Total Sulfur Content Research Articles

Compositional, structural, and functional characterization of fucoidan extracted from Sargassum polycystum collected from Saint Martin's Island, Bangladesh

Fucoidan is a sulphated polysaccharide with diversified biological activities commonly found in brown seaweeds. In our present study, fucoidan was extracted from Sargassum polycystum collected from Saint Martin's Island in three different extraction methods. The composition of the fucoidans was determined by measuring the total carbohydrate, sulfate, uronic acid, fucose, and protein contents. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) were studied to determine the structural groups of extracted fucoidans. Functional activities were analyzed by antioxidant activity and anti-diabetic activity assay. Fucoidan yield was obtained highest in the acid extraction method (0.061 ± 0.007 g/g), followed by the water extraction method (0.058 ± 0.005 g/g) and salt extraction method (0.041 ± 0.005 g/g). Water extracted fucoidan showed the highest carbohydrate content (62.97 %), uronic acid content (6.46 %), and protein content (2.62 %). Sulphate content (28.56 %) was highest in salt extracted fucoidan, whereas fucose content (24.0 %) was highest in water extracted fucoidan. FT-IR and 1H NMR analysis confirm several characteristic picks for the extracted fucoidans. Extracted fucoidans presented comparable antioxidant activity, but salt-extracted fucoidan presented the highest DPPH radical scavenging assay (86.85 ± 0.74 %, IC50 = 0.03 mg/mL), ABTS radical scavenging assay (65.13 ± 0.92 %, IC50 = 1.94 mg/mL), Phosphomolybdenum assay (4.356 ± 0.11) and Nitric Oxide (NO) radical scavenging assay (57.08 ± 0.52 %, IC50 = 3.73 mg/mL) in dose-dependency manner. Further anti-diabetic activity assay resulted in the highest α-amylase inhibition activity (62.82 ± 1.36 %, IC50 = 2.30 mg/mL) and α-glucosidase inhibition activity (55.73 ± 0.84 %, IC50 = 3.71 mg/mL) by salt-extracted fucoidan. These functional potentials of seaweed may add significant value to the development of functional food and pharmaceutical materials.

Enhanced detection of trace sulfur levels in gasoline by bismuth electrode using square wave voltammetry

This study introduces a simple, cost-effective, and rapid bismuth electrode-square-wave voltammetry method for determining the total sulfur content in automotive gasoline. Optimal conditions for the developed electrode, including various Bi ion concentrations, deposition times, and potentials, were established on a glassy carbon electrode. The results demonstrated that the highest response was achieved when the bismuth electrode was placed in an acetate buffer and a methanol:toluene (1:1 v/v) solvent. The method was validated with and without a 30-second electro-preconcentration step. The voltammetric method in conjunction with the preconcentration step exhibited a sensitivity of 571.81 nA mg L−1, a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.02 mg L−1, and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.08 mg L−1. Without the preconcentration step, the method yielded a sensitivity of 421.89 nA mg L−1, an LOD of 0.03 mg L−1, and an LOQ of 0.11 mg L−1. The developed method was applied to quantify commercial fuel samples. The results showed that the electrochemical technique yielded a similar total sulfur content to that measured by the standard ASTM D2622 method, with an error of less than 7.5%. Moreover, the method proposed in this study had lower LOD and LOQ limits, meeting the EURO5 and EURO6 regulations.

Early stages of Type I-S kerogen formation revealed by Rock-Eval® 7S analysis of sediment from a modern halo-alkaline lake (Dziani Dzaha, Mayotte)

