Tripolyphosphate Concentration Research Articles

Influence of Sodium Tripolyphosphate Concentration on Characteristics and Performance of Polyamide Thin Layer Membrane in Cu (II) Removal

In this work, the effect of presence of the sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), as an inorganic salt, on improving the performance of polyamide (PA) thin layer membranes has been studied. Characterization analyses confirmed the presence of the salt on the whole surface structure of the thin layer. Different salt loadings resulted in different fluxes and Cu (II) rejections. The thin layer containing 1% w/w STPP showed favorable flux and relatively good rejection for the Cu2+ ions. However, the best rejection was obtained for 5% w/w STPP. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images confirmed the formation of a dense and compact surface in the presence of STPP in the aqueous phase.

Optimal Immobilization of Acidic Proteases from Monterey Sardine (Sardinops sagax caeurelea) on Partially Deacetylated Chitin from Shrimp Head Waste

ABSTRACTResponse surface methodology was employed to optimize the immobilization yield of acidic proteases from Monterey sardine (Sardinops sagax caeurelea) using partially deacetylated chitin as immobilization support. A rotatable central composite design was applied to evaluate the effects of immobilization conditions such as enzyme loading (X1), immobilization pH (X2), and tripolyphosphate concentration (X3) on the immobilization yield. The analysis of variance revealed that the established model was significant (p < 0.05), and the adjustment of the quadratic model with the experimental data was satisfactory. Under optimal conditions (X1 = 0.05 mg/mL, X2 = 3.16, and X3 = 0.75%), an immobilization yield of 79.1% was achieved; a value that was in accordance with the predicted one.

Pengaruh Tripolifosfat dan Etilen Glikol Diglisidil Eter pada Pembuatan Kitosan Beads untuk Adsorpsi Cr(VI)

The research about effect of tripolyphosphate (TPP) and ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE) in preparation chitosan beads for Cr(VI) adsorption has been studied. The aim of this research was produced chitosan beads that have the ability to adsorb Cr(VI). Therefore, effect of TPP and EGDE has been studied in the research. Concentrations of TPP has varied 1%, 5%, 10%, and 15% while concentration of EGDE are 1%; 2.5%; 5%; and 7.5%. For the process adsorption chitosan beads with Cr(VI) ions used analysis with Batch method. The result shows optimum condition of chitosan beads was prepared by 5% chitosan: 5% TPP: 5% EGDE at 3 hours immersion. The adsorption capacity was 8.892 mg g -1 . Which beads size was different i.e. 509-686 µm.

Optimizing indomethacin-loaded chitosan nanoparticle size, encapsulation, and release using Box–Behnken experimental design

Indomethacin chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) were developed by ionotropic gelation and optimized by concentrations of chitosan and tripolyphosphate (TPP) and stirring time by 3-factor 3-level Box–Behnken experimental design. Optimal concentration of chitosan (A) and TPP (B) were found 0.6mg/mL and 0.4mg/mL with 120min stirring time (C), with applied constraints of minimizing particle size (R1) and maximizing encapsulation efficiency (R2) and drug release (R3). Based on obtained 3D response surface plots, factors A, B and C were found to give synergistic effect on R1, while factor A has a negative impact on R2 and R3. Interaction of AB was negative on R1 and R2 but positive on R3. The factor AC was having synergistic effect on R1 and on R3, while the same combination had a negative effect on R2. The interaction BC was positive on the all responses. NPs were found in the size range of 321–675nm with zeta potentials (+25 to +32mV) after 6 months storage. Encapsulation, drug release, and content were in the range of 56–79%, 48–73% and 98–99%, respectively. In vitro drug release data were fitted in different kinetic models and pattern of drug release followed Higuchi-matrix type.

Norfloxacin Loaded pH Triggered Nanoparticulate in-situ Gel for Extraocular Bacterial Infections: Optimization, Ocular Irritancy and Corneal Toxicity.

