Parental Concern Research Articles

Exploring Variations in Parental Concerns about Children’s Education in Iraq: The Role of Education Level and Income

Exploring Variations in Parental Concerns about Children’s Education in Iraq: The Role of Education Level and Income

Связь стилей родительского воспитания c учебной мотивацией и эмоциональным состоянием подростков в условиях цифровизации

Background. The emotional state, the length of screen time and the level of educational motivation of schoolchildren are often a matter of concern for many parents. The study examines the relationship between educational motivation, the level of anger, and parenting styles from the adolescents’ point of view. Objectives. Identification and description of the specific interrelations between various aspects of parenting and the teenagers' motivation and anger in the context of global digitalization. Study Participants. The study involved 265 people (54% — female). The average age of the respondents was 13.8 years (M = 13.8, Me = 14, SD = 1.62). Methods. To study parenting styles, teenagers filled out the ad hoc questionnaire “Adolescents about parents”. The motivational and emotional components of the adolescents’ personality were examined by means of Andreeva & Prikhozhan’ questionnaire “Motivation of learning and emotional attitude to learning”. The level of digital engagement of adolescents was assessed on the basis of daily statistics of the average time spent using a mobile phone. Statistical analysis was performed using the general linear model (GLM) method in the Jamovi 2.3.16.0 program. Results. According to the results of the GLM model, the adolescents’ achievement motivation is negatively related to their average screen time. The level of educational motivation of adolescents is positively associated with the positive interest and autonomy provided by their parents. The teenagers’ level of anger is positively associated with directiveness, hostility and inconsistency of parents. According to the Wilcoxon test results, parenting styles such as directiveness, hostility and autonomy are more pronounced in fathers than in mothers. Conclusions. The most favorable parenting style for achieving high academic motivation and reducing the level of anger in adolescents is a pronounced positive interest and autonomy provided by parents along with a low level of directiveness, hostility and inconsistency. Achievement motivation has a negative relationship with the length of teenagers' screen time.

Impact of 6-months of an advanced hybrid closed-loop system on sleep and psychosocial outcomes in youth with type 1 diabetes and their parents

IntroductionYouth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and parents experience reduced quality of life and sleep quality due to nocturnal monitoring, hypoglycemia fear, and diabetes-related disruptions. This study examined the sleep and quality of life impact of advanced technology. MethodsThirty-nine youth with T1D, aged 2–17 years, starting an advanced hybrid closed-loop (HCL) system and a parent participated in an observational study. Surveys, actigraphy, sleep diaries, and glycemic data (youth) were captured prior to HCL, at one week, 3 months, and 6 months. Outcomes were modeled using linear mixed effects models with random intercepts to account for within-subject correlation, with least-squares means at each timepoint compared to baseline. ResultsParents and youth reported improvements in health-related quality of life and fear of hypoglycemia after HCL initiation. Concurrently, nocturnal glycemia improved. Actigraphy-derived sleep outcomes showed improved 6 month adolescent efficiency and 3 and 6 month parent wake after sleep onset. Additionally, parents reported improved subjective sleep quality and child sleep-related impairment at 3 months. ConclusionsWith nocturnal glycemic improvements in youth using HCL technology, some aspects of parent and youth sleep and quality of life improved. This may reflect decreased parental monitoring and worry and highlights benefits for youth beyond glycemia.

Management of food socialization for children with Prader-Willi Syndrome: An exploration study in Malaysia.

This study aims to explore the food management strategies among caregivers/family members of children with Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) using the lens of 'familialisation' of a health problem and the sociology of food socialization. Food intake among individuals with PWS is a main concern for parents, caregivers, and medical practitioners as it affects their physical, mental, and social well-being throughout their lives. Earlier studies on PWS and food intake centered around dietary management, dietary intake and growth, nutritional treatment and pharmacological approaches, nutritional phases, and weight gain. However, little has been done to understand the challenges of managing children with PWS from the sociological lens of food management strategies and socialization among families in Malaysia. This study is based on an investigation involving eight children with PWS and 46 family members and caregivers through lab observations and reflexive interviews. Ten food management strategies were identified that were adopted by the caregivers and families, which were influenced by cultural factors, family norms, and formal and informal support systems. The findings will influence future behavioral interventions to ensure the empowerment and well-being of individuals with PWS and their families.

