Language Concepts Research Articles

Inventraset assemblages: The spatial logic of informal street vending, transport and settlement

Urban informality remains a central challenge for those engaged in understanding and transforming global South cities. There have been calls to develop new conceptual language geared to this challenge and much debate around the degree to which it might be subsumed within global urban theory. We argue that theories of informal urbanism need to be grounded in an understanding of how it works to sustain livelihoods, moving beyond studies of informal settlement, street vending and transport to understand the synergies, interrelations and interdependencies between them. Informal vending and transport provide employment and produce cheap goods and mobility; informal settlement produces affordable housing in key locations with access and mobility. ‘Inventraset’ is a portmanteau concept that links informal vending, transport and settlement into a dynamic urban assemblage that is inventive, transgressive and settled. This model is demonstrated through an empirical study of the spatial logic of the inventraset triangle within the megacities of Manila and Jakarta. Here the informal is normal, whether displayed in the intensities of transit nodes and street markets or camouflaged within zones of exclusion. This is not an ‘informal city’ but one where informal street vending, transport and settlement are geared to formal spatial and governance structures in different ways in different neighbourhoods − an assemblage of informal/formal and of vending/transport/settlement without which the urban economy would collapse. This is a call not simply to rename the informal but to understand it as a mode of production that is more than the inverse of the formal.

Expression of Syntactic Concepts in Languages of Different Systems

Cognitive linguistics is a current area of modern science of language. Various research methods have been developed in this direction. One of the methods of cognitive linguistics is the method of studying syntactic concepts. Syntactic concepts are associated with speech and mental processes. An important issue in modern linguistics is the problem of studying ways of expressing syntactic concepts. There are several opinions on this issue. In this article, the authors consider typical structural diagrams as a way of representing syntactic concepts. Typical structural diagrams reflect the typological features of different languages. They show differences between languages in the comparative study of syntactic concepts. Typical structural diagrams can be shown using formulas. These formulas use various symbols and notations. The article is intended for specialists in cognitive linguistics.

Changing discourses of Chinese language maintenance in Australia: unpacking language ideologies of first-generation Chinese immigrant parents from People's Republic of China.

Parental agency of their children's language learning is often determined by their perceptions of the significance of the language in both family and society levels. Based on a larger ethnography conducted in Sydney from 2017 to 2020, this study investigates the language ideologies of Chinese immigrant parents from the People's Republic of China in the recent decades, regarding the maintenance of their children's Chinese heritage language(s). Drawing on the concept of language as pride and profit shifting between communities across time and space, this study reveals that Chinese parents primarily emphasize the economic benefits associated with Chinese languages when it comes to preserving their heritage language(s). While the significance of cultural pride and identity remains evident, there is a notable shift where the concept of pride is merging with that of profit concerning the importance of Chinese heritage language. However, the commodification of Chinese and identity, privileging "national" mandarin while marginalizing "regional" others, impedes the transmission of diverse Chinese heritage languages other than Mandarin. Simultaneously, the value-laden calculation of language prioritizes the "most" prestigious English, often at the expense of "heritage" Mandarin, regardless of its acknowledged economic potential. The findings illustrate how language ideologies and practices within the Chinese diaspora are shaped by power conflicts between English and Mandarin Chinese, hierarchical distinctions between Mandarin and non-Mandarin Chinese, and subtle stratification within regional Chinese languages. The research underscores the challenges faced by minority communities in preserving their heritage languages, particularly those with limited economic capital or political influence.

Language as an important means of information encoding

The purpose of the article is to study the significance of language as a means of encoding information, to prove its influence on the process of storing and transferring information. The research methodology consists in the application of various approaches: analytical – to study the literature on the topic of the article, systematic – to study the language as a means of coding information using general scientific methods, first of all systematisation and generalisation, as well as a comparative historical method. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the paper shows the importance of language as a necessary means of encoding information. Since ancient times, language has been a necessary means of communication in society. It did not have such clearly defined forms, was inarticulate, did not have specific rules and was not standardised, but with the development of society, language becomes more normalised. This played a very important role in the existence of mankind, because with the help of language, our ancestors managed to pass on a huge amount of experience, customs, traditions, cultural heritage and certain norms to their descendants, and today we already consider the concept of language as a tool for encoding the necessary information in various systems. And from this, accordingly, there arises a need to study language as a means of encoding information. Conclusions. Due to the need to encode information, a variety of techniques began to appear to solve this problem. Of course, methods of encoding information with the development of mankind have changed from a simple shift of the alphabet to the emergence of modern digital systems. And as a result, the emergence of the programming language as a special subtype of the artificial language is a consequence of the development of computing technology. This is how special font complexes began to appear to designate characters in electronic computer technology and systems built into it