The Dziani Dzaha (Mayotte Islands, Indian Ocean) is a small, shallow, saline and hyperalkaline maar lake. Its surface waters are characterized by intense primary production, inducing the waters below 2 m depth to remain aphotic and anoxic all year round, at least until 2017, when a ∼5 m-long core was taken from the center of the lake. The recovered sediments were described and sampled at high resolution. They consist of laminated microbial mats, mixed with carbonate lenses or nodular beds, and rare silty detrital facies. The inorganic and organic carbon contents of 160 samples were analyzed using the Rock-Eval® method, including the Rock-Eval® 7S device which quantifies both total organic sulfur and total sulfur content, in addition to conventional Rock-Eval parameters. The Dziani Dzaha sediments are characterized by high TOC content (8.5 wt% on average and up to 27.9 wt%) and variable inorganic carbon content. HI values average 630 mg HC/g TOC and reach up to 834 mg HC/g TOC. TS content varies from 0.3 to 3.6 wt%, with TSorg/TOC ratios close to 0.01 at the top of the core and fluctuating downcore between 0.02 and 0.05. Interestingly, the pyrolysis thermal stability of sulfurized organic matter increases with depth, and the highest HI values are associated with highest Sorg content, sulfurization of organic matter being generally accompanied by reductive processes. The hydrogen- and organic-sulfur-rich sediments of Dziani Dzaha can be considered modern analogues of Type I and I-S petroleum source rock deposits, such as the Eocene Green River shales and Kimmeridgian Orbagnoux laminites, with remarkable facies and geochemical similarities. (258 words)

Geochemical and mineralogical features as indicators of sulfate-methane transition zones in shallow gas-bearing offshore sediments from Zhoushan

Subsurface shallow gas, primarily composed of biogenic methane (>95%), is highly-enriched in global offshore sediments. The redox conditions of methane-rich pore fluid play a crucial role in shaping the geochemical signatures associated with the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) and vertical displacement of sulfate-methane transition zones (SMTZs) within deep sedimentary records. However, long-period, and continuous records of AOM and SMTZs in shallow gas-bearing offshore sediments are sparse. Here, we employed a comprehensive analyses of iron sulfide, elemental, and stable isotopies on a 63-m drilled sediment core (JC-1) from offshore Zhoushan. Four different layers U1–U4 were identified in 11.5–24 mbsf, 24−42 mbsf, 42−51 mbsf, and 51−63 mbsf, respectively, as revealed by the lithofacies and sedimentary structures. By comparing the pyrite contents, total sulfur to total organic carbon ratios, and δ34S-chromium-reducible sulfur values, the commonly seen organoclastic sulfate reduction occurred in U1 and U2, whereas significant AOM activities were found in U1 and U4. Further, the peaks of total sulfur to total organic carbon ratios, sulfur contents, and multiple positive δ34S-chromium-reducible sulfur values indicated the presence of AOM in SMTZs at 18.3, 52, and 59 mbsf. These intervals were featured by a sub-oxic or anoxic condition with strong methane seepages, evident from the scarcity of metals and the enrichment of Mo/Al and U/Al ratios. The presence of multiple SMTZs was consistent with the pore-water data of the adjacent YS4 and YS7 cores. In light of these findings, it is prudent to exercise caution when utilizing geochemical indicators, such as trace element proxies and the δ34S values of sulfide minerals, to comprehend the progression of fluctuating depositional settings in reaction to sea-level fluctuations and shallow gas reservoirs. This study provides a new perspective to better understand the evolution of unsteady depositional environments in response to sea-level changes and shallow gas reservoirs.

Optimization of the Caustic Treatment of Jet-Fuel to Reduce the Consumption of Caustic Soda in an Oil Refinery

Jet-Fuel desulfurization is one of the most important processes in the petroleum industries due to the high quality required for aviation fuels. In the pre-sent work, the desulfurization of Jet-Fuel with a content of sulfurous compounds was studied using a process assisted with sodium hydroxide. It was considered that the composition of the turbo fuel varies because different blends of crude oil are processed in the refinery under study. The effects of operating conditions, such as reaction time (15 to 30 min) and the amount of caustic soda (NaOH) in its solution (0.024 to 0.2 mol/L) were investigated. The objective functions (responses) were the NaOH consumption and the total cost of production while the acidity and the total sulfur content of Jet-A1 were considered as restrictions. The optimal conditions of the proposed model were obtained using the optimization with the fmincon function of the MATLAB software. These optimal conditions were found to vary according to the content of sulfur compounds present in the process feed. From the optimal points obtained, it was possible to determine the frequency of change of the NaOH solution that allows its maximum use.

