Stereotypical Conceptions Research Articles

Stereotypical Images of Ukrainians and Russians in a HumanitarianCrisis: Multicultural Perspectives

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: This article aims to map the stereotypical image of Ukrainians and Russians from a cross-cultural perspective in the context of the ongoing armed conflict.
 RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The research problem concerns the cultural differences that are revealed in the perception of representatives of the two nationalities that are involved in the armed conflict. Since stereotypical judgements are most often revealed in language, an adjective check list was used for the study. A sample of 92 Polish and Slovenian students took part in the study. The collected linguistic material was used to analyse and compare cross-cultural stereotypical judgements about Ukrainian and Russian citizens.
 THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The argument begins with theoretical perspectives on the concept of stereotyping and the process of stereotyping. The role of language in the stereotyping process is analysed. An analysis of the results and conclusions is presented.
 RESEARCHRESULTS: In general, Polish students attribute fewer positive adjectives than Slovenian students to both Ukrainians and Russians. The analysis revealed significant statistical differences as well as similarities between the researched groups of Polish and Slovenian students in terms of the stereotypical image of Ukrainians and Russians.
 CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS: Empirical evidence shows that Polish and Slovenian students have more in common in their perception of Russians, while they perceive Ukrainians quite differently. The linguistic characteristics obtained in this study provide a general insight into the perceptions of the two nationalities involved in the war. It should also be noted that these characteristics of Ukrainians and Russians may constitute socially important knowledge on the negative stereotypes about these nationalities. This knowledge may be useful in challenging counteracting or disseminating such judgements, which may be harmful and lead to prejudice or discrimination against people from the nationalities studied.

Gender stereotypes: essence, types and influence on self-realization of women of different ages

The article provides a detailed examination of the concept and essence of gender stereotypes, their diversity. The specific features of the impact of gender stereotypes on women’s self-realization in early and middle adulthood were analyzed. It has been found that gender stereotypes are fixed beliefs (ideas) about what women/ men are like and should be like, which shape their behavior in society. The problem of the gender stereotypes is considered by the authors as one of the most crucial and relevant in modern society due to a predominantly negative impact on women’s self-realization, which is reflected in complications in career advancement of women, existence of gender-based occupational segregation in the labor market, discrimination as well as conformism, personal stagnation, rigidity, devaluation of personality. The study has demonstrated that most of the women recognize the existence of gender stereotypes in modern society and aware of their impact on self-realization. Masculinity-Femininity stereotypes are predominant among the other types of gender stereotypes in both young and middle-aged women. The empirical examination has revealed that stereotypical beliefs are inherent in married women to a greater extent compared to single women. A comparative analysis has shown that women in early adulthood are less likely to manifest stereotypical beliefs than women in middle adulthood. Moreover, it was found that women in early adulthood have a higher level of striving for self-actualization compared to middle-aged women. Respondents have low scores on the “Spontaneity”, “Autosympathy”, and “Human Nature” scales, and high scores on the “Values” and “Creativity” scales. The following tendency can be observed: the women with a high level of stereotyping have lower index of self-realization than the women with non-stereotypical views. Despite numerous scientific works of foreign and national scientists about gender stereotypes, the problem of the impact of gender stereotypes on women’s self-realization has not been studied in depth by Ukrainian scientists. This highlights the relevance and novelty of the scientific work.

The Issue of Teenage Girl Marriage in Indonesian Films: Analysis of the "Yuni" Film Reception

The film titled “Yuni” talks about a young girl named Yuni who experiences pressure from her society to get married. Despite gaining international recognition through awards at prestigious events, this film has attracted various discourses on social media. This research aims to examine the audience’s meaning of the film “Yuni”, especially for women who have married in their teens. This is phenomenological research that focuses on the experience of the audience as individuals. The research method uses Stuart Hall’s reception analysis with the concept of encoding and decoding and uses the stereotype concept of Richard Dyer as an analytical tool. This research uses in-depth interviews, observations, and literature studies. The results show that the audience’s meaning is in a position of dominance and negotiation. A dominant position occurs through scenes that show that married teenage girls are victims of a still-strong cycle of patriarchal systems and we will limit the options to develop themselves for experience after marriage. The negotiating position occurs in scenes that show stereotypes related to women must be smart in matters of kitchens, wells, and beds.