In order to achieve prolong corneal contact time of norfloxacin (NFX) for treatment of extra ocular diseases, a pH triggered nanoparticulate in-situ gelling system was designed to explore dual advantage of nanoparticles and in-situ gelling system, for its ocular delivery. NFX loaded nanocarriers were developed by ionotropic gelation technique using chitosan as a matrix forming polymer, cross-linked by an anionic crosslinker sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP). Optimization of nanoformulations was done by 3(2) full factorial design using chitosan and TPP concentration(s) as the independent variables and particle size, % entrapment efficiency and % cumulative drug release as the responses. The experimental design was validated by extra design check point formulation (N10). The optimized formulation (N4) selected on the basis of highest desirability factor (0.895) was developed as in-situ gelling system using carbapol934 and evaluated. The best in-situ gelling formulation (N4G5) was sufficiently mucoadhesive, corneal toxicity, antibacterial activity and free from ocular irritancy.

Chitosan-tripolyphosphate nanoparticles: Optimization of formulation parameters for improving process yield at a novel pH using artificial neural networks

At a novel pH value of the polymeric solution (6.2), variable chitosan (Cs) and sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) concentrations and mass ratios were optimized to improve the process yield without undesirable particle flocculation. Prepared formulations were characterized in terms of particle size (PS), zeta potential (ZP) and percentage yield (% yield). Artificial neural networks (ANN) were built up and used to identify the parameters that control nanoparticle (NP) size and yield, in addition to being tested for their ability to predict these two experimental outputs. Using these networks, it was found that TPP concentration has the greatest effect on PS and% yield. The most optimum formulation was characterized by a notable process yield reaching 91.5%, a mean hydrodynamic PS 227nm, ZP+24.13mv and spherical compact morphology. Successful Cs-TPP interaction in NP formation was confirmed by both Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). This study demonstrated the ability of ANN to predict not only PS of the formed particles but also NP% yield. This may have a great impact on Cs-TPP NPs preparation and can be used to customize the required target formulations.

Effects of ultrasound, CaCl2 and STPP on the ultrastructure of the milk goat longissimus muscle fiber observed with atomic force microscopy.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of ultrasound bath intensity, CaCl2 and sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) concentration on the ultrastructure of longissimus muscle fiber from milk goats. The sarcomere length was measured by atomic force microscopy. According to the results of AFM images, the sarcomere length is longest when the conditions were an intensity of 100 W ultrasound bath (42.77% increment), a concentration of 300 mM CaCl2 injection (44.68% increment) or 90 mM STPP injection (19.41% increment). Apart from the sarcomere length, the study put forward a potential index (roughness) to represent tenderness of meat which was treated by ultrasound bath. Among different methods, ultrasound bath was chosen as the preferred tenderization method. SCANNING 38:545-553, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Preliminary Formulation and Excipient Interaction Study of Floating Chitosan Beads of Carvedilol

Objective of present study was to investigate the compatibility of carvedilol with chitosan and study the formulation factors like concentration of tri-polyphosphate (TPP) and curing time to establish a feasible range for these factors to formulate floating chitosan beads of carvedilol. Floating beads were prepared by ionic cross linking of 2% w/v chitosan solution containing suspended drug, with TPP. Use of an acidic TPP solution offered denser cross linking. Formulations were prepared with varying concentration of tri-polyphosphate (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, 12.0 and 14.0% w/v) keeping the curing time constant at 30 min, to study the feasible range of TPP that can be used. Similarly, formulations were prepared with varying the curing time (5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 80, 90, 100 and 120 h) keeping the concentration of TPP constant at 6.0% w/v, to study the feasible range of curing time. It was concluded that a minimum of 2% w/v of TPP and 30 minutes of curing time is required to form stable beads. The maximum concentration of TPP was observed to be 10% w/v, as any higher concentration of TPP forms brittle beads. Compatibility of carvedilol with chitosan and formulation process was established using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC). Scanning electron microscopic examination of the surface and cross section of the beads revealed the pores, which offer immediate buoyancy to the beads. Thus, a feasible range of process parameters for formulation of floating chitosan beads was established.