Prediction of HGI of South African coalfields: a comparative application of ANN, SVR and LSTM models

ABSTRACT Hardgrove grindability index (HGI) is a significant index used to determine a mill’s capability and overall efficiency in the grinding of coal. There are several factors that affect HGI due to the complex nature of coal. The influence of proximate analysis, calorific value, total sulfur, and pyrite content on the HGI values of 292 coal samples from South African coalfields were examined. Predictive models of HGI are developed by using soft computing techniques such as Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), support vector regression (SVR), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). This study shows that ANN is the most effective predictive model for all the three coalfields, with SVR models being second and LSTM models being the least effective. The correlation between the predicted value and the input data is established by using the cosine amplitude method (CAM). It was found that HGI is most influenced by the fixed carbon content, calorific value, ash content and volatile matter content while pyrite has the least influence.

Activated carbon modification for real diesel adsorptive deep desulfurization: experiments and modeling

This study examined the desulfurization capacity of a high specific surface area activated carbon (AC) and its modifications for real diesel fuel of different sulfur concentrations. Adsorbent’s evaluation strategy included desulfurization experiments under batch and continuous conditions. Batch experiments were conducted by a homogeneous stirring of adsorbent and diesel fuel, while for the continuous tests, a fixed bed reactor was used to generate breakthrough desulfurization curves. In the fixed bed reactor’s tests, the sulfur removal – considering an initial concentration of about 6 parts per million weight (ppmw) – was substantial for the first 30 ml fuel per gram of adsorbent. For this specific quantity, the total sulfur content of the cumulatively processed fuel was less than 2 ppmw. The batch experimental results are elaborated using a mechanistic kinetic model for batch adsorption considering the total sulfur mass balance. Mass transfer coefficients are derived this way for all the conditions and adsorbents tested. The adsorption equilibrium data from batch experiments are utilized to model the fixed bed experimental results. In this way, mass transfer coefficients for the fixed bed are derived. In any case, the modeling results indicate that sulfur is not the only adsorbate of the process, but other adsorbates act competitively to sulfur, thereby complicating the process.

Characterization of low molecular weight sulfur species in seaweed from the Antarctic continent.

Antarctic seaweeds are vital components of polar marine ecosystems, playing a crucial role in nutrient cycling and supporting diverse life forms. The sulfur content in these organisms is particularly interesting due to its implication in biogeochemical processes and potential impacts on local and global environmental systems. In this study, we present a comprehensive characterization of seaweed collected in the Antarctic in terms of their total sulfur content and its distribution among different classes of species, including thiols, using various methods and high-sensitivity techniques. The data presented in this paper are unprecedented in the scientific literature. These methods allowed for the determination of total sulfur content and the distribution of sulfur compounds in different fractions, such as water-soluble and proteins, as well as the speciation of sulfur compounds in these fractions, providing valuable insights into the chemical composition of these unique marine organisms. Our results revealed that the total sulfur concentration in Antarctic seaweeds varied widely across different species, ranging from 5.5 to 56gkg-1 dry weight. Furthermore, our investigation into the sulfur speciation revealed the presence of various sulfur compounds, including sulfate, and some thiols, which were quantified in all ten seaweed species evaluated. The concentration of these individual sulfur species also displayed considerable variability among the studied seaweeds. This study provides the first in-depth examination of total sulfur content and sulfur speciation in brown and red Antarctic seaweeds.

Towards Sulphite-Free Winemaking: A New Horizon of Vinification and Maturation.

