Concentrations Of Re Research Articles

Upregulation of FNDC5 gene expression in C2C12 cells after single and combined treatments of resveratrol and ATRA

BackgroundIrisin is a newly discovered myokine that secreted from skeletal muscle cells. Several studies showed that irisin involves in thermogenesis and increases the expression of browning markers such as uncoupling protein-1 that in turns induces the conversion of white adipose tissue to brown fat. Resveratrol (Res) and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) can also upregulate the expression of thermogenesis genes. In the present study, the effects of single and combined treatments of Res and ATRA on fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5) gene expression was explored.MethodsThe mouse myoblasts, C2C12 cells, were seeded in 6-well plastic plates and cultured in DMEM media. After differentiation, in a pilot study, C2C12 myotubes were treated with different concentrations of Res and ATRA for 12 h. The best result was obtained by treatment of 1and 25 μM of Res and 1 μM of ATRA. Then the main study was continued by single and combined treatment of these compounds at chosen concentration. After treatments, total RNA was extracted from C2C12 cells. Complementary DNA (cDNA) was generated by the cDNA synthesis kit and FNDC5 mRNA expression was evaluated by the real-time PCR method.ResultsThe FNDC5 gene expression in C2C12 myotubes of alone-treated with 1 μM, 25 μM Res and 10 μM ATRA did not change compared to vehicle group. However, in combination-treated the expression of FNDC5 gene was significantly increased compared to vehicle group.ConclusionThis is the first evidence that Res and ATRA can regulate FNDC5 gene expression in C2C12 myotubes. More investigations are necessary to explore the therapeutic effects of these nutrients in obesity, diabetes, cardiac and neurovascular disease.

Color tunability and white light generation through up-conversion energy transfer in Yb3+ sensitized Ho3+/Tm3+ doped tellurite glasses

In this study, tellurite glasses in the (50-x)TeO2-25WO3-25Li2O-xRE (RE: Ho3+, Tm3+, Yb3+) system were synthesized to investigate white light generation through up-conversion energy transfer. Thermal properties of glasses were studied, and optical absorption spectra were collected. Energy transfer mechanisms between RE ions and effect of RE concentrations on up-conversion emission and color tunability were investigated through photoluminescence analysis under 980 nm excitation. Additionally, effect of excitation power on up-conversion emission intensities were investigated. Colorimetric properties such as CIE color coordinates, correlated color temperature, color rendering index and color purity were calculated. The obtained colorimetric results under 2 watt pump power were comparable or better than other reported glass systems. H005T025Y2 sample was found to show the closest color coordinates (x = 0.32 and y = 0.33) to pure white light and suitable colorimetric properties indicating that studied glasses have high potentiality to be used as luminescent materials for white light generation.

Enrichment origin of critical elements (Li and rare earth elements) and a Mo-U-Se-Re assemblage in Pennsylvanian anthracite from the Jincheng Coalfield, southeastern Qinshui Basin, northern China

The Qinshui Basin is the largest reservoir of commercial coalbed methane in China. The No. 15 seam, one of the major coal seams for coalbed methane exploration in the Jincheng Coalfield, SE Qinshui Basin, has recently been found to be enriched in the critical element Li. This study further investigates the inorganic geochemistry of the No. 15 coal and associated rocks and reveals the enrichment origin of critical elements in these horizons. The Jincheng No. 15 coal is rich in Li, Mo, U, Se, Re, and rare earth elements and Y (REY). Concentrations of Mo, U, Se, and Re are higher in the two topmost coal benches, probably due to marine transgression in the early diagenetic stage after the peat had been established. The enrichment of Li and REY in a few lowermost coal benches is suggested to be derived from hydrothermal fluids that were related to magmatic activity (110–140 Ma) during the Yanshanian Orogeny (Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous), or a Late Triassic-Early Jurassic abnormal thermal event occurring at 190–215 Ma. Light REY (La, Ce, Pr, and Nd) in the Jincheng No. 15 coal are predominantly associated with phosphate minerals. Heavier REY (Sm to Lu) show a mixed phosphate and organic affinity in the studied coal samples. Non-coal samples are characterized by light REY- and HREY-enrichment, which is probably inherited from the source material in the Trans North China Orogen.Trace elements in the coal can be highly enriched in the ash if the coal is combusted due to the low to medium ash yield of the coal. Critical elements, including Li, Ga, and REY, in the Jincheng No. 15 coal are considered as promising material for industrial recovery and have been previously under-estimated. On the other hand, environmentally sensitive elements including As, Hg, and Pb, while having concentrations within the normal range compared with average worldwide coals, can be highly enriched in the coal combustion residues if the coal is combusted, and thus careful consideration needs to be given to the utilisation of such coals.

