Concrete Ponds Research Articles

Tambacus (Colossoma macropomum x Piaractus mesopotamicus) alimentados com rações artesanais de macaxeira e soja

O uso de rações artesanais é uma das alternativas que vem sendo discutidas para a viabilização da piscicultura familiar na Amazônia. A adoção desta estratégia, no entanto, requer o emprego de critérios para o balanceamento das rações. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o desempenho produtivo de tambacus (Colossoma macropomum x Piaractus mesopotamicus) quando alimentados com rações artesanais à base de macaxeira e farelo de soja, bem como avaliar a necessidade de suplementá-las em aminoácidos, energia e macro minerais. Para tanto, 813 juvenis (48,49±4,21 g) foram estocados em 15 tanques de concreto com fundo de terra (48,50±3,61 m2 x 0,8 m) e alimentados com cinco diferentes rações, sendo quatro delas artesanais e isoprotéicas (25% PB), a saber: C1 (macaxeira + farelo de soja + premix; como controle), R1 (C1 + fosfato bicálcico), R2 (C1 + fosfato bicálcico + óleo de soja), R3 (C1 + fosfato bicálcico + óleo de soja + DL-metionina) e C2 (ração comercial extrusada 32%PB; utilizada como parâmetro de comparação regional). Após 75 dias, foi detectado o efeito positivo (P

Bioeconomic profitability analysis of tropical gar (Atractosteus tropicus) grow out using two commercial feeds

Tropical gar ( Atractosteus tropicus ) aquaculture is a potential economic activity in southeast Mexico. This study analyzed the economic profitability of tropical gar grow-out using two commercial feeds (Silver Cup ® and Super ® ). The last one was designed based on the digestive physiology of the species. The experiment was conducted in six concrete ponds of 4 m 3 (two treatments with three replicates) for 210 days; in each experimental unit 40 juveniles were stocked with an initial average weight and a total length of 104 ± 10 g and 27.7 ± 0.88 cm, respectively. At the end of the grow-out, there were statistics differences (P < 0.05) among treatments, where fish fed with Silver Cup ® obtained the highest final average weight and total length (450.29 ± 5.36 g and 41.7 ± 1.81 cm, respectively), compared with fish fed Super ® , which obtained a final average weight and total length of 415.05 ± 5.38 g and 41.4 ± 1.57 cm. Proximal analysis indicated a better protein content and fewer lipids in fish fed with Super®. The profitability analysis showed that fish fed with Silver Cup ® diet had the highest values, with a Net Present Value (NPV) = US$55,332.63, Cost/Benefit (C/B) = US$1.5 and Internal Return Rate (IRR) = 48.38%, while for fish fed with Super ® diet was NPV = US$50,852.28, C/B = US$1.49 and IRR = 47.03%. In conclusion, it is considered that both grow-out foods are profitable, although better nutritional value and less production cost are using Super ® diet.

Fatty Acid Profile of Hepatopancreas and Oocyte of Tiger Shrimp, Penaeus monodon, Fed Modified-commercial Diet by Supplementing Vitamin C and E

Vitamin C and E have important roles in the process of reproduction, immune system, and anti-oxidants to protect cell membrane lipid, and the circulation of essential fatty acid in the body of the aquatic organism including shrimp. The aims of this study was to analyze the effect of vitamin C and E supplementation in modified-commercial diet on the fatty acids profile of hepatopancreas and oocyte of tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon . The experimental treatments were: modified-commercial diet by supplementing with vitamin C (500 mg/kg) and E (300 mg/kg) (PS), and modified-commercial diet without vitamins supplementation (PK). Cultured tiger shrimp were used as the animal with initial weight of 43.1 ± 5.1 g (mean±STD) for females and 41.9 ± 4.4 g for males. The shrimps were cultured in two of 1000 m 2 concrete ponds with a density of 100 shrimp / pond. During three months culture in the pond, they were fed the test at rate of 3% biomass/day. When the tiger shrimp reached the weight over 90 g for females and > 70 g for males, then the shrimp were transferred to concrete tanks for oocyte maturation evaluation. In maturation tank, the shrimp fed test diets (pellet) combined with fresh food (squid) as much as 3% (dry basis) at combination ratio of 50% : 50%. Shrimp reaching oocyte development stage III were dissected and sampled for hepatopancreas and oocytes for analysis of fatty acid profile. The results showed that the hepatopancrea and oocyte fatty acids contents were higher in the tiger shrimp fed PS compared to the tiger shrimp fed PK. The poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) especially for arachidonic, docosahexaenoic, and eicosapentaenoic acid were higher in shrimp fed with PS than the shrimp fed PK. Despite higher total fatty acid contents in hepatopancreas than in oocyte for the both treatments, the esensial fatty acid arachidonic, docosahexaenoic, and eicosapentaenoic acid were higher in oocyte than in hepatopancreas of the shrimp. This suggested that these three types of PUFA played important role for oocyte development for female reproduction. Supplementation of vitamin C and E in the test diet had an effect on increasing PUFA content in hepatopancreas and oocytes of tiger shrimp.