Relevanz und Kontext

The article aims to recognize Heidegger’s late phenomenology of language as a situational ontology. It is shown that this approach is motivated by a hitherto unnoticed problem of relevance that goes beyond the traditional frame problem. The problem of relevance is introduced and presented as a novel key to make sense of Heidegger’s concept of language as the “showing” of an involving context. It is demonstrated how both representational and pragmatic-enactive models of language give rise to the problem. Finally, Heidegger’s radical situational approach to language and thinghood is classified as a variant of realism that can be called “Involving Realism” which is contrasted critically against other contemporary forms of Realism such as Enactive Realism or New Realism.

Sprach-Exil und „Haus des Seins“. Zum Status dichterischer Rede bei Bachmann und Celan in der Auseinandersetzung mit einem Topos Martin Heideggers

Heidegger’s concept of language as “the house of being”, alongside the notion that poets are destined to be the “keepers” of this “house”, appealed pre-eminently to German-speaking post-war poets such as Ingeborg Bachmann and Paul Celan. Such poets dealt critically with this idea because of Heidegger’s refusal to confront his own highly controversial stance after Hitler’s rise to power in 1933. According to Celan and Bachmann, the philosophical problem involved was not so much a hazy understanding of “Seinsvergessenheit” (forgetfulness of being), but that of a wilful repression of one’s individual and collective past, which is to say the deliberate refusal to acknowledge personal guilt. The dialogically related poems Exil (Exile) and In die Ferne (Into the Distance), both written in 1957, provided alternative poetic versions of the idea of “dwelling in language”, which can be regarded as answers to Heidegger on behalf of those who were silenced in the Shoah, those who Heidegger had deliberately forgotten.

Technologies of expression of spatial concept in language

Technologies of expression of spatial concept in language

Language and Worldview: Conceptualisation of Novel Concepts in Languages of Nasarawa State

The paper investigates the extent to which language and worldview interact in the conceptualization of novel concepts in six (6) languages of Nasarawa State using linguistic relativity hypothesis. Data for the study were generated from a checklist containing forty-five (45) novel concepts. The methods of data analysis were both descriptive and comparative. The results show that speakers of the languages express the novel concepts as nominal compounds, descriptive noun phrases, genitive constructions and ideophones. Four major conceptualization strategies: description, compounding, transliteration, and imitation were found to account for the conceptualization of the novel terms in concert with the respective worldviews of the speakers of the languages. The findings support the view that conceptual differences indicating differences in worldview occur across the languages. The results of the study support the middle course proposal of the moderates, who argue that the effect of the interaction between language and worldview is local, transient, and shallow; not total or sacrosanct. Apart from fostering a better understanding of the relationship between language and worldview of the respective linguistic communities, and revealing the subconscious attitudes of the speakers, the study would form part of the efforts to document and describe endangered languages. And by this, the study can be said to be potentially transformative as it could be reproduced in other Nigerian languages.

Review of Tatyana Nikolaevna Ushakova’s Book “The Nature of the Meaningfulness of the Word”

The review of the book by T.N. Ushakova “The nature of the meaningfulness of the word” considered the main idea of the book — the ratio of subjective and objective components of speech, the external form of the word and its subjective content, their mutual complementarity and the irreducibility of the sum to a single whole. Its evidences based on the author’s analysis of a large volume of literary and experimental data, including the work of the author of the book, T.N. Ushakova, were analyzed. It is emphasized that the book is a fundamental work that summarizes experimental data and their deep understanding, allowing the author to formulate a new psychophysiological concept of speech formation and language acquisition. This is an interdisciplinary study covering different aspects of speech behavior from the positions of psychology, physiology, linguistics, psychophysiology and philosophy, starting from the early vocalizations of infants and their motor activity, and ending with the processes of language creativity in adult. Review noted that expanding the problem of studying language and speech, T.N. Ushakova turns to neuropsychological and psychophysiological studies of verbal phenomena, describing approaches aimed at studying their mechanisms; offers a behavioral scheme for the formation of meaningful behavior - from its origin in infancy to its implementation in older age. The book contains three logically connected parts – Background on psychological and psycholinguistic studies of words; The origin and development of the phenomenon of meaningfulness; Language and word creation. The content of each part leads to the perception of increasingly information presented in the next chapter. The logical conclusion of the author’s many years of research is the concept of language, which is new in linguistics, outlined in the book. The book is interesting for specialists in various fields of knowledge - philologists, linguists, psychologists, psychophysiologists, philosophers.