Physicochemical and bioactive properties of edible methylcellulose films containing Rheum ribes L. extract

Methylcellulose (MC) polymer was used to prepare the edible films. Then, the Rheum ribes L. ethanol extract (RE) was added to the films in order to act as a natural antimicrobial agent. All the methylcellulose films were characterized for bioactivity and the physicochemical analysis were carried out to define functional group interactions between the polymer and RE. The strongest antimicrobial effect was obtained with MC films enriched with 2% (w/w) RE against to Listeria monocytogenes with 20.3 ± 2.5 mm zone diameter. In the presence of RE, the tensile strength of film decreased, whereas the extract concentration significantly increased. The elongation at break and the water vapor permeability (WVP) values of the films were found to have decreased significantly in parallel with the increase in RE content. Moreover, the increase in the concentration of RE caused an increment in the hydrophilic properties, especially contact angle values of the films.

Application of addition HClO4 to improve the dissolution process and sensitivity of Os for low-concentration of Os in pyrite

The rhenium (Re) and osmium (Os) isotope systems have long been recognized as effective tools to directly date mineralization and trace the source of metals. In general, 0.4 g of pyrite was dissolved by 11 mL of inverse aqua regia in a 30-mL Carius tube. Larger volumes of acids and a larger Carius tube were required if the sample weight was over 0.4 g. Herein we present an improved dissolution process of the Carius tube digestion method by adding HClO4 to dissolve larger sample weights in smaller volumes of acid. This approach is more suitable for determining low concentrations of Os in metal sulfides. In detail, 0.4 g of pyrite was completely dissolved in a mixture of 1 mL of HClO4 and 3 mL of inverse aqua regia. Notably, addition of 1 mL of HClO4 to 8 mL of inverse aqua regia significantly increases the amount of sample from 0.4 to 0.8 g. Based on our data, while the sample weight was no >0.8 g, addition of 1 mL of HClO4 to inverse aqua regia can not only improve the dissolving capacity significantly, but also avoid Carius tube explosion. Furthermore, the dissolving capacity of HClO4-inverse aqua regia method is much higher than that of H2O2-inverse aqua regia method, which is a typical digestion method for Re-Os dating. This method was certified by reference materials (HLP and JDC). In brief, this new method allows dissolution of larger amounts of sample while consuming less acid. Therefore, this method has more potential for determining low concentrations of Re and Os in metal sulfides.

Influence of rare earth addition in cobalt ferrite thin films obtained by pulsed laser deposition

The influence of rare earth (RE = Dy, Gd, Yb) ion doping on the structural, magnetic and optical properties of cobalt ferrite thin films was studied. CoFe2-xRExO4 (x = 0.01; 0.03; 0.05; 0.1; 0.2; 0.3) films were obtained by pulsed laser deposition on silicon substrates. The X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy results on the bulk materials, which were used as targets during deposition, revealed the formation of residual phases as the concentration of RE dopant was increased. However, the annealed thin films presented diffraction lines and vibrational modes corresponding only to cobalt ferrite. A lower crystallinity of the deposited samples was observed when higher RE concentrations were used. Due to the substitution of Fe by RE elements which possess large ionic radii, the lattice parameter of the thin films presented a monotonous increase. The magnetic response of the nanostructures was correlated to the magnetic moment of the RE dopant and to the structural properties of the films. The optical bandgaps derived from the reflectance spectra presented an increasing trend as the Yb and Dy concentrations were augmented.

LIBS measurement of trace tantalum and rhenium in tungsten for in-situ diagnostic of nuclear transmutation

Calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF-LIBS) was applied to tungsten (W)- tantalum (Ta) alloy and W-rhenium (Re) alloy. In the W-Ta alloy measurement, an apparent Ta I line at 648.5 nm was found to be isolated from W I lines and used for the concentration determination. Accurate concentration measurements were achieved for a W - 2 at.% Ta specimen at the ambient gas pressure between 0.1 and 10 Torr of He, Ne and Ar gas. Within these ambient gas species, the highest line intensities were obtained by Ar gas. In the W-Re alloy measurement, the detection limit of trace Re in W-Re was investigated. CF-LIBS results agree well with the nominal concentration of Re down to W-0.5 at.% Re specimen which is better than the measurement accuracy of EDX (energy-dispersive X-ray micro-analysis). Further improvements are required in order to measure 0.2 at.% Re in W expected at ITER.