Fabrication, characterization and cytotoxicity studies of ionically cross-linked docetaxel loaded chitosan nanoparticles

The present investigation aimed at the fabrication and characterization of ionically cross-linked docetaxel (DTX) loaded chitosan nanoparticles (DTX-CH-NP) using ionic gelation technique with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) as the cross-linking agent. The formulated nanoparticles were characterized in terms of particle size, drug entrapment efficiency (EE), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in vitro release and cytotoxicity studies. Formulation factors (chitosan, TPP and drug concentration) were examined systematically for their effects on size of the nanoparticles. The average size of the nanoparticles was observed to be in the range of 159.2±3.31 to 220.7±2.23nm with 78–92% encapsulation efficiency (EE). The in vitro cytotoxicity studies on breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231) revealed the advantages of DTX-CH-NP over pure DTX with approximately 85% cell viability reduction. The results indicate that systematic modulation of the surface charge and particle size of ionically cross-linked nanoparticles can be readily achieved with the right control of critical processing parameters. Thus, DTX-CH-NP presents a promising delivery alternative for breast cancer treatment.

Encapsulation Red Ginger Oleoresin (&lt;em&gt;Zingiber officinale&lt;/em&gt; var. Rubrum) With Chitosan-alginate as Wall Material Using Spray Drying

Encapsulation is the process of protecting the active ingredients that is susceptible to environmental influences by using a coating. Red ginger oleoresin contains bioactive components that can be used as natural antioxidants, but sensitive to environmental influences. Chitosan-alginate nanoparticle is used as the coating, because it is safe for consumption and also stable. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of the Tripolyphosphate (TPP) concentration against the emulsion droplet size and determine the encapsulation efficiency of red ginger oleoresin. Encapsulation method was done by mixing 2% chitosan solution with 1% acetic acid, 1% sodium alginate and 8 g of red ginger oleoresin. The mixture was stirred and added sodium tripolyphosphate (3.5, 4.5 and 5.5%, respectively), emulsion preparation process was done by adding tween 80 (3, 4 and 5%, respectively) and then stirred using homogenizer with a speed of 22,000 rpm, emulsions formed were analyzed using nano-particle analyzer. Emulsion formed was flowed on to the spray dryer inlet temperature of 180οC to form a powder encapsulation. Powder products were analyzed for determining encapsulation efficiency and morphology of red ginger oleoresin powder using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Based on the research results, the smallest droplet size of the emulsion was obtained at 481.5 nm and the largest encapsulation efficiency was as high as 70.59%.

Chitosan nanoparticles produced with the gradual temperature decrease technique for sustained gene delivery

Different techniques have been employed to produce chitosan nanoparticles; thus, suitable alternatives and easy-handling production methods are highly desired. We used a tank reactor with baffles and mechanical stirring with Cowles impellers that can feasibly be up-scaled and allows for the production of homogenous chitosan nanoparticles. First, we explored the effects of temperature on the production of chitosan (CHI)/pentasodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) nanoparticles. We compared the effect of gradual temperature decrease between 40 to 55°C with the effect of isothermal processes (25, 45 and 55°C). CHI/TPP nanoparticles produced by the gradual temperature decrease technique had polydispersity indices (PDIs) that were significantly smaller than the nanoparticles produced by isothermal processes. To further control the production process, we employed an experimental design to determine the effects of CHI and TPP concentrations and CHI/TPP mass ratios in the gradual temperature decrease technique. Under all conditions, the sizes of the CHI/TPP nanoparticles were on the nanoscale. Gene delivery capacities of the nanoparticles were evaluated; the plasmid pEGFP-N1 was incorporated (10 and 40% of the chitosan weight) into the nanoparticles and incubated with 293A cells. The in vitro transfection efficiencies were evaluated over 120h and indicated sustained gene delivery at 10% pDNA. The polyplexes demonstrated some cytotoxicity after 120h. These findings will contribute to the development of processes for generating CHI/TPP nanoparticles for gene delivery applications.