The complex dynamics between oxygen exposure, sulphur dioxide (SO2) utilization, and wine quality are of the utmost importance in wine sector, and this study aims to explore their fine balance in winemaking. As a common additive, SO2 works as an antiseptic and antioxidant. However, its excessive use has raised health concerns. Regulatory guidelines, including Council Regulation (EC) N° 1493/1999 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1622/2000, dictate SO2 concentrations in wines. The increasing demand for natural preservatives is driving the search for alternatives, with natural plant extracts, rich in phenolic compounds, emerging as promising substitutes. In this context, Bioma Company has proposed alternative additives deriving from vineyard waste to replace SO2 during winemaking. Thus, the aim of the present work was to compare the compositional characteristics between the product obtained with the alternative vinification and the traditional one during the winemaking, as well as the aroma compositions of the final wines. After a year of experimentation, the wines produced with Bioma products showed compositional characteristics comparable to their traditional counterparts. Notably, these wines comply with current legislation, with significantly reduced total sulphur content, allowing their designation as "without added sulphites". Bioma products emerge as potential catalysts for sustainable and health-conscious winemaking practices, reshaping the landscape of the industry.

Prediction of sulfur compounds and total sulfur contents in catalytic cracking products of hydrotreated and non-hydrotreated feeds

Relevance. The lack of a reliable mathematical model suitable for predicting the yield and quality of products in catalytic cracking units, with an assessment of the environmental indicators of fuel fractions when changing the hydrocarbon composition and distribution of sulfur compounds in the process feedstock, as well as the possibility of involving highly sulfur-containing oil streams in processing on existing catalytic cracking units. Aim. To develop and apply a mathematical model of the catalytic cracking to predict the content of sulfur compounds and total sulfur in the products during the processing of hydrotreated and non-hydrotreated petroleum feedstocks. Methods. A complex of experimental methods, including liquid and gas chromatography to determine the composition of the feedstock and the distribution of sulfur compounds in the feedstock and catalytic cracking products, methods of quantum chemical modeling of reactions involving sulfur compounds, as well as numerical methods for processing and solving systems of differential equations. Quantum chemical modeling methods were used to study the thermodynamic parameters of catalytic cracking reactions involving sulfur-containing compounds. Results. The authors have developed and implemented in software a mathematical model of catalytic cracking involving hydrocarbons C1–C40+ and sulfur compounds (thiophenes C0–C4, alkylbenzothiophenes C0–C6, C0–C3 dibenzothiophenes, and C4–dibenzothiophene-benzonaphthothiophenes). The model aims to predict the yield and composition of process products, as well as the environmental indicators of motor fuels. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of catalytic cracking reactions were determined using quantum chemical modeling methods and solving the inverse kinetic problem.

Occurrence of State of Gold in Crude Oil and Its Economic Significance

Gold and petroleum are also strategic resources of great importance to national security. With the increasing demand for energy, multi-energy cooperative exploration has become an inevitable trend of resource development and utilization. Petroleum and hydrothermal gold deposits may form together, with similar evolutionary trends in their formation, migration, and enrichment. Petroleum reservoirs and gold deposits are closely coupled under certain geological conditions. The solubility of gold in crude oil and its forms of occurrence are important in determining the mechanisms of interaction between gold and petroleum and in facilitating the recovery of gold from gold-bearing petroleum. In this study, the occurrence of gold in crude oil from the Linnan Depression in the Bohai Bay Basin, China, was studied using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Concentrations of gold in crude oil from the Linpan and Shanghe oilfields averaged 44.5 ppb, which is well above the minimum concentration required for hydrothermal gold mineralization. Gold has an affinity with carbon, oxygen, and sulfur, and its concentration in crude oil is positively correlated with total acid and sulfur contents. We speculate that gold may exist in crude oil as complexes with organic acids or thiols, with crude oil thus being a transport medium for gold.

The Influence of Organic and Inorganic Additives on the Specific Electrical Resistance of Coke