Further evaluation of the Re-Os systematics of crude oil: Implications for Re-Os geochronology of petroleum systems

Here we further demonstrate asphaltene to be the main carrier of Re and Os in crude oil and additionally show that generally the less soluble fractions of asphaltene contain higher concentrations of Re and Os, with the 187Os/188Os and 187Re/188Os values showing different trends between oils. These observations are considered as evidence of the existence of different Re and Os carriers in crude oil. The multiple heteroatomic ligands and porphyrins proposed as Re and Os hosts in crude oil are likely present as free molecules, initially absorbed and occluded in the asphaltene aggregates and co-precipitate with asphaltene in response to the addition of n-alkanes. The ReOs elemental and isotopic systematic behaviour revealed herein are interpreted to be the result of the involvement of Re and Os carriers in the aggregation and precipitation of asphaltene, and the chemical make-up of each particular crude oil.Asphaltene and maltene separated by a series of different alkanes show that asphaltene yields decrease from n-pentane to n-heptane and then tend to stay stable until n-decane. The 187Os/188Os values of the series of asphaltenes are extremely similar for each oil sample, inhibiting the possibility of determining any ReOs dates with the asphaltenes of a single crude oil. In contrast, the maltene fractions exhibit ReOs isotopic variation. Nevertheless, only the maltenes of one oil defined a reasonable isochron with an age similar to that of source rock. As such, this study highlights the need for a greater understanding in order to determine whether, and in what cases, fractions separated from a single crude oil by different alkanes can provide meaningful ReOs ages.

Supported Co-Re Bimetallic Catalysts with Different Structures as Efficient Catalysts for Hydrogenation of Citral.

Bimetallic Co-Re/TiO2 catalysts were developed for efficient citral hydrogenation. Bimetallic catalysts were prepared by co-impregnation (CI), successive-impregnation (SI), and surface redox method (SR). The arrangement between the Co and Re species on these systems was fully characterized using several techniques (TEM-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, H2 temperature-programmed reduction, temperature-programmed desorption, XRD, CO FTIR spectroscopy, model reaction of cyclohexane dehydrogenation), and their catalytic performances were evaluated for the selective hydrogenation of citral towards unsaturated alcohols. The Re and Co species are completely isolated in the CI sample, presenting a very limited Co-Re interaction. In SI samples, the metals coexist in a Janus-type structure with a concentration of Re around Co. Decoration/core-shell structures are observed for SR samples resulting from the redox exchange between the metallic surface of the parent Co/TiO2 catalyst and the Re7+ species of the modifier precursor salt. The contact degree between the two metals gradually increases as follows: Isolated structure (CI)<Janus-type structure(SI)<decoration/core-shell structure (SR). The unchanging structure of all SI samples independent of the Re loading leads to similar electron transfer, and the increase in Re content results in agglomeration of Re, thus decreasing the catalytic activity. Density-of-state (DOS) calculations prove that the high valence of Re is a disadvantage for the hydrogenation reaction. For SR samples, the increase of Re loading contributes to the electron transfer from Re to Co that is consistent with a change of structure from decoration to core-shell. The lack of directly accessible Co atoms for SR catalysts with fully coated structure decreases the efficiency of Re reduction. The presence of Co-Re interaction resulting from the close contact between metals plays a dominant role in the hydrogenation of citral. Nevertheless, an excessively high contact degree is unnecessary for citral hydrogenation once Co-Re interaction has formed.

Effect of lentivirus-mediated overexpression or silencing of MnSOD on apoptosis of resveratrol-treated fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis

Fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis (RA-FLSs) play a key role in cartilage destruction. We previously found that resveratrol (Res) could promote FLSs apoptosis in adjuvant arthritis rats, but the underlying mechanism was unclear. According to our latest study, Res can suppress the expression of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and RA-FLSs proliferation. It was associated with elevated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species levels. Therefore, we hypothesized that Res-mediated RA-FLSs apoptosis might occur via the MnSOD- mitochondrial reactive oxygen species pathway. RA-FLSs were infected with lentiviruses and screened with puromycin at a concentration of 8 µg/ml. We divided the RA-FLSs into four groups: a control group, a negative control (NC) group, a MnSOD overexpression group, and a MnSOD RNAi group. The four groups of RA-FLSs were tested using confocal laser scanning microscopy, CCK-8 assays, flow cytometry, and western blotting were conducted to determine the involvement of the MnSOD-mitochondrial reactive oxygen species pathway. Compared with the NC group, the MnSOD overexpression group treated with different concentrations of Res (0, 25, 50, 100, or 200 μM) and 5 μM H2O2 showed reduced levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, increased B-cell-lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), reduced Bcl-2 Associated X protein (Bax), and fewer apoptotic cells. The MnSOD RNAi group showed the opposite results. Thus, we concluded that Res could facilitate RA-FLSs apoptosis by regulating MnSOD expression and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species levels. Our findings show a novel mechanism for the beneficial effects of Res, especially in relation to the MnSOD-mitochondrial reactive oxygen species signaling pathway in RA.

Influence of the Anatase and Rutile phases on the luminescent properties of rare-earth-doped TiO2 films

For a long time, the development of new and more efficient light-emitting materials has been the driving force to investigate the presence of trivalent rare-earth (RE3+) ions into solid hosts. It happens because RE3+ ions provide efficient and well-defined optical transitions whose intensities are determined by phenomena regarding excitation−recombination mechanisms or, ultimately, by the RE3+ atomic surroundings. Motivated by these aspects, this paper presents a comprehensive study of the influence exerted by TiO2 (under the amorphous and crystalline forms) onto the light emission due to Sm3+ and Tm3+ ions. To this end, Sm-, Tm-, and SmTm-doped TiO2 films were prepared and their structural−electronic properties were investigated by optical spectroscopic techniques − following appropriate thermal annealing treatments. As a result of the deposition method and conditions, the as-deposited (stoichiometric) TiO2 films present an amorphous structure and single RE concentrations around 0.5 at.%. Also, whereas thermal annealing the films at increasing temperatures resulted in almost no changes in their elemental composition, extensive variations were observed in their atomic structure and RE3+-related light emission characteristics. Based on the experimental results, it became clear the role played by the amorphous or crystalline (Anatase or Rutile) structures of the TiO2 films onto the RE3+-related luminescence features, and the likely mechanisms behind the phenomenon are presented and discussed in detail.

Precipitation characteristics of a nickel-based single-crystal superalloy after long-term thermal exposure

Abstract Microstructural stability is of great importance for the application of rhenium-containing nickel-based single-crystal superalloys. The microstructures of single-crystal superalloy DD6, especially the precipitation characteristics before and after thermal exposure, were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and related techniques. Acicular M 6C carbides, rod-like M 6C carbides, and granular μ phases have been observed in the aged alloys, and the orientation relationships of these precipitates have been identified. During the early stage of M 6C precipitation, the carbide maintains a cube-on-cube orientation relationship with the matrix, whereas further growth of the M 6C carbides leads to a twin-related orientation relationship. For the granular μ phases containing a high concentration of Re, no special relationship has been observed. The results of the study will be beneficial for the understanding and improvement of nickel-based single-crystal superalloys.

Re doping induced 2H-1T phase transformation and ferromagnetism in MoS2 nanosheets

In this paper, Re-doped MoS2 nanosheets were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal reaction and an annealing process. Through structural characterization, it was observed that the doping of Re could lead to 2H-1T transformation in both the Re and Mo coordinating structures, and the 1T ratios of Mo and Re atoms increased with the Re-doping concentration. Hysteresis loops demonstrated intrinsic room temperature ferromagnetism in the Re-doped MoS2 nanosheets, and the value of saturated magnetization reached 8 memu/g when the doping concentration of Re was 17.12 at. %. The magnetic properties resulted from the increasing net magnetic moments of Re atoms and 1T-coordinated Mo atoms. Additionally, the 1T-incorporated 2H structure and magnetism were thermally stable in these samples. These results explored a new path for MoS2 nanosheets to be applied in spintronic devices in the future.

