Concentration Of Tween Research Articles

Investigation of fermentation conditions for Candida bombicola ACTT22214 from molasses and soybean oil for sophorolipid production

Sophorolipid (SL) is a biosurfactant belonging to the glycolipids group and was produced by harmless Candida bombicola ACTT22214 and has been widely used in many fields in our life. In order to search for appropriate condition for C. bombicola fermentation producing SL with high efficiency, this study focused on the investigation of the soy oil concentration, molasses concentration, fermentation time, pH and temperature. SL products were tested for antimicrobial activity, antioxidant, emulsifier, foaming ability. The highest content of SL was 43.27 ± 0.30 g/L under conditions of: soybean oil content 5%, molasses content 150 g/L, fermentation time 7 days, pH = 5, 28oC fermentation temperature. The antibacterial activity of SL was good: the highest resistance to Candida albicans (16.33 ± 1.15 mm), good resistance to Bacillus spizizenii (13.67 ± 0.58 mm), resistance to Staphylococcus aureus (12.67 ± 1.15 mm), relatively weak resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.33 ± 0.58 mm) and Escherichia coli (9.67 ± 0.58 mm). The antioxidant capacity of SL was quite high with an IC50 value of 6.024 mg/mL. The emulsifying capacity of SL was equivalent to the emulsification of the tween 20 at a concentration of 5 - 10 mg/mL. SL had the ability to foam evenly from concentrations of 5 to 20 mg/mL but not higher than the corresponding concentrations of tween 20, SL was smooth, even, stable longer than tween 20

Synthesis, Characterization, and Pickering Emulsifier Performance of Anisotropic Cross-Linked Block Copolymer Worms: Effect of Aspect Ratio on Emulsion Stability in the Presence of Surfactant.

Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) aqueous dispersion polymerization is used to prepare epoxy-functional PGMA-P(HPMA- stat-GlyMA) diblock copolymer worms, where GMA, HPMA, and GlyMA denote glycerol monomethacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, and glycidyl methacrylate, respectively. The epoxy groups on the GlyMA residues were ring-opened using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) in order to cross-link the worm cores via a series of hydrolysis-condensation reactions. Importantly, the worm aspect ratio can be adjusted depending on the precise conditions selected for covalent stabilization. Relatively long cross-linked worms are obtained by reaction with APTES at 20 °C, whereas much shorter worms with essentially the same copolymer composition are formed by cooling the linear worms from 20 to 4 °C prior to APTES addition. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies confirmed that the mean aspect ratio for the long worms is approximately eight times greater than that for the short worms. Aqueous electrophoresis studies indicated that both types of cross-linked worms acquired weak cationic surface charge at low pH as a result of protonation of APTES-derived secondary amine groups within the nanoparticle cores. These cross-linked worms were evaluated as emulsifiers for the stabilization of n-dodecane-in-water emulsions via high-shear homogenization at 20 °C and pH 8. Increasing the copolymer concentration led to a reduction in mean droplet diameter, indicating that APTES cross-linking was sufficient to allow the nanoparticles to adsorb intact at the oil/water interface and hence produce genuine Pickering emulsions, rather than undergo in situ dissociation to form surface-active diblock copolymer chains. In surfactant challenge studies, the relatively long worms required a thirty-fold higher concentration of a nonionic surfactant (Tween 80) to be displaced from the n-dodecane-water interface compared to the short worms. This suggests that the former nanoparticles are much more strongly adsorbed than the latter, indicating that significantly greater Pickering emulsion stability can be achieved by using highly anisotropic worms. In contrast, colloidosomes prepared by reacting the hydroxyl-functional adsorbed worms with an oil-soluble polymeric diisocyanate remained intact when exposed to high concentrations of Tween 80.

Formulation and Characterization of Bromocriptine Mesylate as Liquid Self-Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System

Bromocriptine mesylate is a semisynthetic ergot alkaloid derivative with potent dopaminergic activity, used in the treatment of pituitary tumors, Parkinson's disease (PD), hyperprolactinaemia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and type 2 diabetes ,the oral bioavailability is approximately 6%, therefore aim its prepare and evaluate bromocriptine mesylate as liquid self nano emulsifying drug delivery system to enhance its solubility , dissolution and stability . Solubility study was made in different vehicles to select the best excipients for dissolving bromocriptine mesylate. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed at 1:1, 2:1, 3:1 and 4:1 ratios of surfactant and co-surfactant, four formulations were prepared using various concentrations of castor oil, tween 80 and ethanol. All prepared formulations were evaluated for particle size distribution, polydispersity index, drug content, thermodynamic stability, dispersibility and emulsification time, robustness to dilution and in vitro drug dissolution. It was found that release rate and extent for all prepared formulations were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than plain drug powder. from the study, it was concluded that self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system is a promising approach to improve solubility, dissolution, and stability of bromocriptine mesylate.