Ab. No. 42 Effect of Visual Perceptual Skills Training on Manual Dexterity and Functional Abilities in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Case Series

Introduction: Globally, prevalence of ASD is rising alarmingly. Evidence synthesis on effective intervention strategies is crucial to bridge the knowledge gap. In addition to disruption in communication and social interaction, motor signs like impaired manual dexterity are frequently associated in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study aims to investigate the positive impact of visual perceptual skills training along with functional training as these skills are closely related to daily activities and academic skills. Methods: Three school-aged children (between 8-12 years of age) diagnosed with ASD were included. Motor clumsiness was the primary concern of parents. Intervention was based on principles of sensory integration. It comprised functional training along with visual perceptual skills training including figure-ground discrimination, design copying, visual scanning, visual closure, and visual-motor integration. Manual dexterity was assessed by the Nine-Hole Peg Test (9HPT) and Box and Block Test (BBT) before intervention and after 12 weeks of intervention. Besides, functional changes in activities like feeding, buttoning, writing, and copying from the board at inclusive schools were gauged. Result: All children showed improvement in manual dexterity as assessed by the 9HPT scores that changed from 49 to 40 seconds, 42 to 35 seconds, 45 to 37 seconds, respectively. In addition, BBT scores improved from 38 to 44 blocks, 41 to 49 blocks and 39 to 46 blocks, respectively. Independence in feeding and buttoning increased, apart from better efficiency in copying from board and writing. Conclusion: Visual perceptual skills training helped in improving manual dexterity in children with ASD. Moreover, independence in daily activities and academic skills were enhanced. Implications: This case series reveals that the effect of this approach is clinically significant in real life settings. However, it must be investigated on a larger population.

PENGARUH POLA ASUH ORANG TUA PERMISIF TERHADAP KECANDUAN PERMAINAN DARING YANG DIMEDIASI OLEH KESEJAHTERAAN PSIKOLOGIS

Online game addiction among adolescents is currently a major concern for parents in Indonesia. The parenting style implemented by parents can be one of the factors that trigger online game addiction in adolescents, one of which is the permissive parenting style. The main aim of this study is to investigate the effect of permissive parenting style on online game addiction mediated by psychological well-being, referring to the I-PACE theory. The quantitative method was employed in the study and respondents were selected using the purposive sampling technique. Participants in this study were adolescents aged 16-20 years throughout Indonesia who were collected by distributing questionnaires via social media. Data were collected from 269 respondents who were analyzed using the mediation model regression technique by Hayes with PROCESS software on the IBM SPSS version 25 for Windows application. The results of this study indicated that psychological well-being did not significantly mediate the effect of a permissive parenting style on online game addiction. However, psychological well-being significantly predicted online game addiction directly. Meanwhile, a permissive parenting style significantly predicted online game addiction. Permissive parenting style also significantly predicted psychological well-being. The permissive parenting style of fathers has a stronger effect on online gaming addiction.

Knowledge and beliefs of endocrine disruptors in pediatrics: all hands on deck!

Endocrine disruptors (ED) are ubiquitous pollutants, possibly implicated in chronic disease. Exposure of vulnerable populations; including neonates, infants and children; must therefore be limited. Informing parents is now a public health challenge. We conducted a quantitative cross-sectional study at the Lyon Mother and child Hospital. We used questionnaires to assess the beliefs and knowledge about ED of parents and pediatric healthcare professionals in the pediatric ward in Lyon, France. A total of 746 questionnaires were completed: 444 for professionals and 302 for parents. The majority of both populations had already heard of ED but only 10% of parents and 5% of professionals felt sufficiently informed. Professionals answered better than parents (73% vs. 60%). The main source of information was similar: media. Only 20% of professionals had read a scientific article about ED and 4% have followed a training. Environmental exposure and EDs is an increasing concern for parents but specific knowledge remains scare for parents and professionals. Specific training is needed.