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of both inorganic (boron carbide nanopowders and silicon carbide (carborundum) and organic lean (petroleum coke) additives on the quality of coke produced in a laboratory furnace, as well as on its electrical properties. Analyzing the results of the quality assessment of the obtained coke, it can be argued that the addition of a fixed amount (0.25-0.5 wt.%) of non-caking nanoadditives allows to regulate the process in the plastic state in order to increase the coke strength. This modification affects the coke quality and has a significant dependence on the grade composition of the coal charge. The use of nanoadditives is especially important for coal charges with poor coking properties. Adding 5% of petroleum coke to the coal charge leads to an increase in the gross coke yield by 1.2-1.3%; a decrease in coke ash content by 0.2-0.3%; an increase in the total sulfur content in coke by 0.15-0.23%; deterioration in both mechanical (P25 − by 0. 1-0.6%; I10 − by 0.1-0.2%) and coke strength after the reaction (CSR - by 0.6-1.0%), coke reactivity (CRI - by 0.2-0.3%), as well as structural strength (SS by 0.3-0.4%), abrasive hardness (AH by 0.7-1.0 mg) and specific electrical resistance (ρ by 0.002-0.007 Om×cm). The obtained data may indicate an increase in the order degree of the coke structure and the appearance of a larger number of nanostructures. In addition, it should be noted that a sharper deterioration in blast furnace coke quality is observed when using a coal charge characterized by a lower coal content of the Concentrating Factory Svyato-Varvarynska LLC.

Are sulfides the primary host of sedimentary Hg? A case study from the Lower Jurassic of the Surat Basin (Australia)

Several mass extinction events and major paleoenvironmental perturbations during the Phanerozoic have been linked to massive volcanic eruptions, especially those associated with large igneous province (LIP) emplacement. Because magmatism during LIPs can be accompanied by the release and widespread dispersal of mercury (Hg), Hg concentration in sedimentary rocks has proven to be a useful proxy for paleovolcanism. Organic matter is often the primary host of Hg in sedimentary rocks, so total organic carbon (TOC) is commonly used to normalize Hg and thus robustly assess anomalies. Nevertheless, the singular use of anomalies in Hg/TOC to assess volcanic activity is questionable. Sulfides or clay minerals also act as hosts for Hg, with sulfides in particular having a strong affinity for Hg in reducing environments. At the same time, the source of organic matter has a potentially very strong influence on Hg abundance because the Hg binding potential of different organic matter types varies. Here, we investigate the influence of organic matter content and type on Hg concentrations and investigate how Hg is hosted in shallow marine and nearshore sedimentary rocks of the Lower Jurassic Precipice Sandstone and Evergreen Formation from the Surat Basin, Australia. Our results demonstrate that sulfides were likely the main host of Hg in these rocks, despite the general absence of reducing conditions in these rocks and the significant variability in organic matter sources. Our results suggest that researchers should routinely collect sulfide or at least total sulfur concentration data when testing for volcanic Hg enrichment in ancient sedimentary rocks.

Determination of Sulfur Content in Mineral Mass for Prediction of Hazardous Properties of Coal Mine Seams

Introduction. Sulfur is found in the organic and mineral parts of all types of solid fuels, and its concentration determines the extent of the hazardous characteristics of mine seams. Therefore, research on the determination of sulfur content in fossil fuels has not lost its relevance. The total sulfur content and its varieties has been studied in most cases in terms of the efficiency of fuel processing processes, the quality and environmental safety of coal products. Less attention was paid to the hazardous properties of mine seams, forecasting and developing preventive measures for endogenous fires in coal mines. This work aims to develop an engineering method to calculate the elemental sulfur content in the mineral mass of coal to predict the hazardous properties of mine seams.Materials and Methods. According to the results of the correlation analysis, we established how the sulfur content in the combustible part of the fuel depended on the total sulfur. We analyzed data on coals from almost all mine seams of the Donetsk and Lviv-Volyn coal basins. We presented the ash ratios for the formation and basin samples, as well as the information about the total sulfur and sulfur content in the combustible part. This allowed us to estimate the sulfur content in mineral impurities by calculation. The initial data for developing the method were taken from reference and regulatory documents.Results. Seven sets were considered, which included from 149 to 1827 mine seams. For each, reference and calculation data were summarized:- sulfur content — total (Std) and in the combustible part of the fuel (Sг);- conditional points for adjusting the indicators to avoid obtaining negative average values;- empirical equations that describe the calculated and corrected dependencies based on the ratio of Std and Sг;- correlation of these indicators;- ranges of change in ash yield.All this information was presented for clean and raw coals, for ash yields of more and less than 10%. In one case, satisfactory results were noted for determining the calculated sulfur content in a conditionally non-combustible mass. This was a set of 149 mine layers. For 13 of them, the difference in indicators (Std – Sг) was greater than or equal to zero. For 136 — less than zero. For 81, the sulfur content in the conditionally non-combustible part of the fuel Sн was less than zero. At the same time, there was a sufficient level of correlation (0.79) and a limited range of changes in ash yield (2.4–10). The empirical equation corresponding to this set was recommended for predicting the hazardous properties of mine seams with an ash yield of less than 10%.Discussion and Conclusion. The results of this study can be used to improve regulations for the safe conduct of mining activities, taking into account sulfur content in organic matter and in mineral impurities of fossil coal.

