositions of Tarpon atlanticus (megalops) and Clariasgariepinus (African catfish) collected from two culture systems (Pen and concrete pond) were examined . Parameters of proximate composition analysed were moisture, ash, protein, fibre, fat and carbohydrate from the head and tail region. Proximate composition comparison was also done with various sizes of the two species of fish which are the juvenile, young adult and a dult forms . The total length and weight of juvenile ranged from 24.5 - 26.5cm, 178.3 - 180g and 25.2 - 27.4cm, 177.6 - 179.5g for T. atlanticus and C. gariepinus , respectively. For the young adult, the total length and weight ranged from 27.0 - 28.5cm, 212 .0 - 220.1g and 26.9 - 29.4cm, 214.2 - 221.3g for T. atlanticus and C. gariepinus , respectively. For the adults, the total length and weight ranged from 40.20 - 42.10cm, 783 - 800g and 39.9 - 44.5cm, 785 - 805g for T. atlanticus and C. gariepinus , respectively . Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed no significant difference (P&lt;0.05) between the moisture content of T. atlanticus and C. gariepinus in the adult head although there was a significant difference (P&lt;0.01) between the ash of T. atlanticus and C. gariepinus in the adult tail. There was no significant difference (P&lt;0.05) between the protein of T. atlanticus and C. gariepinus in the young adult tail but there was a significant difference (p&lt;0.05) between the fibre of T. atlanticus and C. gariepinus in the juve nile tail. There was a significant difference (p&lt;0.01) between the fat and oil of T. atlanticus and C. gariepinus . Ash content was highest in the adult head of T. atlanticus and lowest in the adult tail of C. gariepinus . Protein was at its highest in the young adult tail of C. gariepinus and lowest in the juvenile head of T. atlanticus . The low concentration of lipids in the muscles of these species could be due to poor storage mechanism s and the use of fat reserves during spawning activities. Generally the two species contain high protein content as f ou nd out in this study. The high tissue protein content may have resulted from high protein content of their diets. Thus , both fish species constitute a high source of protein and low fatty acids, as well as an ideal dietetic fish food for human consumption.

Purification Effect of Constructed Wetland on TN and TP Removal from Eutrophic Wastewater

Acorus gramineus Soland., Canna chineresisw, Calla palustris., Rhododendron simsii, Aspidistra elatior and Chamaedorea elegans, were rooted in 0.3m media. The media were composed of 0.15m gravel and 0.15m mixture of sand and soil, and the volume proportion of sand and soil was 2:1. The plants were grown in six 0.5x1.0m concrete ponds that were filled with a further 0.3m of effluent from an oxidation ditch operated in a sequential batch mode, treating eutrophic wastewater from a university. The water was sampled daily for total N and total P and retained for seven days. A control pond devoid of plants was not included. The levels of total P and total N declined to a maximum of 60-77.6% of initial for total P and 86.7-98% for total N within four days. Since levels stayed constant for total N but rose for total P, four day retention would minimize amounts of these nutrients leaving the ponds. The conclusion can be gotten through analysis that the plant’s absorb isn’t the main cause of total N and total P remove for constructed wetland, but there are some effect by the plant adaptability, so in the design process of eutrophic wastewater treatment, plants could be chosen on their aesthetic merits to enhance the wetland system’s sight effect. And the hydraulic residence is better inside 4 days in the surface constructed wetland design process. The mechanisms involved in nutrient decline were not investigated.

Hematological Performances of Catfish ‘SANGKURIANG’ (Clarias gariepinus, Burch.) Fed on Deits Containing Organic Chromium

A research on hematological performances and body immunity of catfish ‘sangkuriang’ (Clarias gariepinus, Burch.) fed on diets containing different levels of organic chromium was conducted. Three thousands of experimental fishes with their body weight varied from 6 to 7 grams were reared for 40 days in (2x1x1)-m 3 o f plastic-lining wooden tanks. The stocking density used was 200 fishes per tank. The tanks, with a total number of 15 tanks, were connected to each others and to a filtration concrete pond of (5x1x1) m 3 to become a semi-closed water system. The filtered water was pumped up to an every single tank through 1”-PVC pipe as an inlet. The pipe of each tank was facilitated by a tap to enable controlling its water flow. During the fish rearing period, a daily siphon was done to clean the fish fesses out from the system. Diets containing 5 different levels of organic chromium, i.e. 0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 ppm of Cr + 3 , were fed to the experimental fish thirth a day at satiation. Each unit of treatment was replicated 3 times. At the end of rearing period, variables i.e. leucocytes, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and blood glucose levels at fasting state were measured for the each treatment. Results showed that the fish fed on dietary organic chromium tended to improve its body immunity and decrease its total account of leucocytes and its blood glucose level. Bloods of the fish with dietary organic chromium also tended to contain lower erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocryte, and thrombocytes levels than those of the control (i.e. the fish fed on a diet without organic chromium). The fish which consumed a diet containing 1 .5 ppm of Cr + 3 s ho w ed better hematological performances. Keywords: Hematology, Immunity, Blood glucose, Chromium, Catfish, Sangkuriang , Clarias

Zooplankton as natural live food for three different fish species under concrete ponds with mono-and polyculture conditions

Zooplankton as natural live food for three different fish species under concrete ponds with mono-and polyculture conditions

Effect of ambient seasonal changes in physical and chemical properties of the three types of ground water on the reproductive potential of Oreochromis niloticus reared in concrete ponds

This study was conducted at the intensive fish farm of Arab Fisheries Company (AFC) to investigate the effect ambient seasonal variations of three types of ground water quality (pure aquifer, recycled aquifer water and 50% mixture of both) on the reproduction of Oreochromis niloticus, Highly significant increase in seed production per pond and newly hatched fry per kilogram of females per season were obtained in spring within the pure aquifer water (8013.33±5.89 seed/pond, 5520.00±3.62 seed/ kg female/season respectively). Highly significant (p<0.05) differences were observed during the four seasons under ambient condition for the three types of water. The total fry production and/or relative fecundity of brooders were highly significant (p<0.05) 280041.25±40.3, 951.72±19.33 respectively under ambient condition of spring in pure aquifer water. In addition, highly significant differences (p<0.05) were found in water temperature among the studied four seasons. Although a wide variation in the ambient seasonal changes, the quality of water in reproduction pond were within the optimal range that required for reproduction of O. niloticus.