Early Identification and Intervention for Infant Speech and Language Delays: A Narrative Review

Language is one of the most basic communication tools for human social and behavioral activities. Language is a form of cognitive expression that reflects the thinking and psychological processes of the human brain. Because language is central to so many aspects of human life – cognition, social interaction, education and vocation – valid identification, prevention, and treatment of language disorders is a high priority for the therapeutic professions. Delay and/or difficulty in beginning to use the language is one of the most common causes of parental concern for young children brought to pediatricians and other professionals. The importance of early intervention is acknowledged by professionals and non-professionals alike. It advocates promotion of positive assets and development of the child and the family. The major purpose of early intervention is prevention of disability and developmental delays. The ultimate goal in intervention is to enhance normal development and independent functioning of the child. Intervention may focus on the child, parents, family, and community

«Только ею… держится и движется жизнь»: тема родительской любви в творчестве И. С. Тургенева

The plot of Turgenev’s novellas and novels typically explore complex situations related to the relationship between a man and a woman. However, the theme of child/parent relations occupies an equally significant place in the writer’s work. In early works, he often solves it at the household level, in the form of parental concern for the socialization of their child, and sometimes it is also associated with the motive of parental authority. However, since the late 1850s, Turgenev’s portrayal of parental love takes on spiritual dimensions. Christian motifs, such as parental blessings and prayers for children, are becoming increasingly important. The intensification of such intonations also occurs in later years, when Turgenev is involved in the polemics relevant for that time about the relationship between the instinctive and the moral, including in child-parent relations, which captures even the animal world from him. In some of his later works, inspired by observations of birds, the writer depicts parental care for their offspring and translates these behaviors to a human context, underscoring the supernatural significance of parental love.

Teenage Dental Alignment, Self-Esteem, Parental Stress and Performance in Schools in Kenya: A Case of Dentplan Dental Surgeons in Kenya

The adolescent period is marked by significant physical and psychological transformations, during which dental appearance can play a pivotal role in shaping self-perception and social interactions. This issue extends beyond the individual to affect the family unit, where parental concern for their child’s wellbeing and the financial implications of orthodontic treatments contribute to heightened stress levels. This, in turn, can disrupt the supportive environment crucial for a teenager’s educational journey. By employing a descriptive research design, this study aimed to conduct an analysis of the current state of teenage dental alignment issues in Kenya, exploring their correlation with self-esteem levels and the subsequent effects on parental stress and academic performance. This study was anchored on Social comparison theory. The target population for the study comprised learners with dental misalignment, their parents or guardians and dental surgeons at Dentplan Dental surgeons in Kenya. The study purposively selected 20 learners with dental misalignment and 3 surgeons to take part in the study. The study used both structured questionnaire and Key Informant Interview (KII) for purposes of collecting primary data. The questionnaires was administered to the learners or their parents, while KII was administered to the surgeons. The quantitative data collected using the questionnaire was analyzed with the aid of SPSS using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The qualitative data gathered using KII was analyzed thematically using content analysis. The findings were presented in tables and narratives. The findings revealed that dental alignment significantly affects self-esteem and school performance among teenagers treated at Dentplan Dental Surgeons in Kenya, with an R squared value of 0.566, indicating that dental alignment explains 56.6% of the variation in these outcomes. The regression coefficients results revealed a significant positive effect of dental alignment on self-esteem and school performance, with a coefficient (B = 0.653, p-value = 0.000).The study concludes that dental alignment significantly affects self-esteem and school performance among teenagers treated at Dentplan Dental Surgeons in Kenya. In view of the findings, the study recommends that dental practitioners should prioritize comprehensive and individualized treatment plans that address both the physical and psychological impacts of dental alignment issues and they should partner with schools for dental check-ups and education early in learners life.

초등교사의 교권 침해 예방을 위한 직무 수행 전략에 관한 연구

This study aims to elucidate strategies conducive to safeguarding teachers' rights, thereby mitigating the risk of the Infringement of Teaching Rights. The investigation employed a qualitative approach, relying on in-depth interviews with educators who havd amassed a decade or more of experience in the teaching profession, and who had never experienced the Infringement of Teaching Rights. To establish the foundational framework for this study, an exhaustive analysis of 884 instances of teaching rights violations in elementary schools from 2019 to 2022 was conducted. Subsequently, the facets of teachers' job performance and attitudes were divided into seven distinct categories; (1) Teachers' Teaching Officer, (2) Humanistic View of Students, (3) Classroom Rule Setting, (4) Interest Parent Management, (5) Teacher Fairness, (6) Parent Consultation, (7) Teacher Self-discipline. In the latter part of the investigation, in-depth interviews were conducted with 15 educators across the identified categories who had never experienced the Infringement of Teaching Rights. The objective was to gain insights into the strategies underpinning their job performance, aimed at forestalling encroachment on their teaching rights. The findings of this study converge on a set of discernible job performance and attitudinal attributes that are crucial for preventing teaching rights infringements. These can be encapsulated as follows; (1) Establishment of professional authority through the augmentation of teachers' expertise, (2) Cultivation of a positive perspective toward students, (3) Adherence to prescribed classroom rules, (4) Strategic cultivation of relationships with concerned parents, (5) Equitable guidance and management of students, (6) Proactive engagement in parental counseling, (7) Exemplification of meticulousness by educators, and (8) Proficiency in delivering guidance to students in conjunction with thorough self-discipline.