Elements distribution and deformation features of a 4.5% Re nickel-based single crystal superalloy during creep at high temperature

By means of creep property measurement, microstructure observation and atom probe tomography, the elements distribution and deformation features of a 4.5% Re nickel-based single crystal superalloy during creep are investigated. Results show that after fully heat treated, the elements Al and Ta are mainly distributed in γ′ phase of alloy. After the alloy is crept up to fracture at 1100 °C/137 MPa, the change of the elements distributing in γ and γ′ phases occurs, wherein, the concentration decrement of the elements Al and Cr in γ′ and γ phases is attributed to their oxidation which may consume the ones. Moreover, some of the atoms Re, W and Mo dissolving in γ′ phase are repelled into γ matrix to reduce its internal energy. And the peak concentration of the atoms Re and W appears in the γ phase near the transition region, the atoms Re, W in the peak region cause the lattice distortion to increase the resistance of dislocations motion, which may improve the creep resistance of alloy. In the later stage of creep, dislocations shearing into the rafted γ′ phase may cross-slip from {111} to {100} plane to form the configuration of K-W locks, which may restrain the slipping of dislocations to improve the creep resistance of alloy. Wherein, the atom Re with lower diffusion coefficient may delay the dislocations in K-W locks for slipping and cross-slipping, which is thought to be the main reason of the K-W locks keeping in 4.5%Re alloy during creep at 1100 °C.

Superconductivity in REO0.5F0.5BiS2 with high-entropy-alloy-type blocking layers

We synthesized new REO0.5F0.5BiS2 (RE: rare earth) superconductors with high-entropy-alloy-type (HEA-type) REO blocking layers. The lattice constant a systematically changed in the HEA-type samples with the RE concentration and the RE ionic radius. A sharp superconducting transition was observed in the resistivity measurements for all the HEA-type samples, and the transition temperature of the HEA-type samples was higher than that of typical REO0.5F0.5BiS2. The sharp superconducting transition and the enhanced superconducting properties of the HEA-type samples may indicate the effectiveness of the HEA states of the REO blocking layers in the REO0.5F0.5BiS2 system.

Enhancement of mechanical and electrical properties of Al-RE alloys by optimizing rare-earth concentration and thermo-mechanical treatment

Al-based immiscible systems, such as Al-RE (rare earth), seem to be promising materials for high conductivity conductors as RE alloying elements have zero solubility in Al and thus are less detrimental for electrical conductivity. The intermetallic phases, precipitated as small particles and uniformly distributed in the alloy's volume, may significantly increase the mechanical strength and thermal stability of alloy. However, the immiscible element compound concentration should be controlled as an excessive amount might result in a loss of electrical conductivity. Therefore, the optimization of RE concentration to obtain the best combination of mechanical strength and electrical conductivity is considered in this research. It focuses also on the effect of high-pressure torsion (HPT) and post deformation annealing temperature on mechanical and electrical properties of Al-RE (La + Ce) alloy. Alloys with total Ce and La concentrations of 2.5, 4.5 and 8.5 wt % are subjected to HPT at room temperature and subsequent annealing in the range of temperatures 230–400 °C. The optimal concentration of RE and processing parameters for enhancement of both mechanical strength and electrical conductivity are defined.

Improved 1200 °C stress rupture property of single crystal superalloys by γ′-forming elements addition

The 1200°C/80MPa stress rupture properties of single crystal superalloys are pronouncedly improved by adding γ′-forming elements Al and Ta. The fraction of γ′-precipitate at high temperature enhances with Al and Ta added. This fraction change yields the increase in concentrations of γ-strengthening elements Mo and Re in γ-channel. It produces the elevated solid solution hardening of γ-matrix and the more negative two-phase lattice misfit. The property improvement is ascribed to the increased γ′ fraction and the elevated γ solid solution level, both induced by Al and Ta addition.

Field study on Re and heavy metal phytoextraction and phytomining potentials by native plant species growing at Sarcheshmeh copper mine tailings, SE Iran

In the present work, we aimed to focus on the identification and characterization of the heavy metal-tolerant plant species growing spontaneously at the tailings site of the Sarcheshmeh copper mine, south of Iran. Our aim was to find the plant species that were potentially useful for phytoextraction purposes. The concentrations of As, Cu, Mo, Ni, Zn, and Re were analyzed in soil as well as in the shoots and roots of plant species separately by an Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP–OES). The mean concentrations of As, Cu, Mo, Ni, Zn, and Re in soil were found to be 18.44±13.41, 1280±500.95, 25.06±13.33, 32.9±14.39, 251.82±95.82, and 1.7±0.78 mg kg-1, respectively. The translocation factor (TF) and the bioaccumulation factor (BCF) were defined and used to assess the amount of the elements accumulated in the shoots and roots of each plant species and to evaluate their potential for phytoextraction purposes. Based upon the results obtained and using the most common criteria, T. ramosissima, C. dactylon, A. leucoclada, and Z. fabago could strongly tolerate and extremely accumulate multiple metal(loid)s. Also Salsola kali, C. dactylon, A. leucoclada, and Z. fabago could be classified as hyperaccumulators for Re with TF and BCF greater than one and ten, respectively. The results of this work should be further developed in order to confirm the potential use of these species in phytoextraction programs.