The Paleoecological Environment during the Ediacaran–Cambrian Transition in Central Guizhou Province, China: Evidence from Zn Isotopes

During the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition, a series of stratal continuous and well-preserved siliceous rock and phosphorite assemblages developed in Qingzhen, Guizhou Province, China, facilitating research on the biological evolution, marine chemistry, and palaeoecological environment of this period. Therefore, we investigated the paleontology, trace and rare earth elements, total organic carbon, total sulfur content, and Zn isotopes of the phosphorus-bearing rock series in the Taozichong Formation of the Cambrian period in Qingzhen. Geochemical analysis reveals that the sedimentary rocks in this area were formed in the oxygen-rich seawater environment and were not affected by high-temperature hydrothermal activity. The upwelling ocean current provided abundant rare earth elements and other nutrient elements, as well as conditions for the prosperity of biota in Qingzhen. In addition, the δ66Zn value (−0.21‰–0.41‰ range and 0.17‰ mean) in the Qingzhen phosphorous rock series was much lower than that in seawater, indicating a strong level of biological productivity. The variation trend of δ13C, δ18O, and δ66Zn exhibited four stages and three obvious drift events. The results suggest that climate change during this period led to the intermittent flourishing and extinction of organisms, which triggered the negative drift of δ13C and δ18O in the ocean, resulting in a coordinated response of δ66Zn. The unique ecological environment of the Taozichong Formation in Qingzhen also provides favorable conditions for the population continuation of Ediacaran-type benthic soft-bodied metazoon dominated by discoid fossils, Shaanxilithes, worm fossils, and sponge fossils in the Cambrian strata, as well as participation in the global biological explosion events. The study area provides new insights for rebuilding the global Ediacaran–Cambrian ecosystem during the transition period.

Use of water quality parameters to assess the ecological health of Atlantic coastal areas in the northwestern Morocco

Coastal waters are confronted with multiple stressors, including chemical contamination/pollution and climate change. Water quality along the Atlantic coast of Morocco was assessed, in this study, at six stations over four seasons, including three heavily industrialized stations (S2, S4, and S6) and three clean stations (S1, S3, and S5), spreading over a distance of ∼300 km from Azemmour to Essaouira cities. The physicochemical characteristics (temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, suspended matter, and sulfate), and chlorophyll-a, as well as nutrients (nitrite, nitrate, ammonium, total phosphorus, orthophosphate, and silicate) were analyzed to investigate their spatial and seasonal trends in the study areas. The results revealed significant spatiotemporal variations in the distribution of the hydrological characteristics across the sampling sites. In addition, the observed sulfate and nutrient concentrations showed significant spatial and seasonal differences. The disturbed stations showed the highest concentrations of nutrients, while the clean stations exhibited the highest concentrations of chlorophyll-a, particularly in the spring season. As expected, the compressive pollution index (CPI) and water pollution index (WPi) results supported the pollution status of stations. Accordingly, the surface seawater quality was better in the clean stations compared to the polluted stations. According to the CPI and WPi values, the sampling stations were classified in the following descending order of pollution, from strongly and moderately polluted stations to slightly or unpolluted stations (S4 > S2 > S6 > S1> S3 > S5). The total phosphorus, orthophosphate, sulfate, and chlorophyll-a concentrations were substantially higher than the surface water quality standards of Morocco, especially at the most industrialized stations in the winter.The physicochemical, biological, and nutrient data obtained in this study provide a valuable reference for assessing the ecological quality status of the Atlantic coastal environments in the study areas.