‘Talent Offends, Genius Terrifies’

Christopher Langford James (1952 – 2008) was a Zimbabwean-born composer, orchestrator and pianist, whose style conflated traditional European musical textures with southern African instrumentation, rhythms, and harmonies. His compositions include works such as Four Portraits for Pianoforte in Four Movements (1982), Songs of Lamentation and Remonstration (1985), Images of Africa (1987), and Paradise Regained (1999). While my research on James’s life and music has uncovered multiple angles for critical inquiry, the dominant narrative that emerged from interviews with his family, and discussions with colleagues, was that of mental illness. This article argues that mental illness – while being a very real condition experienced by James – can simultaneously be understood as doing persona work. Through the intersecting frameworks of persona studies and life writing, this article critically interrogates the understanding of stereotypical concepts of mental illness within the construct of what Kim Barbour terms ‘artistness’. Through critical examination of how mental illness is understood and interpreted as a central construction of artistness, this article speaks to the complexity of the construction of James’s biography, and how the narrative performance of James’s mental illness can be understood within the framework of persona studies.

Digital Stereotypes in HMI-The Influence of Feature Quantity Distribution in Deep Learning Models Training.

This paper proposes a concept of Digital Stereotypes, observed during research on quantitative overrepresentation of one class over others, and its impact on the results of the training of Deep Learning models. The real-life observed data classes are rarely of the same size, and the intuition of presenting multiple examples of one class and then showing a few counterexamples may be very misleading in multimodal classification. Deep Learning models, when taught with overrepresentation, may produce incorrect inferring results, similar to stereotypes. The generic idea of stereotypes seems to be helpful for categorisation from the training point of view, but it has a negative influence on the inferring result. Authors evaluate a large dataset in various scenarios: overrepresentation of one or two classes, underrepresentation of some classes, and same-size (trimmed) classes. The presented research can be applied to any multiclassification applications, but it may be especially important in AI, where the classification, uncertainty and building new knowledge overlap. This paper presents specific ’decreases in accuracy’ observed within multiclassification of unleveled datasets. The ’decreases in accuracy’, named by the authors ’stereotypes’, can also bring an inspiring insight into other fields and applications, not only multimodal sentiment analysis.

Adherence to stereotypes as a prerequisite for acceptance of the situation of domestic violence in civil and military university students

The article is devoted to the study of the degree of acceptance of gender stereotypes in the professional and private fields as a factor that increases the likelihood of accepting a situation of domestic violence both as an aggressor and as a victim. The article analyzes approaches to understanding domestic violence in sociological, psychological, and philosophical schools. Domestic violence is considered by the author as a manifestation of social inequality, leading to the criminalization of family relations, a decrease in the level of social and personal security, and the formation of helplessness among victims of family aggression. The concepts of social and gender stereotype are revealed, the structure and typology of social stereotypes are described. Summarizing the experience of working in the Tver crisis center, the author gives a description of the characteristic features of a victim of domestic violence, among which most are adherents of gender stereotypes. The article describes a study aimed at studying the degree of adherence to gender stereotypes among young people studying in the civil and military spheres and conducted with the help of a questionnaire compiled by the author. The empirical basis of the study is a survey of girls and young people from Tver and Moscow (226 people). The analysis of the obtained data showed that in the male and female samples there is a high degree of acceptance of traditional ideas about gender-role behavior, which, according to the author, can be the basis for accepting the situation of domestic violence as a model of family relations and its transmission in the next generations. According to the author, one of the important directions of combating gender stereotypes and increasing the level of social equality in Russian society can be training courses on the problems of domestic violence. The above research results and their analysis will be useful to practitioners in the field of helping professions, state and social institutions.