Analytical Truths in R. Carnap’s Theory and in Natural Language

The article presents a critical semantic analysis of the so-called analytical truths as they were discussed by R. Carnap and building on some new empirical data that are not fully satisfactorily explained by Carnap’s theory. A theoretical reconstruction of Carnap’s theory of analytical truths is proposed. It is demonstrated how his understanding of analytical truths, as statements that are true in all possible worlds and amenable to a quite obvious definition on a par with the concepts of sense (meaning) and synonymy, applies exclusively to artificial languages of logic. Therefore, Carnap’s theory remains unreachable for the well-known criticism of W. Quine, who, in turn, pointed out the difficulties in defining these concepts for natural languages. A theoretical reconstruction of Carnap’s explication of the mentioned concepts in the theory of meaning for natural languages is carried out. The connection of Carnap’s approach with the perspective of contemporary formal semantics is established. Subsequently, problematic cases and the difficulties they pose for Carnap’s concept are examined. An explanation is proposed for analytical truths as containing in their logical form an (unpronounced) quantifier over possible worlds (situations).

Triáda v podloží sveta, človeka, jazyka a komunikácie

In the present study, the author approaches the trinitarian anchoring of the world, man, language and communication with the intention of defining a certain theoretical base to open up the issue of the universal code 3 in the theory and practice of teaching Slovak as a mother tongue. In this sense, it is a kind of coherent and synthetic discourse, in which the author capitalizes on his many years of work in education and several research activities in the field. In addition to the broad theoretical context and the author's own research findings, he also presents new challenges for a transdisciplinary approach in the conception of man, language, speech and communication with regard to the perspective use of the non-repeatable interpenetrations of man and interpersonal communication as a basis for the innovation of progressive conceptions of mother tongue teaching.

Application of the Core Concepts of Whole-Brain Language Combined with Desktop Teaching Methods in the Language Development of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Application of the Core Concepts of Whole-Brain Language Combined with Desktop Teaching Methods in the Language Development of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

«Illusory feelings» as a structural element of the theory of imagination (based on the materials of «The Principles of Art» by R. G. Collingwood)

It is noted that the thorough monograph of the famous English philosopher, historian of science, and art theorist R. G. Collingwood «The Principles of Art» consists of three «books», each of which covers a number of important issues of fundamental importance for history, art theory and cultural studies. From the point of view of time, it can be argued that R. G. Collingwood tried to link the content of the three «parts» of the monograph, emphasizing their overarching idea, i.e. the English scholar’s articulation of the integrity of the time dimensions «past — present». The phenomenon of «integrity» is the basis for harmonizing the theoretical material of all three «components» of the monograph «The Principles of Art». It is emphasized that the problematics of one of the chapters of the second «book», i.e. «The Theory of Imagination» is the basis for this article, which uses the potential of general scientific methods of analysis, such as historicism, systematization, comparison and generalization of the problem under study. The stated methods are based on the principle of a parity approach, which allows taking into account the experience of many humanities, including cultural studies, philosophy, psychology, and art history. It is emphasized that the analysis of both «illusory feelings» and a number of other related issues actualizes the problem of the conceptual and categorical apparatus, generally necessitating the argumentation of new concepts. «The Principles of Art» demonstrates, firstly, R. G. Collingwood’s constant interest in upgrading the means of researching humanitarian knowledge, secondly, his attempts not to destroy the connection between the Greco-Roman tradition of thinking and modern European humanism by preserving the basic conceptual and categorical structures, and thirdly, the constant use of samples of interpretation of «transcultural» concepts in European languages, which greatly complicates the research process of adapting Collingwood’s ideas. The article proposes the author’s model of interpretation of the stated problems but takes into account the experience of R. G. Collingwood in the double operation of certain concepts, which in particular concerns the concept of «illusion», which means both the «illusion of play» and the structural element of the theory of imagination. The historical and philosophical tradition of understanding segments of the heritage of R. Descartes and John Locke is recreated, and the historical and philosophical material is presented based on the principles of a personalized approach, which is defined as the cornerstone of the logic of cultural analysis.