“Not tonight zebrafish”: the effects of Ruta graveolens on reproduction

Context: There is growing interest in the pharmacological evaluation of Rue due to its potential to treat a variety of clinical diseases. The plant seems to present potent endocrine disrupting effects, and its excretion and disposal are not a concern.Objective: The effects of Ruta graveolens L. (Rutaceae) ethanol extract (RE) on reproductive behaviour, fertility, and steroid and thyroid hormone levels in zebrafish were investigated.Material and methods: We exposed subjects to varying concentrations of RE, and one-tenth the LC50 concentration (2.37 ppm) was established as the sublethal dose. After 2 weeks exposure, reproductive behaviour, cumulative number of eggs laid, percentage of fertilized eggs, and whole body steroid and thyroid hormones were measured.Results: Reproductive association behaviour did not differ between control and RE-exposed animals, but spawning attempts were reduced in RE exposed animals. Cumulative egg production between days 9 to 14, RE exposed fish laid 672 eggs while control fish laid 1242 eggs. Also, percentage of fertilized eggs was higher for the control than for the RE exposed fish. Estradiol-17β (E2) levels were reduced in females exposed to RE and testosterone (T) was statistically lower in both males and females treated with RE. Furthermore, thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) declined in fish treated with RE.Conclusion: RE has endocrine disrupting potential in fish, which has important implications for studying the effects of unintentional pharmaceutical exposure. Moreover, the results demonstrate that drug exposure may affect more than just the overall level of behaviour, emphasizing the relevance of examining the effects of individual exposure. We reinforce the use of zebrafish as a model organism in physiology and behaviour, and raise concerns about the toxic effects of RE in non-target organisms such as aquatic vertebrates, which may ultimately affect human health.

Metal endowment reflected in chemical composition of silicates and sulfides of mineralized porphyry copper systems, Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc, Iran

The present work attempts to discriminate between the geochemical features of magmatic-hydrothermal systems involved in the early stages of mineralization in high grade versus low grade porphyry copper systems, using chemical compositions of silicate and sulfide minerals (i.e., plagioclase, biotite, pyrite and chalcopyrite). The data indicate that magmatic plagioclase in all of the porphyry copper systems studied here has high An% and Al content with a significant trend of evolution toward AlAl3SiO8 and □Si4O8 endmembers, providing insight into the high melt water contents of the parental magmas. Comparably, excess Al and An% in the high grade deposits appears to be higher than that of selected low grade deposits, representing a direct link between the amounts of exsolving hydrothermal fluids and the potential of metal endowment in porphyry copper deposits (PCDs). Also, higher Al contents accompanied by elevated An% are linked to the increasing intensity of disruptive alteration (phyllic) in feldspars from the high grade deposits. As calculated from biotite compositions, chloride contents are higher in the exsolving hydrothermal fluids that contributed to the early mineralization stages of highly mineralized porphyry systems. However, as evidenced by scattered and elevated log (fH2O)/(fHF) and log (fH2O)/(fHCl) values, chloride contents recorded in biotite could be influenced by post potassic fluids. Geothermometry of biotite associated with the onset of sulfide mineralization indicates that there is a trend of increasing temperature from high grade to low grade porphyry systems. Significantly, this is coupled with a sharp change in copper content of pyrite assemblages precipitated at the early stages of mineralization such that Cu decreased with increasing temperature. Based on EMPA and detailed WDS elemental mapping, trace elements do not exhibit complex compositional zoning or solid solution in the sulfide structure. Nevertheless, significant amounts of Cu and Au are contained in pyrite assemblages as micro- to nano-sized inclusions, especially in the high grade fertile porphyry deposits. However, unexpectedly high concentrations of Te, Se, and Re may be associated with early stage of sulfide mineralization, especially when there is no epithermal lithocap. This may highlight the significance of trace metals partitioning in the sulfides formed at the early stages of mineralization in PCDs.