Portrayal of Women Through Zambian Memes

Among internet content produced by internet users, are memes. Facebook and WhatsApp have become an integral part of society in this age of social media where the young generation and older adults engage in social interaction. These memes, sometimes, carry wrong perceptions and messages that can create false consciousness among the people. The notion of gender is culturally and socially constructed. Social media sites have reinforced the concept of gender stereotyping through its content. These sites are invisibly controlling people’s lives by transferring the stereotyped ideology. Stereotypes have been a central theme in memes on social media. Some Facebook and WhatsApp memes are portraying women in the way gender roles have been represented. The study adopted a disparagement or superiority theory and social constructionism theory to examine the content of Zambian memes. Data for this article was drawn from general scanning of Facebook and WhatsApp. This study analyses how women are portrayed in Zambian memes on social media, particularly Facebook and WhatsApp. In this regard, this study used purposive sampling and selected 100 Facebook and WhatsApp memes as samples but only thirty were analysed in this study. Using thematic analysis of the sample, the representations of women in the Zambian memes sampled exhibited negative constructions of women and womanhood. Further, the findings showed that the language used in Zambian memes not only imparts joy and laughter, but also some statements that convey hatred, sarcasm, viciousness, and vulgarity to women

Gender equality in political life in Indonesia

In Indonesia, the issue of gender equality has lately become an endless issue and is still striving to continue to be championed both at the executive and legislative levels. The issue of gender equality includes substantive understanding of the gender perspective policy itself. Therefore, the gender movement then became mainstream in developing countries including Indonesia. In the process of democratization, the issue of greater women's political participation, representation and the issue of accountability is an absolute requirement for the realization of a more meaningful democracy in Indonesia. A meaningful democracy is democracy that pays attention to and fights for the interests of the majority of Indonesia's population consisting of women. The idea that politics is not territory for women is an idea that has always been echoed for centuries, and it is indeed very effective to restrict women from entering this region. Public and private terminology that is closely related to the concept of gender, gender roles, and stereotypes, has created inequality and injustice between women and men. The most obvious result of such a political situation is the marginalization and exclusion of women from formal political life.

‘Lost in translation’: United Nations commentaries on gender stereotypes to Muslim countries

ABSTRACT The majority of writing on global human rights diffusion focuses on the state level and state’s rejection or assimilation of such norms. This paper turns the focus to the international level and to the norm gatekeeper, the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, CEDAW. The study examines how CEDAW translates the mission of eradication of negative stereotypes. The analysis is based on close reading of UN policy documents defining the concept of stereotypes, and a content analysis of 55 commentary reports addressed to Muslim states from 2010 to 2019. The paper identified three main obstacles to an effective process: the UN’s emphasis on the behavioural manifestation of stereotypes instead of confronting social perceptions; the commentary reports’ use of vague and superficial terminology that fails to operationalise eradication of stereotypes; and a deficiency of positive social and cultural models that inhibits a vision for a world devoid of stereotypes. To conclude, CEDAW condones the presence of negative stereotypes but at the same time avoids translating its mission into clear applicable action.

Dynamic Stereotyping Across Occupations. How Management Academics and Practitioners Negotiate the Knower-Doer Stereotype in Interaction

Despite the growing debate on the difficult relationship between management theory and practice, we still know little about what happens when academics and practitioners meet in liminal contexts, and how they deal with perceived differences. We study a corporate executive program where management academics and R&D managers draw on the ‘knower-doer’ stereotype to exchange knowledge about technology innovation management. We introduce the concept of dynamic stereotyping -i.e. using readily available occupational images to engage immediately in temporary and fluid exchanges with members of other occupations. Dynamic stereotyping (anticipation, reaction and reversal) can help reduce the relational insecurity experienced by academics and practitioners when they meet and promote the transition from abstracted to more embodied and realistic views of each other. We contribute to the theory-practice debate and to the literatures on stereotypes and occupations by providing a process-based view on stereotyping and the conditions favoring dynamic versus rigid stereotyping.

La vida adaptada a la precariedad: Ecología de las zonas áridas

Drylands occupy approximately 40 % of the Earth's surface. Their peculiar hydrological regime, with water as the main limiting factor, together with other characteristics, such as the variability of rainfall and their ecological heterogeneity, turn these regions into one of the main and most relevant sets of biomes on the planet. Beyond their stereotypical conception as places with a low economic and ecological profile, these territories have enormous biodiversity and support 40 % of the world's population. Global warming is increasing atmospheric aridity and the strategies developed over millennia by their inhabitants are a model to learn from. Preserving these places is essential to combat climate change, and to do so, it is essential to have an in-depth understanding of their structure and functioning.