Using Literary Texts in Teaching English as a Foreign Language

The present study investigates the effectiveness of using literary texts in teaching English as a foreign language in Nepal. The objective of this study is to explore the multiple advantages of literary text in language teaching. Adopting a qualitative design, the study collected data from eight teachers from four private schools of Mahalaxmi Municipality of Lalitpur district of Kathmandu Valley. The data were obtained through semi-structured interviews and interaction with the teachers. After the interview and the Interaction, it was known that the literary texts were effective resources for teaching and learning English They have been used for various purposes such as comprehension questions, vocabulary, various aspects, skills, and levels of language. Moreover, the study also identified some challenges, such as students' lack of sufficient exposure to literary texts and their prior knowledge, limited time and resources, the need for teachers to develop appropriate pedagogical strategies, exam-oriented mentality of parents, students, and administrators should be changed. The study concludes that incorporating literary texts in EFL teaching in Nepal can be a valuable resource for enhancing students' language learning outcomes, developing communicative and linguistic competence, and fostering their creative and critical faculties as well as intercultural understanding. It is expected that the paper will be very useful for the concerned teachers, students, administrators, and parents.

The Importance of Ethical Values in Explicit Music in English from a Parental Perspective

Given the significant influence of the English language in most Spanish educational centres in Spain as well as on main top popular music charts in this country, and considering the current crisis of ethical values on a global level, the aim of this study was to primarily assess the level of parental concern related to explicit language in songs in the English language and relate its connection with own ethical values. The instrument used to collect data was a Likert-scale based questionnaire (with 5 response-options) following the hypotheses of this study (Behaviour and emotions of minors; Level of English and understanding of the language, explicit music broadcasted globally and modification of ethical values if in a foreign language), which were defined through the structural equation model (SEM-PLS), a method recommended for studies in social sciences. A total of 160 responses were collected from parents/tutors claiming they had a lower-intermediate level of the English language and with children/students who were enrolled in different bilingual schools in Extremadura (Spain). Results actually revealed a relaxed attitude towards ethical values compromised by explicit language, should these be in a foreign language, therefore evidencing a different personal ranking of values in a foreign language.

Child-Friendly School in Inclusive Education (A Study of School Leadership in SPNF SKB Medan)

This study aims to determine the principal's leadership in increasing the competence of teachers who are ready for inclusive education at SPNF SKB Medan, to find out the principal's leadership in increasing parental concern for the handling of children with special needs at SPNF SKB Medan and to find out the principal's leadership in forming inclusive classes at SPNF SKB Medan. This study used a qualitative descriptive approach with research subjects directed at collecting data from school principals. Data collection was carried out using observation, semi-structured interviews and document studies. The results of the study show that the leadership of the principal of inclusive education at SKB Medan is to provide the best service that is owned by the existing school's capabilities, move learning from ordinary classes to the computer lab, give teachers freedom to adjust learning methods and subject matter to students' abilities.

ANALYSIS OF MORAL VALUES IN THE NOVEL 'PUDARNYA PESONA CLEOPATRA' BY HABIBURRAHMAN EL-SHIRAZY AND ITS APPLICATION AS TEACHING MATERIAL FOR ANALYZING THE CONTENT AND LANGUAGE OF THE NOVEL FOR 12TH-GRADE HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