Resource Schedule of Concrete Fish Pond Construction Using Network Analysis

In the construction of building, preparation of bid, maintenance and planning of oil refinery and preparation for agricultural activities, there is a need to know the completion days of the project without delay and the earliest time and the latest time for which each activity will take. It was based on this that we decide to analyze the construction of concrete fish pond using Network Analysis through the use of Critical Path Method (CPM) and Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT). Sixty-four days was arrived at for the completion of the construction using CPM while sixty-eight days with 99% probability was arrived at using PERT method. In deciding which of the method is best suitable for the construction of the fish pond, PERT serve as the best method due to the fact that it considers the Pessimistic Time (longest time possible and can be seen as usual delay) and Optimistic Time (shortest time possible if things go perfectly) as well as the probability [which is 99%] of completing the task within a specific time. The result established some useful facts for researchers in this area as well as managers of industry in carrying out their study from the feasibility stage to the other stages so as to have a good practical target towards the completion of the project as planned. Keyword: Network Analysis, Critical Path Method, Program Evaluation Review Technique, Pessimistic Time, Optimistic Time and Probability DOI : 10.7176/JMCR/57-04 Publication date :June 30 th 2019

School Farm Three-in-One Concrete Pond Construction Analysis: Implications for Integrating Theory and Practice for Students Acquisition of Sustainable Skill in Fish Farming

The study analysed the quantity and cost of materials of cements and chippings as well as site preparation, plumbing and labour required for the construction of a three-in-one concrete fish pond of12 x 2 x 1m3dimensionThe research was conducted at a homestead research site located at Ifa Atai, Etoi, Uyo Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. An experimental design was adopted for the study. Six research questions guided the study. Data were collected on; bill of quantities (BoQ), procurement of materials, execution and payment for labour. The result revealed that 53 bags of cements atN132,500.00. Three double trips of sharp sand and a single trip of soft sand atN57,000.00,7 tons of20mm aggregate of chipping at N39,669.00 was required. The study also revealed17nos lengths of purlins, 1kg of 2 inches nails, 2kg of 3inches nails and 1kg of 4inches nails at N6,300.00 was used for site preparation. Four lengths of 4inches pvc pipes, 4inches elbows, 1 tin 90ml of tangent, 4nos of 4 inches tees, 4nos of 4 inches plugs and 4nostaps atN16,000.00 was used for plumbing. The labour cost was N99,000.00. Hence, the total cost of materials and labour for the construction wasN391,015.90.It was recommended among others that Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Education to study and utilize the result as a guide to embarkon pond construction in school farms, to enhance the integration of theory and practical in the teaching and learning of fish farming for sustainable skill acquisition by students.

KONDISI PLANKTON PADA TAMBAK UDANG WINDU (Penaeus monodon FABRICIUS) DENGAN SUBSTRAT BERBEDA

Plankton is one of water microorganisms that plays an important role as natural food for fish and shrimp and as an stability indicator of water or aquatic environment.The purpose of this study was to determine the composition and abundance of plankton in tiger shrimp ponds using concrete ponds without substrate, concrete ponds using sand substrate and ponds. Sampling of plankton and water quality was carried out from March to July 2016 at PunagaTakalar Experimental Pond at 6 ponds consisted of concrete ponds without 2 subplot of sand (pond A) and concrete pond with 2 subplate sand subplate (pond B) respectively measuring 1,000 m2 and a 2-square-meter plot of 2,500–3,000 m2 (pond C). The results showed that plankton abundance in pond A ranged from 37–349 individuals/L, pond B ranged from 35–1,399 individuals/L and pond C ranged from 54–999 individuals/L. The most common phytoplankton genera in this study was Oscillatoria while for zooplankton is of Acartia. The diversity of plankton in ponds A, B and C is included in the community of unstable to moderate biota. In general, the diversity of plankton in pond B is included in the community of moderate biota. The plankton uniformity index in pond A, pond B and pond C is generally close to 1 this indicates that the existence of plankton species in the three ponds is relatively even.