Human–Robot Companionship: Cultural Ideas, Limitations, and Aspirations. An Analysis of Sex Robot Marketing Videos

AbstractAs society moves swiftly towards incorporating an increased number of social robots, the need for a deeper cultural understanding of companionship as a critical social aspect of human–robot connection is urgent. This cultural study examines how three of the most popular and publicly available sex robot marketing videos mobilise the meaning of companionship. Videos of "Roxxxy", “Harmony”, and “Emma” were examined employing a social semiotic discourse analysis based on a long history of identifying how advertisements tap into social and cultural ideals. Companionship is identified as: (i) enjoyed through attention, reliability, usefulness, support, trust, and kindness; (ii) including ideas of long-term commitment and endurance through the mundane, every day, and ordinary aspects of life; (iii) occurring where the meanings of connection for humans and robots are conflated even though they differ for humans and technology; and (iv) a vulnerability for both robot and human. Furthermore, the representations of robot companions remain limited to stereotypical concepts of women; viewers are positioned as desiring a product that claims agency but has none, and is marketed ‘as good as’ a human woman. In all, the representations are complex and far too simple—simple because this is an ideological model of companionship and complex because the ideas of technology are conflated with human–human ideals of companionship. Where technological design aspires towards a better future for humans, there is an urgency to move beyond the limited anthropomorphic cultural concepts presently aspired to in the design and marketing of companion robots.

Assessing Pre-service Teachers’ Views of Scientists, Their Activities, and Locations: the VoSAL Instrument

In science education, learners’ conceptions of scientists and their work are often assessed by the Draw-A-Scientist Test (DAST). Due to validity concerns, methodical literature demands the development of alternative instruments to measure learners’ conceptions validly and efficiently. This study presents an instrument with 29 rating scale items to assess pre-service teachers’ (PSTs) Views of Scientists, their Activities, and Locations (VoSAL). The items were developed based on theoretical considerations, previous findings, and repeated discussions by biology education experts. After several steps of test development, PSTs filled out the questionnaire (N = 1,098). Exploratory factor analyses and reliability measurements mostly confirm the proposed structure. Groups comparisons were performed regarding the results from pre-service biology teachers of three different study stages (nfreshmen = 114; nsecond and third years = 124; ngraduates = 107). Analyses of variance and corresponding post-hoc tests showed that undergraduates (freshmen, second and third years) differ significantly from graduates regarding the scales stereotypical appearance, inquiry location, and scientific activity, with undergraduates having more stereotypical conceptions than graduates. In sum, the VoSAL can be utilized to gain valid data of PSTs’ conceptions about scientists and their work. Also, the VoSAL can be considered efficient since the test time is between 5 and 10 min. Thus, the questionnaire is valuable in studies that aim to introduce and expose PSTs to realistic science images.

Children’s understanding of the concept of social stereotypes

Children’s understanding of the concept of social stereotypes

Josephine Baker e Mercedes Baptista: casos de representações da mulher negra na dança

ABSTRACT Based on the analysis of the trajectory of two dancers, Josephine Baker and Mercedes Baptista, this article proposes a reflection on the concept of stereotypes as per Stuart Hall. Being Black women, categories were applied to their movements without further depth: for Josephine, there was the identification with primitive dances; for Mercedes, the lack of recognition of a Black body in a leading role in classical dance. The ways in which they dealt with stereotypes and became agents of their bodies, and the marks they left in the western society will be the objects of analysis.

PERAN HUMOR TOKOH NAGABONAR DALAM SKENARIO FILM NAGABONAR KARYA ASRUL SANI

This article proves the film scenario as a literary work, and discusses the role of humor in Nagabonar characters and jokes about the values of the struggle for independence in Asrul Sani's Nagabonar film scenario. The method used is Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotics and the study of humor in a psychological perspective. The results of the analysis obtained based on structural analysis in the perspective of text communication prove that a film scenario is a textual work that can be studied based on the nature of a literary work. And an analysis of humor created and acting as a response or self-defense mechanism to the Nagabonar character, as well as a reversal of the concept and logic of stereotypes of heroism in Indonesia.