Geochemistry and petrology of Early Permian lacustrine shales in the Lodève Basin, Southern France: Depositional history, organic matter accumulation and thermal maturity

The lacustrine shales in the Lodève Basin, southern France, serve as excellent archives of paleo-lake development as well as climatic evolution during the Early Permian. In this study, an extensive dataset is presented encompassing organic petrographic data, major and trace element quantification, bulk and molecular organic geochemical proxies, as well as compound-specific stable carbon isotope data derived from the analysis of 36 black shale outcrop samples originating from the Usclas-St. Privat Formation (USPF), Tuilières-Loiras Formation (TLF), and Viala Formation (VF). All sample are thermally oil-mature, as evident from a vitrinite reflectance (VRr) of around 0.8%. The lower section of the USPF, characterized by notably higher total sulfur (TS) concentrations, displays total organic carbon (TOC) and TS contents spanning from 2.69 to 7.83 (avg. 4.28) wt% and 0.42–1.55 (avg. 1.09) wt%, respectively. In contrast, the upper section of the USPF (average TOC of 2.59 wt%), TLF (average TOC of 2.66 wt%), and VF (average TOC of 3.17 wt%) exhibit considerably lower TS contents of 0.26 wt%, 0.22 wt%, and 0.17 wt%, respectively. The lower section of the USPF, characterized by the lowest pristane/phytane (Pr/Ph) ratio and the highest TS/TOC ratios and chemical index of alteration (CIA) values, was deposited in oxygen-depleted and saline lacustrine environments. These conditions prevailed under more humid climatic conditions and were probably related to marine incursions. In contrast, the upper section of the USPF, the TLF, and the VF display elevated Pr/Ph ratios but reduced TS/TOC and CIA values, signifying deposition within oxic-dysoxic and freshwater-brackish bottom water conditions with a significant change towards arid conditions. All samples are characterized by low vitrinite and inertinite contents together with consistently similar average values of Al2O3 and TiO2. The biomarker analysis suggests that the organic matter (OM) in most samples mainly originates from planktonic/algal biomass with additional microbial OM. Only the lower section of the USPF displays a slightly enhanced contribution of terrestrial OM input and also more detrital elements. It is concluded that the structural evolution of the basin from narrow deep towards wider and shallower settings as well as the postulated marine transgressive events during early stages played a crucial role in shaping the deposition environments of the two distinct sets of lacustrine shales, thereby influencing the OM accumulation mechanisms. In contrast, the substantial climatic aridification seems to have a relatively minor impact on the sources of OM and the conditions prevailing within the water column.

Association and textural-compositional evolution of pyrite-organic matter in coals of the Tarakan, Barito, and Pasir Basins, Kalimantan, Indonesia

The Barito, Pasir, and Tarakan Basins in Kalimantan Island is the most extensive coal-bearing sedimentary basin in Indonesia, mined since 1989. The coal is notable in having high sulfur coal content, exceeding >10% in some cases, contributed by the presence of pyrite. The latter issue contributed to interest in the coal, forming economic mineral deposits hosted by the sedimentary pyrite and organic matter. Novel findings of this research providing valuable information of trace element behavior during the diagenetic conditions. This paper documents the textural and compositional evolution of pyrite-organic matter of coals using coal petrographic, proximate, ultimate, total sulfur content, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), electron probe micro analyser (EPMA), and Raman spectroscopy. Coals from Kalimantan are mainly characterized by medium-high sulfur content (>3%) and the maximum temperatures reached by organic matter during diagenesis are 166 ± 10 °C for the Pasir Basin, 136 ± 11 °C for the Barito Basin, and 132 ± 12 °C for the Tarakan Basin. Pyrite is mainly found as large size framboids (mostly >5 μm), indicating formation in the sedimentary layer with dysoxic bottom water conditions during early–late diagenetic stages. The framboidal pyrite was likely formed in detrovitrinite and gelovitrinite under topogenous mire conditions, due to the degradation of macerals and biochemical gelification, which provided the organic templates. High concentrations of trace elements (TE) of framboidal pyrite, such as 1) Cu, Ni, and Co in the Pasir Basin and 2) As in the Barito Basin, likely reflect the local sedimentary provenance and underlying basement rocks. Pyrite texture evolved with increasing diagenetic temperatures from 1) framboidal pyrite, 2) recrystallized framboidal pyrite rims, and 3) anhedral, anhedral-euhedral pyrite transition, and euhedral massive pyrite. This study shows a similar average TE concentrations of various pyrite texture, suggesting that the TEs are not remobilized during the evolution of pyrite at the diagenetic stages.