NIGHT FEEDING REGIME IMPROVES WATER QUALITY, GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND FEEDING BEHAVIOUR OF EUROPEAN EELS, Anguilla anguilla

This study was aimed to explore differences between day and night feeding of farmed European eels (Anguilla anguilla) on: (1) the growth and feeding behaviour of eels; and (2) the subsequent impact on the quality of the culture water. A 30 day field experiment was conducted in which 40 European eels (186.4 ± 9.26 g) were arbitrarily allocated into two replicate concrete ponds (200 x 100 x 125cm) that were divided into two treatment groups, one receiving feed by day (DF) and the other receiving feed at night (NF). Results revealed a significant improvement in eel's growth performance (larger final weight and faster growth) of the fish that were fed by night (NF). Moreover, feeding behaviour was also improved in the NF group with a significantly shorter latency to start feeding and shorter feeding duration. As a consequence of improved feeding behaviour, more favourable water quality conditions (higher dissolved oxygen concentrations and lower ammonia concentrations) were observed in the NF group. In conclusion, feeding eels by night could considerably enhance the culturing of eels by promoting enhanced growth and feeding behavior, and simultaneously improving water quality.Key words: feeding regime; European eel; behaviour; nocturnal feeding; growth; performance

The prevalence and intensity of ectoparasites infecting vanname shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) reared in different ponds

Vanname shrimp can be cultivated in the base of different ponds, i.e. soil pond, concrete and plastic. These three different ponds have different impacts on the cultivation process. The purpose of this study was to identify the genus of ectoparasites and to calculate the prevalence and intensity of the ectoparasites that infect vaname shrimp in a soil pond, concrete and plastic pond respectively. The method used in this study was a survey method from three locations. The number of samples was 5% each. The prevalence of the ectoparasites that infect vaname shrimp was 95% in soil ponds (almost always), 73.33% in plastic ponds (usually) and 94.17% (almost always) in concrete ponds. The intensity of ectoparasites in soil ponds was 69.08 zooid / tail (weight), plastic ponds was 3.02 zooid / tail (light) and 60.96 was for zooid / tail in concrete ponds (heavy). Further research is needed to identify the infecting endoparasites in vanname shrimp cultivated at the base of different ponds.

Growth performance and muscle composition response to reduced feeding levels in juvenile red swamp crayfishProcambarus clarkii(Girard, 1852)

Overfeeding in aquaculture can lead to suboptimal growth and increased production costs. Red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, is one of the most noteworthy species cultured in China, but little information is available on the optimal feeding levels of this species, especially in ponds cultured with macrophytes. In this study, we tested the effects of five different feeding levels (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% satiation) of an artificial diet on growth performance and muscle composition of juvenile P. clarkii in 15 concrete ponds cultured with the macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata (three replicates for each treatment). The results showed that growth performance decreased only when feeding levels were below 60% satiation. Muscle composition analysis revealed that the moisture and ash contents of muscle did not vary significantly with feeding levels but that the lipid and protein contents of muscle significantly decreased when P. clarkii was fed to 40% satiation. Stable isotope analysis suggested a shift in crayfish diets to easily available H. verticillata when feeding levels decreased. With this study, we hope to encourage crayfish farmers to reduce feeding levels and increase natural food items such as macrophytes in cultured ponds to maximize crayfish yields and reduce production costs.