Wizerunek kobiety niezamężnej w wypowiedziach gimnazjalistów (szkic kulturowo-językowy)

The purpose of this article is to answer the question how (and whether) stereotypes about unmarried women function in the language of contemporary youth. The basis of the research are the surveys of 15-year-olds from Lublin regarding women specified in the article. I divide the paper into three parts: I begin with the approximation of the concept of stereotype , and then I characterize old maids – mainly based on dictionary quotes and student statements. I close the whole with the discussion on how to perceive singles, using – as above – both dictionaries and literature in the field of linguistics, cultural studies, as well as from internet portals addressed to women. According to the results of the analysis, the expression old maid , which has been present in Polish for a long time, is rarely used by junior high school students, and in each case – in a negative, sometimes offensive sense. Students value positively only a young, ambitious woman, who consciously chooses loneliness. This is confirmed by the commonly operating new lexeme: single . One can risk a statement that in the stereotypical perception of the unmarried woman by young language users, a warming component emerges more and more clearly, and valorises in plus the prolonged status of maidhood.

Women as Business Leaders

Leadership is an issue of concern in businesses as they face plenty of obstacles in running their affairs. Long ago, men leaders have got all the attention, until women have come to the front and pursue key leadership roles and duties and became global leaders. The stereotypical concept of leadership since then has changed. This research involves a mixed method, conducted quantitatively through a survey (200 participants) and a Bayesian belief network, and qualitatively through an interview (8 women leaders) to clarify whether women can lead as men do and estimate the needed characteristics for a global leader. Results demonstrate that women can lead just as men do, with characteristics making a leader a global leader: Positive Influence, Demographic Characteristics, Ecological Management, and Personal Characteristics. The Personal Characteristics variable has the greatest impact on global leader.

Learning positive social information reduces racial bias as indexed by N400 response.

The present study used EEG/ERPs to detect the activation of implicit stereotypical representations associated to other-race (OR) people and the modulation of such activation through the previous presentation of positive vs. neutral social information. Electrophysiological signals were recorded in 40 Italian Caucasian participants, unaware of the overall study’s purpose. They were presented with 285 sentences that could either violate, non-violate (e.g., “the Roma girl was involved in a robbery) or be neutral with regard to stereotypical concepts concerning other-race people (e.g. Asians, Africans, Arabic). ERPs were time-locked to the terminal words. Prior to the sentence reading task, participants were exposed to a 10 minutes colourful video documentary. While the experimental group was presented a video containing images picturing other-race characters involved in “prestigious” activities that violated stereotypical negative assumptions (e.g. a black neurosurgeon leading a surgery team), the control group viewed a neutral documentary about flora and fauna. EEG signals were then recorded during the sentence reading task to explore whether the previous exposure to the experimental video could modulate the detection of incongruence in the sentences violating stereotypes, as marked by the N400 response. A fictitious task was adopted, consisted in detecting rare animal names. Indeed, only the control group showed a greater N400 response (350–550 ms) to words incongruent with ethnic stereotypes compared to congruent and neutral ones, thus suggesting the presence of a racial bias. No N400 response was found for the experimental group, suggesting a lack of negative expectation for OR individuals. The swLORETA inverse solution, performed on the prejudice-related N400 showed that the Inferior Temporal and the Superior and Middle Frontal Gyri were the strongest N400 intra-cortical sources. Regardless of the experimental manipulation, Congruent terminal words evoked a greater P300 response (500–600 ms) compared to incongruent and neutral ones and a late frontal positivity (650–800 ms) was found to be larger to sentences involving OR than own-race characters (either congruent or incongruent with the prejudice) thus possibly indicating bias-free perceptual in-group/out-group categorization processes. The data showed how it is possible to modulate a pre-existing racial prejudice (as reflected by N400 effect) through exposure to positive media-driven information about OR people. Further follow-up studies should determine the duration in time, and across contexts, of this modulatory effect.

Shepherdesses: new representations of rural women in Spain

ABSTRACT This article discusses the practices of representing shepherd women in Spain, who have recently become more visible. New representations challenge stereotyped concepts of gender roles and rurality in such a masculinized context as the livestock sector. One of the main arguments of the article is that shepherdesses narratives and visuals connect with the sustainable agro-social development of the economy from an ecofeminist perspective. The authors conducted a close reading of a selection of productions, including short videos and media interventions about shepherdesses. Among the conclusions, they argue that shepherdesses’ media productions and interventions put women at the center of local development processes, with particular emphasis on their role and leadership qualities. Their activities promote and maintain a networked sisterhood that activates intersectional approaches in favor of alternative structures to farming and life in rural areas.