Treatment of produced water by induced air flotation: effect of both TWEEN 80 and ethanol concentrations on the recovery of PAHs

Abstract The present study investigates the application of induced air flotation (IAF) technique on PAHs (PAHs) removal performance from a real oilfield produced water of a separator cell. The quantification of total PAHs (PAHtot) was done using ultraviolet-visible spectrometry (UV-Vis) according to the naphthalene calibration curve. The UV-Vis spectra of naphthalene dissolved in a mixture of the binary solvent (water-ethanol) and the Tween 80 showed stability in the molecular orbital of C10H8. The use of small concentration of Tween 80 was revealed to be discrete in the quantification of PAHtot. The flotation process was improved at the critical micelle concentration of Tween 80 (CMC) of 2 % and the critical coalescence concentration of ethanol (CCC) of 0.5 mL/L for the PAHtot recovery of 49.76 % and the PAHtot content in the pulp of 50.24 %. At these concentrations, half of PAHtot was removed from produced water PW. Above the CMC and the CCC, the PAHtot recovery decreased and the PAHtot content in the pulp increased. It was found that there is a collector concentration at which the amount of water carrying from the pulp to the concentrate was increased and in parallel, the PAHtot recovery increased and the PAHtot content in the pulp decreased. Both of the CMC and the CCC have promoted the decrease on the conditioning time from 30 to 10 min and the flotation time from 20 to 6 min. Since the impeller speed and air flow rate were constant, the flotation of PAHs was limited. The flotation kinetics of PAHtot was described by the Higuchi model.

Formulation of amlodipine nano lipid carrier: Formulation design, physicochemical and transdermal absorption investigation

The present work was designed to formulate and statistically optimize transdermal amlodipine nanostructured lipid carriers (AMNLCs) using lipid blends. The formulation was optimized by using the independent variables Peceol (liquid lipid as X1), GMS (solid lipid as X2) and Tween-80 concentration (surfactant as X3). Their effects were assessed on dependent variables particle size (Y1), transdermal flux (Y2), and entrapment efficiency (Y3). The optimized formulation was further evaluated for in vitro drug release, confocal laser scanning microscopy, physicochemical evaluation, and in-vivo absorption study. The optimized amlodipine nanostructured lipid carriers (AMNLCopt) showed low particle size (123.8 nm), enhanced transdermal flux (58.33 μg/cm2/h), and higher entrapment efficiency (88.11%). Further, it showed prolonged drug release and followed higuchi release kinetics with R2 closer to unity. The rhodamine red (RR) loaded RR-AMNLCopt revealed an enhanced permeation to the deeper layer of the skin after assessing through confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The in-vivo absorption study presented enhanced improvement in bioavailability of amlodipine in the wistar rats. From the study, it was concluded that the experimental design based AMNLCs showed the quadratic relationship between independent and dependent variables and also found to be a proficient carrier for transdermal delivery of amlodipine.

In Vitro Digestion of caseinate and Tween 20 Emulsions

In vitro digestion experiments are set-up with emulsions stabilized either with sodium caseinate and/or Tween 20, in the presence of mucin in the simulated GI fluids. The progress of charge alterations, focculation and coalescence are continuously monitored during the emulsions’ translation in the different stages of the model mouth–stomach–intestine cascade. Caseinate-stabilized emulsions become heavily flocculated and eventually coalesced into the gastric area. The causes of flocculation can be differentiated from those of coalescence: The former is due to electrostatic charge screening below the protein pI; while the latter is due to the action of gastric pepsin. Tween 20 is largely insensitive to pH changes and pepsin action, so its emulsion remains stable throughout the gastric area. Emulsions with mixed tween 20 and caseinate interfacial layers coalesce due to enzymic cleavage of caseinate, decreasing their interfacial area until the surface concentration of Tween 20 becomes large enough as to provide stabilization. The above can provide insight for the functionalization of protein and small-molecule emulsifier emulsions.

Nanoemulsion preparation base on palm fiber mesocarp residue’s oil and its application on dry noodle