Effects of stocking density on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, antioxidant resistance, and intestinal microflora of blunt snout bream ( Megalobrama amblycephala ) juveniles

In this study, effects of stocking density on the growth performance and physiological responses of blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala juveniles were evaluated. The fish (average body weight, 25.76 ± 2.25 g) were randomly stocked at densities of 30F (30 fish/m³), 60F, 90F and 120F in 12 cages (1 m × 1 m × 1 m) in a concrete pond, with three cages for each density, for a period of 6 weeks. The higher stocking densities had a negative effect on individual growth performance. The results indicated that serum cortisol, triglyceride, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and malondialdehyde activities; and Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas and Vibrio numbers in the intestinal microflora increased significantly as the stocking density increased. In contrast, the viscerosomatic index, hepatosomatic index survival rate; serum glucose, total cholesterol, lipase, protease, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities; and Clostridium, Bacteroides, Lactococcus, Lactobacillus and Bacillus numbers in the intestinal microflora decreased significantly. The 90F and 120F groups showed obvious enlargement of the lamina propria and goblet cell damage, indicating that the gut showed inflammatory responses. The specific growth rate and weight gain rate increased significantly as the stocking density increased from 30 to 60 fish/m³, but decreased significantly when the stocking density was over 60 fish/m³.

Pemanfaatan bungkil kelapa fermentasi dalam pada ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus)

The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of the use of the best fermented coconut pulp in feed on the growth of tilapia. The research used 12 nets measuring 1x1 m placed in a concrete pond measuring 3.5 x 5 cm. The treatments were A (without fermented coconut pulp), B (10% fermented coconut pulp), C (20% fermented coconut pulp), and D (30% fermented coconut pulp). The experimental method used was a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 repetitions. Data collected were absolute growth, daily growth, relative growth, and feed efficiency. The results of the variance analysis showed an influence in the growth of tilapia size 5-8 cm. The best growth and feed efficiency value occurred in treatment D Thus the use of 30% fermented coconut pulp in fish food could improve the growth of tilapia.Key words : fermented coconut pulp, tilapia, growth feed efficiency

Sperm quality analysis of normal season (NG) and out-season by photoperiod manipulation (PG) of male rainbow trout broodstock (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Sperm quality parameters in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were investigated during normal season spawning (November-January) and out-season spawning (July-August) treated with artificial photoperiod manipulation. Normal spawning males (n = 15) were kept in an open concrete pond under natural condition. Out-season spawning males (n = 15) were treated with artificial LED light (50lm/m2) in a closed concrete pond. In these two experimental groups, five fish were used in each of three spawning periods. The mean weight and body length of males (2 + years, n = 30) were 1213.43 ± 39.43g and 45.08 ± 0.62cm, respectively. Sperms were collected from July to August 2016 in the out-season spawning or photoperiod-manipulated group (PG) (water temperature 14.21 ± 0.31°C) and from December 2016 to January 2017, in the normal season spawning group (NG) (water temperature 8.81 ± 1.03°C). Volume of sperm, osmolality of seminal plasma, density of sperm, percentage of motile spermatozoa (MOT), curvilinear velocity (VCL), and duration of motility were measured for each male. Seminal plasma osmolality, density of sperm, and the motility of duration were 358.47 ± 37.24 and 308.87 ± 44.09, 4.37 ± 2.10 and 9.8 ± 1.56, and 8.8 ± 2.42 and 24.6 ± 6.76 in PG and NG, respectively. Fertilization rate was 37.79 ± 9.37% and 94.51 ± 1.33% in PG and NG, respectively. Sperm quality parameters showed significant differences in most of the cases (p < 0.05) and fertilization rate at eyed egg stage (150-160 degree-days) was significantly higher in normal season spawning group than the photoperiod-manipulated group (p < 0.05). Though the rate of fertilization was low in out-season, it was able to get enough gametes in summer using only artificial light having no changes in other parameters.

Introduksi Pemijahan Buatan Dan Probiotik Dalam Meningkatkan Produksi Benih Lele Di Junrejo Malang

This community service was conducted to asssist catfish farmers to solve their problem in producing catfish fry. Several problems identified in the initial survey were low quality of catfish fry as some broodstock were too old, high cost of feed, lack of capital and lack of production and financial management. Some activities undertaken in this community service were: introduction of broodstock, concrete ponds, workshop on induced spawning and probiotic production, training of production and financial management, demo-pond and monitoring and evaluation. The results of demo-ponds showed that introduction of broodstock, concreate ponds, induced spawning method, application of probiotics increased the catfish fry production up to 59,1 % which then improved the farmers income up to 49,4%.