Nano-engineering chitosan particles to sustain the release of promethazine from orodispersables

Orally dispersing tablets (ODTs), also known as orodispersibles, were first introduced into the market in 1980s to overcome dysphagia problems amongst pediatrics and geriatrics. Despite their abilities to avoid swallowing difficulties, frequency of dosing stood as a barrier for these formulations. The aim of the current study is to produce and optimize a sustained release orally disintegrating tablets (SR-ODT), with the aid of chitosan. A design of experiment (DoE) was first performed using Minitab to determine the effect of five independent variables on three dependent responses when producing the nanoparticles using ionotopic gelation. The variables studied were (tripolyphosphate concentration TPP, chitosan concentration CS, acetic acid concentration, chitosan: tripolyphosphate ratios and stirring time) and the responses were (particle size, surface charge and encapsulation efficiency). A formulation with optimum particle size, surface charge and encapsulation efficiency was prepared and further coated with polyvinylpyrolidine (PVP), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyethylene co-acrylic acid (PEAA). Minitab studies revealed that the nanoparticles’ particle size was affected by most of the independent variables except stirring time and the ratios of CS to TPP. The optimized nanoparticles showed particle size of 153.8±14nm, surface charge of 31.4±0.9mV and encapsulation efficiency of 99.7±0.06%. The DSC showed that PMZ was solubilized within chitosan nanoparticle, whereas SEM images indicated that all the samples were spherical in shape with smooth surface and had similar size to that measured by DLS. After coating and dispersing into the tablets’ matrices, the tablets were evaluated to determine their friability, disintegration time and tensile strength. All tablets were at an appropriate friability (less than 1%) and had tensile strength above 2.5N/mm2. Besides, all the tablets managed to disintegrate within 40s whilst sustaining the drug release over 24h.

Preparation of chitosan–TPP nanoparticles using microengineered membranes – Effect of parameters and encapsulation of tacrine

Abstract Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by a novel technique based on ionic gelation using sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) as cross-linking agent. In this method, the TPP solution flows through the pores of a microengineered membrane into the chitosan solution put in a stirred cell. It is shown that favorable micromixing conditions are created on top of the membrane surface to form chitosan–TPP nanoparticles. The influence of several formulation parameters (chitosan and TPP concentrations, ratio between volumes of the two solutions, pH of the two solutions, chitosan molecular weight) and process parameters (membrane characteristics, injection speed, stirring rate) were investigated. Under optimum conditions, chitosan–TPP nanoparticles had a mean size around 90–100 nm, polydispersity index around 0.22, and zeta potential close to +31 mV. The encapsulation of the anti-Alzheimer's drug tacrine did not change the mean size and polydispersity index of unloaded nanoparticles, whereas the zeta potential was increased to +38 mV due to the positively charge of tacrine. Under optimum conditions, tacrine encapsulation efficiency into nanoparticles was found equal to 66.1%. In addition, chitosan–TPP nanoparticles were shown to be stable at least during 25 days in an acidic medium at 4 or 25 °C. This study demonstrates that ionic gelation using a stirred cell with microengineered membrane is a suitable technique for preparation of chitosan–TPP nanoparticles.

Ionic cross‐linking of water‐soluble polyurethane improves protein encapsulation and release

Polymer nanoparticles (NPs) are promising systems for the delivery of protein drugs, as they enhance circulation half‐life, reduce degradation, and increase selectivity of the encapsulated agent. Among the different methods for the preparation of protein‐loaded NPs, ionotropic gelation—which exploits cross‐linking between charged groups in the polymer and counterions in the protein solution—has been extensively investigated for chitosan NPs. The present study aims at exploring the possibility to apply the method to prepare BSA‐loaded polyurethane NPs. A poly(ε‐caprolactone)/poly(ethyleneglicol)‐based polyurethane bearing tert‐butyloxycarbonyl‐protected amino groups was synthesized by a two‐step synthesis procedure. Amino functionalities were exposed under acidic conditions, as confirmed by ninhydrin assay, and then exploited to obtain ionic cross‐linking with sodium tripolyphosphate counterions. The effect of polymer and sodium tripolyphosphate concentration on particles size and BSA encapsulation has been investigated, showing that the PUR concentration plays a major role. Small particles, at 300 nm, with high BSA loading (90%) have been obtained. Sustained BSA release and low burst effect (20%) have been observed, indicating good interaction between the protein and the polymer matrix. The study highlights the possibility of introducing alternative polymers to improve loading and release of proteins from NPs obtained through the ionotropic gelation method.