The advancement of globalization in today's society has had a negative impact on the manners and ethics of students. As a result, education plays a crucial role in shaping the character of students, particularly in terms of moral values. This study aims to examine the moral values depicted in the novel "Pudarnya Pesona Cleopatra" by Habiburrahman El-Shirazy and explore its potential as a learning resource in novel-based education. The research adopts a qualitative approach, focusing on the moral values portrayed in the novel. Data collection involves reading and writing methods. The findings reveal that the novel "Pudarnya Pesona Cleopatra" encompasses three main moral values: 1) individual morals, which pertain to one's relationship with oneself, 2) social morals, which involve interactions with others, and 3) religious morals, which encompass one's relationship with God. These three categories are further divided into 19 specific moral values, including honesty, never give up, sincerity, responsibility, firm stance, hard work, mutual love, parental concern for their children, parental obligations, children's affection for parents, helping, respecting each other, willing to sacrifice, respecting each other, advising, not imposing the will of others, always grateful, surrendering and praying, resulting in a total of 41 moral values. The outcomes of this study can be utilized as a valuable resource for teaching Indonesian language in the twelfth grade of high school, specifically in the context of Basic Competence (KD) 3.9, which focuses on analyzing the content and language of novels.

Support Group Intervention on Self-Awareness and Parental Coping Strategies as an Effort to Prevent Sexual Violence in Children

Background: The victims, primarily female children, have suffered sexual abuse, often perpetrated by individuals known to them, such as neighbors or acquaintances. In interviews with concerned parents regarding ongoing cases of sexual abuse, they expressed fears about their children falling victim to such incidents.. The research aim was to assess the effectiveness of support group interventions in enhancing self-awareness and parental coping strategies as preventive measures against child sexual abuse. Methods: The study's main objective is to evaluate the impact of Support Groups in improving Self-Awareness and Parental Coping Strategies. It employed a quasi-experimental design using a non-equivalent group pre-test and post-test methodology, with one group as the control and the other as the experimental group. The study included 70 respondents in the intervention group and an equal number in the control group, selected through purposive sampling. Research instruments comprised the Revised Ways of Coping Scale questionnaire for coping strategies and a self-awareness questionnaire. Non-parametric data analysis was conducted using SPSS, specifically the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Results: Results of the normality test indicated that both the intervention and control groups had p-values of less than 0.05 for coping strategies (0.002 for the intervention group and 0.003 for the control group) and self-awareness (0.000 for both groups), suggesting non-normal data distribution. Consequently, non-parametric statistical analysis was applied with SPSS, and a significance level was set at p < 0.05. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test results for the intervention group were 0.000 (coping strategies) and 0.000 (self-awareness), signifying a significant difference in average pretest and posttest scores within the intervention group. Conversely, the control group's Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test results were 0.953 (coping strategies) and 0.317 (self-awareness), indicating no significant difference in average pretest and posttest scores within the control group. Conclusion: Based on the research findings and discussion, it can be deduced that support group interventions positively impact the enhancement of parental coping strategies and self-awareness in the endeavor to prevent child sexual abuse.

Enhancing a Quality Teaching and Learning Environment in Large Classes in South African Universities: a Theoretical Exposition

The perpetual increase in students’ enrolment in higher education institutions, worldwide, has recently emerged as a key concern for both students, educators, parents, policy makers and educational policy analysts alike. This phenomenon has been borne out of a global trend of massification of higher education as many countries begin to consider the importance of education and skills development in economic growth and social development. On the other hand, it has been triggered by the perceived pattern of commodification of higher education services in which student intake and teaching outputs are intricately linked to the financial sustainability of higher education institutions. In this paper, a critical examination of literature pertaining to Large Class Pedagogy and Learning Theories is undertaken with a view to determine how one could teach and ensure quality learning in large classes within a South African higher education context. Anchored within a critical qualitative frame of analysis, the assessment draws from existing literature on Large Class Pedagogy (LCP), learning theories, teaching approaches and learning styles to provide a conceptual lens in which the challenges associated with large class environments can be mitigated to offer an educational experience of acceptable quality. The paper provides a synthesis of pertinent issues that have arose in the critical examination of LCP and appropriate Learning Theories in a developing country context as that of South Africa. It appears that government funding to higher education institutions should be increased through adoption of large class size reduction policies, equitable allocation of resources to faculties and academic departments by universities, rigorous assessment of staff-student ratios and infrastructure when new academic programs are introduced, monitoring of adherence to approved yearly student enrolment targets in academic programme, adoption of collaborative learning methods by academic staff in which self-directed learning styles in students are encouraged and supported, optimal use of educational technologies through systematic integration of digitization in the learning and teaching environment, enhanced administrative psycho-social support to students and lecturers are some of the macro, mesa and micro level strategies required to enhance quality teaching and learning with increasing class sizes.