Analisis Keuntungan, Skala Usaha dan Efisiensi Ekonomi Relatif Usaha Budidaya Lele Dumbo Di Kota Bengkulu

This relative economic efficiency study uses Cobb-Douglas profit function. Besides being able to compare the efficiency level between two groups or more, use this profit function to find out whether the maximal short-term profits have been achieved and how the scale of the business is.The result of research shows the variable input factor and fixed input together effect on the profit of dumbo catfish culture business. As for the input variables comprised of the prices of which are: organic fertilizer, inorganic fertilizer, seed catfish, feed pellets, feed Dawu (small dried shrimp), drugs and labor. The fixed input consists of the pool area, the required capital (invested) and the long catfish cultivation. Among the various inputs partially, the inputs that affect the actual profit of dumbo catfish culture business is the area of the pond. Maximum short-term gain in cultivation of dumbo catfish has not been achieved. Of the seven input variables in the physical sense, only four were optimal use of inputs, namely organic fertilizers, inorganic fertilizers, feed and medicines Dawu. The state of the business scale indicates the presence of symptoms leading to increased scale of business (increasing return to scale). The comparison of economic efficiency by area of pond shows the existence of level of efficiency, that is the broader the pond of cultivation the higher the efficiency level. In addition, there is a similar degree of economic efficiency between farmers who use concrete ponds with farmers who use land ponds.

ГІЛЛЯСТОВУСІ (CLADOCERA) Й ВЕСЛОНОГІ (COPEPODA: CYCLOPOIDA, CALANOIDA) РАКОПОДІБНІ ВЕРХІВ’Я Р. УЖ (УКРАЇНСЬКІ КАРПАТИ)

There are noted 39 species of plankton crustaceans (16 – Cladocera and 23 – Copepoda (Calanoida and Cyclopoida)) from 48 lenthic water bodies of the upper Uzh river. One more species of Cyclopoida is given from the publications of other authors. Faunistic novelty of these groups is 5 % for the Ukrainian Carpathians. One new species for Europe – Sinodiaptomus sarsi (Rylov, 1923), one more for Ukraine – Eucyclops subterraneus (Graeter 1907), three ones for the Ukrainian Carpathians – Ceriodaphnia megalops Sars, 1890, Cyclops insignis Claus, 1857 and Acanthocyclops venustus (Norman et Scott, 1906), and nine regionally rare or insufficiently known species were found during the investigations. The rarity of plankton Cladocera and Copepoda fauna is 38 % on the investigated area. Specific fauna is inherent for all the basins of the tributaries of the upper Uzh as common species are absent there. Maximal density (1288.5 thous. exampl./m 3 ) of the plankton’s Cladocera and Copepoda communities in the Ukrainian Carpathians is noted for concrete pond of the Novostuzhytske forestry. 71 % of lenthic water bodies of the area of the upper Uzh have oligosaprobic status. This is the highest rate in the Ukrainian Carpathians. The fact points out the local water purity and minimal anthropogenic eutrophication. The investigations of planktofauna of the beaver ponds (Uzhok pass) in Carpathians was conducted for the first time in Ukraine. The ponds are important centre of the hydrobiodiversity at present time.

Antioxidants in the plasma of african catfish (&lt;i&gt;Clarias gariepinus&lt;/i&gt;) juveniles and adults reared in earthen ponds and concrete tanks

Levels of antioxidants (Catalase, Superoxide dismutase and Glutathione-S-Transferase) in plasma of Clarias gariepinus reared in grow-out concrete tanks and earthen ponds in three Agricultural Zones of Lagos State were investigated. Six farms namely, TEM, TRA (Eastern zone), BLU, TIM (Western zone), CHA, MOY (Far Eastern zone) and control farm, located in NIOMR, Badore. Antioxidants were determined spectrophotometrically to evaluate oxidative stress in these facilities. Sixty-four blood samples were collected from juveniles and adults of catfish (eight fish per farm), reared in these farms for six months. Blood samples were analyzed with Randox diagnostic test kits. Results from antioxidants analyses showed that values of Catalase, Superoxide dismutase and Glutathione-S-transferase in plasma of C. gariepinus (juveniles and adults) from control farm ranged from 0.60 – 0.90 Umg/protein; 0.10 – 0.58 Umg/protein and 0.20 – 0.42 Umg/protein respectively. In juvenile and adult fish reared in concrete and earthen ponds, the catalase reduced significantly (P&lt;0.05) in all farms when compared to control farm. Moreover, Superoxide dismutase and Glutathione transferase were equally elevated in other farms when compared to control. These alterations were more pronounced in fish reared in MOY and TEM fish farms than other farms. This indicates that fish in MOY and TEM farms were more stressed than fish in other farms when compared to control in rearing facilities.Key Words: Stress, antioxidants, catfish, earthen ponds and concrete tanks