Drying Using Supercritical Fluid Technology as a Potential Method for Preparation of Chitosan Aerogel Microparticles.

Supercritical fluid technology offers several advantages in preparation of microparticles. These include uniformity in particle size, morphology, and drug distribution without degradation of the product. One of the recent advantages is preparation of porous aerogel carrier with proper aerodynamic properties. In this study, we aimed to prepare chitosan aerogel microparticles using supercritical fluid (SCF) technology and compare that with microparticles produced by freeze drying (FD). Loading the prepared carriers with a model drug (salbutamol) was also performed. Comparisons of the particle properties and physicochemical characterizations were undertaken by evaluating particle size, density, specific surface area, and porosity. In vitro drug release studies were also investigated. The effect of many variables, such as molecular weight of chitosan oligomers, concentrations of chitosan, and concentrations of tripolyphosphate on the release, were also investigated. Chitosan aerogels were efficiently produced by SCF technology with an average particle size of 10 μm with a tapped density values around 0.12 g/mL, specific surface area (73-103) m(2)/g, and porosity (0.20-0.29) cc/g. Whereas, microparticles produced by FD method were characterized as cryogels with larger particle size (64 microns) with clear cracking at the surface. Sustained release profile was achieved for all prepared microparticles of salbutamol produced by the aforementioned methods as compared with pure drug. The results also demonstrates that chitosan molecular weight, polymer concentration, and tripolyphosphate concentration affected the release profile of salbutamol from the prepared microparticles. In conclusion, SCF technology was able to produce chitosan aerogel microparticles loaded with salbutamol that could be suitable for pulmonary drug delivery system.

Didanosine-loaded chitosan microspheres optimized by surface-response methodology: A modified “Maximum Likelihood Classification” approach formulation for reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Didanosine-loaded chitosan microspheres were developed applying a surface-response methodology and using a modified Maximum Likelihood Classification. The operational conditions were optimized with the aim of maintaining the active form of didanosine (ddI), which is sensitive to acid pH, and to develop a modified and mucoadhesive formulation. The loading of the drug within the chitosan microspheres was carried out by ionotropic gelation technique with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) as cross-linking agent and magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) to assure the stability of ddI. The optimization conditions were set using a surface-response methodology and applying the “Maximum Likelihood Classification”, where the initial chitosan concentration, TPP and ddI concentration were set as the independent variables. The maximum ddI-loaded in microspheres (i.e. 1433mg of ddI/g chitosan), was obtained with 2% (w/v) chitosan and 10% TPP. The microspheres depicted an average diameter of 11.42μm and ddI was gradually released during 2h in simulated enteric fluid.

Chitosan Cross-Linked Pentasodium Tripolyphosphate Micro/Nanoparticles Produced by Ionotropic Gelation

Chitosan cross-linked pentasodium tripolyphosphate particles were produced by ionotropic gelation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the molar mass and deacetylation degree of chitosan and of the concentration of pentasodium tripolyphosphate in the production of chitosan micro/nanoparticles. The obtained charge ratio (R±), mean particle size, surface electrical charge, polydispersity index, and tendency of particle aggregation were selected as dependent variables. Results demonstrated that stable particles exhibited a high zeta potential value, between +62 and +68 mV. Particles were produced in different size ranges controlling the R± between the positively charged chitosan and negatively charged pentasodium tripolyphosphate. Chitosan micro/nanoparticles were successfully prepared via the ionic gelation method controlling R±, therefore the association of an active ingredient to a micro/nanoparticle allows the molecule to intimately interact with specific structures, to overcome barriers and to prolong its residence time in the target. Chitosan cross-linked pentasodium tripolyphosphate particles are expected to be a good approach for active ingredients formulation in the agrofood sector and related industries.