Increased rates of unattained developmental milestones among Israeli children between 2016 and 2020: a national report

BackgroundThe early years of children’s lives are critical for their healthy development. Although children’s growth and development rates may vary, a significant delay during early childhood could indicate a medical or a developmental disorder. Developmental surveillance is used worldwide by healthcare providers in routine encounters, as well as by educators and parents, to elicit concerns about child development. In this work, we used a national dataset of developmental assessments to describe temporal trends of milestone attainment rates and associations between milestone attainment and various sociodemographic factors.MethodsThe study included 1,002,700 children ages birth until 6 years with 4,441,689 developmental visits between the years 2016 and 2020. We used the Israeli developmental scale to assess the annual rates of failure to attain language, social and motoric milestones by the entire population, as well as by subgroups stratified by sociodemographic factors. In addition, we evaluated the rates of parental concern for child development and of the nurse’s report of development inadequate for age. We used multivariable logistic regression to analyze the impact of different sociodemographic factors on the odds of failure to attain milestones, while controlling for confounding.ResultsMilestone failure rates progressively increased over the examined years in all developmental domains, and most prominently in the language domain. Conversely, the rates of parental concern for developmental delay remained constant. In multivariable analysis, higher risk of milestone attainment failure was observed in children whose mothers were divorced, unemployed, immigrant, had lower education, of Bedouin origin or were over 40 years old when giving birth.ConclusionsThis report describes national trends of child development in the gross motor, fine motor, language, and social domains. A periodic report of these trends should be published to objectively evaluate subgroups in need for intervention, and to assess the effectiveness of intervention programs in attempt to maximize the developmental potential of children in Israel.

Facilitators and Barriers to Understanding and Accepting People with a Sexual Interest in Children: A Thematic Analysis.

The widespread conflation between having a sexual interest in children and engaging in sexually abusive behavior contributes significantly to elevated levels of stigma targeted at people living with a sexual interest in children. Stigmatization and societal punitiveness surrounding people living with these interests can impact their well-being, obstruct help-seeking, and potentially increase risk of offending behavior. Recent quantitative research employing stigma intervention strategies has produced encouraging results in reducing stigmatizing attitudes toward this population. The current study sought to expand on quantitative research findings to explore qualitatively the facilitators and barriers to understanding and accepting people living with sexual interest in children. Thirty participants were interviewed following completion of an online stigma intervention study. Participants were asked about their attitudinal responses to the earlier study and how personal and professional experiences contributed to shaping their attitudes surrounding people living with a sexual interest in children. Reflexive inductive thematic analysis was used to explore what factors promote understanding and what factors act as barriers to understanding people with sexual interest in children. The significance of experiences which challenged the dominant social narrative was identified across several themes which facilitated understanding and acceptance of people who have a sexual interest in children. Themes which reflected barriers to understanding included difficulty comprehending alternate narratives, parental concern, and reinforcement of current stereotypes. Implications for developing stigma-reduction interventions and future research are discussed.

Parental Migration and Psycho-Social Challenges of Left-Behind Girls in Nepal

The study explores the effect of parental migration on the psycho-social well-being of left-behind girls in Nepal, considering the concerns arising from the parental absence. It aims to compare the psychosocial well-being of left-behind girls with that of non-left-behind girls, taking into account factors like the duration of parental abroad stay and the level of parental concern. Conducted during the academic session of 2079 BS in Kaski District, Nepal, the study employs a cross-sectional survey design with a representative sample of 144 secondary-level students. The well-being measurement framework is adopted to gauge the participants' overall well-being. The research delves into various aspects such as background characteristics, emotional turbulence, life contentment, and supportive mechanisms. Despite differences in age distributions and caste dynamics, both groups exhibit similar levels of life contentment and positive peer relationships. The findings of the study reveal that left-behind girls have the experience of higher emotional turbulence in some aspects, such as loneliness and unhappiness, while non-left-behind girls report more worry and sleep problems. The findings suggest that while the left-behind status is significant, other factors such as family support and personal attributes contribute to the psycho-social well-being of both left-behind girls and non-left-behind girls.