СЛОВО «RUMOUR» КАК КОНСТИТУЭНТ ЛЕКСИКО-СЕМАНТИЧЕСКОЙ ГРУППЫ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ СЛОВАРНЫХ ДЕФИНИЦИЙ)

The target of the research is the word rumor, with the primary research question focusing on its relation to a lexical-semantic group. The relevance of addressing this problem is driven by the growing scientific interest in the category of uncertain knowledge, encompassing various products of mass communication, including rumors. This interest arises from the current stage of information society development characterized by an abundance of often unconfirmed information and its rapid dissemination. The multidimensional nature of the phenomenon of rumors attracts the attention of various scholars, particularly linguists. Linguistic aspects of rumors can be examined from different perspectives, including the approach and methodology of lexical semantics across different languages. The paper aims to identify the core elements of the lexical-semantic group to which the word representing the studied concept in the English language belongs, based on dictionary definitions. The research tools employed include a combination of classical methods such as logical-semantic analysis, utilizing the dictionary definition chain method, step-by-step identification method, and partial componential analysis. The research findings demonstrate that the studied lexical-semantic group comprises a minimum set of lexical units, including gossip, hearsay, and rumour. The primary identifier and keyword within the lexical-semantic group under investigation is the word rumour, serving as an integral componentof the lexical meanings of the constituents studied. The obtained results are considered foundational for subsequent semantic differentiation of the identified adjacent elements within the lexical-semantic group

Условия формирования основ координативного трилингвизма при обучении двум иностранным языкам

The article discusses the problem of the formation of coordinate trilingualism basics – the type of proficiency in three languages (native and two foreign ones), when their systems coexist in the individual’s mind in parallel, and interlanguage mixing is minimized, and, as a result, the speech in three languages is correct. Based on the research of Russian and foreign scientists on the peculiarities of trilingualism thinking, the authors confirm that the formation of artificial (educational) trilingualism when teaching two foreign languages in educational institutions, in particular at universities, requires a special approach. Considering that the native language has a significant impact on the process of learning foreign languages, and the study of a second foreign language proceeds under the influence of the previously studied first foreign language, the authors focus on a consciously comparative method of co-learning languages, which minimizes negative interlanguage interference that causes errors in speech and strengthens positive interlanguage interference that simplifies language acquisition based on the constant comparison of the phenomena of the native and studied foreign languages on the lexical, morphological, and syntactic levels. According to the authors, a special role in the formation of the foundations of coordinate trilingualism is played by the development of such mechanisms of students’ speech activity as the mechanism of installation, the mechanism of interlanguage comparison, the mechanism of association, and the mechanism of interlanguage transfer. The installation mechanism allows one to rely on information already existing in the individual’s mind about the subject and transfer this experience to the development of new material. Constant comparison of the phenomena of native and studied foreign languages at the lexical, morphological, syntactic levels allows one to see the similarities and differences between the phenomena of the native and studied foreign languages. Association, in turn, helps to create connections between phenomena and see analogies with what is already known when learning something new. Interlingual transfer promotes the use of skills developed in the native language when mastering other languages. The theoretical understanding of the problem and the analysis of the results of the experimental training made it possible to determine the necessary conditions for the formation of coordinate trilingualism basics in the process of mastering foreign languages. This is, first of all, a constant comparison of phenomena of native and studied foreign cultures at various levels, comparison of concepts (meanings) of native and foreign languages, systematic work on interlingual interference through special exercises aimed at developing the above-mentioned speech mechanisms, in practical classes in foreign languages.

НОВЫЕ ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИЕ ТЕРМИНЫ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ КАЗАХСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

In the modern period, the development of language occurs together with the development of new technologies, scientific spheres of the human mind. Therefore, not only the names of new subjects, but also the names of new concepts in many languages are the reasons for the appearance of a large number of new language units. This article is devoted to the study of modern word-formation trends in the Kazakh language, formed as a result of the influence of the processes of language integration and differentiation. The object of the article's research is the main term-forming methods and models in the Kazakh language. Attention is focused on the need for a comprehensive consideration of the issues of Kazakh terminology, term formation and terminography. The paper emphasizes the need for a comprehensive linguistic study of new and commonly used terms in connection with the political and social changes taking place in society. The purpose of the scientific article is to study and analyze the basic techniques and models of terminology of the national language. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are defined: to analyze the main methods and models of terminology formation in the field of socio-political, social and historical spheres; to study both borrowed and national terms; to describe the functional and usage features of these terms; to identify the main characteristics of borrowed and national terms. It is revealed that the most productive methods of the terminological system are the following: terminization, acceptance of terms from other terminological systems, the combination of suffixes and the formation of term combinations, as well as the most frequent cases of phonomorphological adaptation of international terms and their subsequent use in the Kazakh language.

Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Semantic Web Services

It relates to the conventional machine interaction services, is the server end of a Client-Server system relates to the data on web that is understandable by the machines, its primary objective is to permit the humans and machines together. The World Wide Web is progressing quickly in the direction of the concept of semantic language for database. The ontology tool Protégé consists of the SPARQL Query Tab to execute the queries, whereas the alternative is the Apache Jena Fuseki. The semantic web framework is comprised of different Application interfaces that interacting collectively to execute RDF data. The Fuseki supports the SPARQL queries over Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. Apache Jena Fuseki is based framework for developing Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Semantic Web Services. The proposed methodology can handle queries of various convolutions and complexities. Semantic web services on the server end provide structured and standardized information about the services they offer, typically using technologies related to ontology ensure that the data is both readable and process by machines based on ontology. The Experimental Analysis is given along with the results based on different ontology based technologies. In the disciplines of design, Thinking and implementation, along with representation ontologies are used for semantic web services.

Crossing the boundary between logic and context: The inspiration of Wittgenstein’s philosophy for the principled innovation of TESOL

The present study delves into the pedagogical implications of Ludwig Wittgenstein’s philosophical insights, particularly as they relate to the domain of Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL). In his seminal work, Philosophical Investigations, Wittgenstein introduces the notion that linguistic meaning is not immutable but is instead derived from the dynamic and context-specific ways in which language is employed – a concept he terms “language game”. This challenges long-standing, static conceptions of language and offers a novel lens through which to view cross-cultural communication within the realm of college English education. Within the sphere of cross-cultural discourse, interlocutors typically emerge from diverse cultural milieus, resulting in linguistic expressions and communicative practices that are profoundly shaped by their respective cultural norms. Wittgenstein’s model of language acquisition thus provides an intellectual foundation for academic institutions to focus on the impact of cultural variance on linguistic interaction, as well as to foster students’ acumen and adaptability in engaging with various linguistic registers across different situational contexts. This paper elucidates the distinctive aspects of Wittgenstein’s model of language acquisition and delineates its instructive value for enhancing cross-cultural communication competencies in college English, grounded in the theoretical underpinnings of his linguistic philosophy.

The place of ideal language conception in philosophical approaches

The place of ideal language conception in philosophical approaches

A STUDY ON THE PROBLEM OF MEANING IN THE ART OF SCULPTURE

This study explores the complex relationship between the meaning of sculpture and its making process in the context of the philosophy of language. Sculpture is a unique art form that involves the creation of three-dimensional objects that occupy physical space. However, the meaning of a sculpture is not limited to its spatial characteristics alone. This study identifies two distinct levels of meaning in sculpture: its relation to space and its making process. While the former has received considerable attention in the literature, the latter has been largely overlooked. Therefore, this study focuses on the semantic relationship between Richard Serra's sculptures and his sculpture-making processes, particularly in his early works.
 
 Richard Serra is widely regarded as one of the most important artists of the Process Art movement, which emerged in the 1960s and emphasizes the importance of the making process in art. The study questions the reduction of the meaning of sculpture to a mere action and seeks to establish a deeper relationship between the philosophy of language and the process of sculpture. To achieve this, the study draws on the works of Ludwig Wittgenstein, J. L. Austin, and John R. Searle, who are some of the most important philosophers of language of the 20th century.
 
 Wittgenstein's concept of language games and his emphasis on the social context of language use is particularly relevant to this study. The study explores how Serra's sculpture-making processes can be seen as a form of language game, with its own rules and conventions. Similarly, Austin's concept of performative language provides a framework for understanding how the making process of a sculpture can be seen as a form of performative action. The study also draws on Searle's theory of speech acts, which suggests that language use is not just a matter of describing the world, but also of performing actions and creating new realities.
 
 Overall, this study represents an important contribution to the field of art and philosophy. By exploring the relationship between the meaning of sculpture and its making process, the study challenges traditional notions of art and raises important questions about the nature of meaning and representation in art. The study also demonstrates the relevance of the philosophy of language to the study of art and provides a framework for future research in this area.