Parasites associated with Clarias gariepinus (African catfish) from dam, plastic and concrete ponds in Bauchi metropolis, Bauchi State, Nigeria

Parasites associated with Clarias gariepinus (African catfish) from dam, plastic and concrete ponds in Bauchi metropolis, Bauchi State, Nigeria

Parasites associated with Clarias gariepinus (African catfish) from dam, plastic and concrete ponds in Bauchi metropolis, Bauchi State, Nigeria

Fish farming is an economic venture to make up the supply of human need of animal protein. Parasitic infections are some of the factors hindering high fish productivity in fish farms. Parasites associated with Clarias gariepinus were detected in Bauchi metropolis. A total of eighteen fishes were sampled, comprising of 6 plastic pond fish, 6 concrete pond fish and 6 dam fish were examined for parasite infestation. The fins, gills and skin of the fishes were examined for ectoparasites, while the lining of the gut lumen and gut contents were examined for endoparasites. Four parasitic species were encountered, these include, 2 protozoan: Trichodina spp., Ichthyophthiriusmultifilis, and 2 Helminthes (cestodes): Diphyllobothrium dendriticum, Diphyllobothrium latum. Ichthyophthirus muftifilis were the most common parasites found in dam and pond samples examined. Of the eighteen examined, 5(27.8%) were infected. The infection rate constitutes 16.7% of the total parasite encountered for fishes in pond and 50% of fishes in dam. Among the body parts of the sampled fishes from the pond, the gill 16.7% and fins 16.7% had the same percentage of parasite per location, while skin had 16.7% and also the intestine 33.3% had the highest percentage per location of the fish sampled from the dam. The collection comprises of different sizes of the total length, 19cm-48cm and also between 150-750g. Bigger fishes had more parasites than smaller ones. The ectoparasites encountered were found on the skin, fins and gills, whereas the small intestine was site for all the endoparasites recovered.

MORPHOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON CHIROMANTIS VITTIGER (ANURA: RHACOPHORIDAE) IN MOUNT HALIMUN - SALAK NATIONAL PARK, INDONESIA

Despite an early description, the rhacophorid frog (Chiromantis vittiger (Boulenger 1897)) is relatively poorly known species. It has been found in several areas in the mountainous part of western Java, one of which is in the Chevron Geothermal Indonesia (CGI) concession area within Mount Halimun-Salak National Park. An ecological study of this species and its habitat was conducted in CGI from April to September 2008. The biological and ecological aspects of this tree frog such as morphology, habitat characteristics, breeding behaviour, and larval development are presented in this paper. This study found that the fertilised eggs hatch as free-swimming tadpoles. In addition, the availability of artificial habitat in the form of concrete ponds helps sustain the population throughout the year. We also report parental care in this species.

Comparative Assessment of the Water Quality of Four Types of Aquaculture Ponds under Different Culture Systems

Abstract Water quality of collapsible, concrete, earthen and natural ponds under different culture systems were assessed using of Photometer and tester. Temporal and spatial replications of samples were done in triplicates. Dissolved oxygen ranged between 4.6 to 6.8 mg/l, carbon dioxide 1.4 - 3.0 mg/l, nitrate 1.6 - 3.2 mg/l, phosphate 0.8 - 2.3 mg/l, calcium hardness 65- 100 mg/l, magnesium hardness 30 - 50 mg/l and total hardness 80 and 165 mg/l. Conductivity ranged between 346 - 472 μS/cm, total dissolved solids 232 - 316 mg/l, transparency 36 - 82 cm, alkalinity 105 - 245 mg/l, pH 6.35 - 8.03 and temperature 29.1 to 35.9 °C. Significant difference (P&lt;0.05) was obtained among the parameters in the ponds showing the effects of the different culture systems on the water quality. Variations in the water quality was due to the presence of plankton and macrophytes found in earthen and natural ponds where semi-intensive and extensive culture were practiced, use of artificial feed in collapsible and concrete ponds where intensive culture was done, effects of respiration, photosynthesis and decomposition, source of water and materials used for the construction of the ponds. Water quality in the ponds under the different culture systems was good.