Nutrient content of vegetation and soil of four conifer species growing under different site and competing vegetation management conditions

In this study we examined the long-term effects of competing vegetation control on the total nutrient content of different ecosystem components of 19-year-old Douglas-fir (DF), western hemlock (WH), western redcedar (WRC), and grand fir (GF) stands growing in Oregon’s central Coast Range (CR) and of DF and WRC growing in Oregon’s Cascade mountain foothills (CF). Nutrient content responses were evaluated under two contrasting vegetation control treatments, including the Control (no herbicide application post-planting), and VM (5 consecutive years of herbicide application post-planting). Both treatments involved a pre-planting herbicide application. The ecosystem components were divided into overstory (planted crop trees), midstory, understory, forest floor, fine roots, and mineral soil. All samples were analyzed for content (mass per unit ground area) of total carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, boron, copper, iron, manganese, sodium, and zinc. VM effects on total plant derived nutrient masses were more prominent than differences in concentrations. Ca was the only nutrient for which all species showed higher plant derived masses in the VM condition. Plant derived tissue content of C, Cu, P, and B all tended to be higher in VM plots, with the exception of WRC plots at the CR site. This case was an outlier due to the fact that Control plots developed significantly more biomass as a result of high midstory biomass, whereas the VM plots developed relatively little midstory and crop tree biomass. There were few differences in soil nutrients content between species and treatments, and those that were significant were unable to be explained by differences in uptake by plant species. Notably, total soil N of WRC at the CR site was significantly lower for VM plots. This may indicate the potential for VM applied to a slow growing species, such as WRC, to reduce ecosystem retention of N. With the exception of C and N, total soil nutrient reserves were orders of magnitude greater than total plant derived masses. This indicated that there is low probability of an adverse effect of VM on soil nutrient stores.

Desulfurisasi Batubara Dengan Metode Leaching Menggunakan Naoh Dan HCL Di PT. Anugerah Krida Utama, Kutai Kartanegara, Kalimantan Timur

The utilization of coal as a fossil fuel causes several ecological problems, as for the consequences of the coal combustion process, namely pollution and emissions. Combustion of high sulfur coal produces sulfur dioxide gas (SO2). This sulfur dioxide (SO2) will become H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) which can directly or indirectly disrupt human life, such as causing acid rain, causing tightness in the respiratory tract and causing corrosion and shortening the life of factory equipment. To reduce SO2 gas, a reduction in sulfur content is carried out before combustion which is called desulfurization. This research was conducted using the leaching method with variations in leaching agent and solution concentration. Leaching agents used in this study are NaOH and HCl. The coal to be desulfurized is coal from PT Anugerah Krida Utama with an initial total sulfur content of 4,05% adb. 10 grams of coal with a size of 0,212 mm was leached with 250 ml of chemical solution using a hot plate stirrer at 80˚C and 250 rpm for 1 hour. The results showed that the optimum condition for leaching agent NaOH occurred at a concentration of 8 M showing the initial total sulfur content of 4,05% adb decreased to 1,69% adb with a maximum percentage decrease of 58,27% and at leaching agent HCl the optimum condition occurred at a concentration of 1 M showing the initial total sulfur content of 4,05% adb decreased to 2,91% adb with a maximum percentage decrease of 28,14%.