Preparation and characterization of magnetic Fe3O4–chitosan nanoparticles loaded with isoniazid

Abstract A novel and simple method has been proposed to prepare magnetic Fe 3 O 4 –chitosan nanoparticles loaded with isoniazid (Fe 3 O 4 /CS/INH nanocomposites). Efforts have been made to develop isoniazid (INH) loaded chitosan (CS) nanoparticles by ionic gelation of chitosan with tripolyphosphate (TPP). The factors that influence the preparation of chitosan nanoparticles, including the TPP concentration, the chitosan/TPP weight ratio and the chitosan concentration on loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency of chitosan nanoparticles were studied. The magnetic Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles were prepared by co-precipitation method of Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ . Then the magnetic Fe 3 O 4 /CS/INH nanocomposites were prepared by ionic gelation method. The magnetic Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles and magnetic Fe 3 O 4 /CS/INH nanocomposites were characterized by XRD, TEM, FTIR and SQUID magnetometry. The in vitro release of Fe 3 O 4 /CS/INH nanocomposites showed an initial burst release in the first 10 h, followed by a more gradual and sustained release for 48 h. It is suggested that the magnetic Fe 3 O 4 /CS/INH nanocomposites may be exploited as potential drug carriers for controlled-release applications in magnetic targeted drugs delivery system.

Silencing of the scavenger receptor (Class B – Type 1) gene using siRNA-loaded chitosan nanaoparticles in a HepG2 cell model

Gene silencing mediated by small interfering RNA (siRNA) has gained increasing interest through the past few decades. However, the partial negative charge and the susceptibility to degradation by nucleases have hampered its use in a naked form. In this study, we investigated the use of chitosan nanoparticles as non-viral delivery carriers of siRNA. As a model target, we selected the scavenger receptor (SR-B1), due to its proposed involvement in hepatitis C virus (HCV) internalization. Low molecular weight (LMW) chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by simple ionic gelation using sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) as a cross-linking agent; a fixed chitosan and TPP concentration of 0.1% was used, and a chitosan to TPP weight ratios of 3:1, 5:1, and 9:1 were investigated. Nanoparticle uptake efficiency was measured using FITC-labeled chitosan nanoparticles and silencing of scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1) in HepG2 cell line was tested using Western blot analysis. Nanoparticles produced were spherical in shape with an optimum particle size and distribution. The uptake of FITC-labeled nanoparticles by HepG2 cells was found to be both concentration and time dependent. Furthermore, Western Blot analysis showed that SR-B1 siRNA was able to silence the scavenger receptor for up to 96h of incubation with HepG2 cells.

Polysaccharide-based networks from homogeneous chitosan-tripolyphosphate hydrogels: synthesis and characterization.

Polysaccharide networks, in the form of hydrogels and dried membranes based on chitosan and on the cross-linker tripolyphosphate (TPP), were developed using a novel approach. TPP was incorporated into chitosan by slow diffusion to favor a controlled gelation. By varying chitosan, TPP, and NaCl concentration, transition from inhomogeneous to homogeneous systems was achieved. Rheology and uniaxial compression tests enabled to identify the best performing hydrogel composition with respect to mechanical properties. FTIR, (31)P NMR, and spectrophotometric methods were used to investigate the interaction chitosan-TPP, the kinetics of phosphates diffusion during the dialysis and the amount of TPP in the hydrogel. A freeze-drying procedure enabled the preparation of soft pliable membranes. The lactate dehydrogenase assay demonstrated the biocompatibility of the membranes toward fibroblasts. Overall, we devised a novel approach to prepare homogeneous macroscopic chitosan/TPP-based biomaterials with tunable mechanical properties and good biocompatibility that show good potential as novel polysaccharide derivatives.