The research about nanoemulsion preparation base on palm fiber mesocarp residue’s oil and its application on dry noodle was carried out. The purposes of this research are to know the characterization of Palm Fiber Mesocarp Residue’s Oil (PFMRO), to generate nanoemulsion product and to apply nanoemulsion as well as colorness agent and carotenoid source on noodle. The method research consists of three steps: i) extraction of PFMRO with hexane solvent; ii) to generate nanoemulsion under condition: a. ratio PFMRO: water (15:82 and 20:80); b. concentration of tween 80 (2.5% and 5%) and c. homogenezier pressure (300 and 500 bar), respectively; and iii) application of nanoemulsion as colorness agent and carotenoid source on noodle. The results show that PFMRO contains oil 7.67 % (w/w), carotenoid (2549.5 ppm) and Deterioration of bleaching index (DOBI) 2.39. The nanoemulsion which was produced has diameter (150.80–202.35 nm) and average of Polidispercity index (PDI) (0.106–0.186).The conditions of best formula of nanoemulsion are rasio of PFMRO:water (20:80), amount of tween 80 (5%) and pressure of homogenizer (P) (500 bar). It is interestingly due is stable until storing for 16 days. Nanoemulsion may affect favoritecolor those are disfavorcolor (score2.5) tobefavorcolor (score 4.0 and 4.12). In addition, the concentration of carotenoid also increases on dry noodle namely undetected on dry noodle for without emulsion convert tobe 33.53ppm (crude emulsion) and 81.27 (nano emulsion). It may be concluded that crude and nanoemulsion may apply to improve the quality of dry noodle.

The role of surface tension and viscosity of the coolant on spray cooling performance of red-hot inclined steel plate

The dissolved surfactant in water droplet alters the surface tension, contact angle and viscosity and thereby heat transfer mechanism changes accordingly. The sliding characteristic of the water and vapor film resulting from the agglomeration of partially evaporated droplets on the hot plate are controlled by the aforesaid properties of the fluid. In addition to the above, the sliding characteristic further depends on the orientation of the plate. For the identification of appropriate conditions to get high heat transfer rates, the effect of viscosity, surface tension and orientation of the plate in the favorable direction of heat transfer needs to be investigated. The literature does not reveal the combined effect of the aforesaid process parameters on heat transfer rate. Therefore, in the current work an attempt has been made to reveal the effect of viscosity, surface tension and the orientation of the plate on heat transfer. To determine the effect of viscosity and surface tension in the presence of the foaming characteristics, three types of surfactants such as Sodiumdodecyl sulfate (SDS), Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20) below critical micelle concentration have been used. The result reveals that the reduction of surface tension and viscosity up to 48% and 45% enhances the heat transfer rate (CHF from 1.39 MW/m2 to 1.58 MW/m2) at 30° plate inclination due to reduction in the residence time from 40 ms to 20 ms and enhancement in wettability characteristic (contact angle from 72.34° to 30.96°). The aforesaid result has been achieved at an optimum concentration of SDS (600 ppm), CTAB (180 ppm) and Tween 20 (42 ppm). In addition to the above, to identify the effect of viscosity and surface tension in the absence of foaming, ethanol has been selected as an additive. In comparison with Tween 20, the ethanol added water spray at an inclination of θ = 30° shows insignificant enhancement due to very small reduction and increment in surface tension and viscosity, respectively. The accuracy and enhancement are identified by comparing the obtained results with the information reported in the literature.

Preparation and characterization of microencapsulated phytosterols for the formulation of functional foods: Scale up from laboratory to semi-technical production

Phytosterols were microencapsulated by spray drying in a shell represented by WPI, inulin and chitosan at four different combinations through the formulation of aqueous suspensions. Moreover, two concentrations of Tween 80 (1.25% and 2.50% w/w) and two inlet temperatures (125 °C and 155 °C) were tested. The effect of the different experimental conditions on the process yield and on the microcapsules properties was evaluated. A significant effect of all variables on the microcapsule properties was found. Accordingly, the best performance, with the maximum loading capacity of 25%, was obtained by using only WPI as shell material, Tween 80 at 1.25% and inlet temperature of 155 °C. The process was successfully scaled-up from laboratory equipment to a semi-technical scale keeping the optimal shell formulation and process conditions.

Mechanically tough and recoverable hydrogels via dual physical crosslinkings

ABSTRACTDevelopment of functional tough hydrogels with new network structures and energy dissipation mechanisms has great promise for many applications. Here, a new type of physical hydrogel crosslinked by hydrophobic association and hydrogen bonds was synthesized by a facile micellar copolymerization of hydrophobic methyl acrylate (MA) monomers and hydrophilic N‐hydroxyethyl acrylamide (HEAA) monomers in the presence of Tween80 micelles. Strong hydrophobic association between inner MA and Tween80 and hydrogen bonds between external polyHEAA and Tween80 provide two distinct crosslinkers to construct mechanically tough and recoverable network. Mechanical properties of polyHEAA‐MA@Tween80 hydrogels strongly depended on network components (HEAA, MA; Tween80 concentrations). At optimal conditions, the hydrogels can achieve fracture stress of 700 kPa, fracture strain of 1687 mm/mm, elastic modulus of 195 kPa, and tearing energy of 1598 J/m2. Due to the reversible nature of physical interactions, polyHEAA‐MA@Tween80 hydrogels can achieve fast stiffness/toughness recovery of 60%/33% without any external stimuli and resting time at room temperature. This work demonstrates a new design strategy to fabricate a new a single‐network hydrogel with high mechanical and self‐recovery properties by incorporating both hydrophobic association and hydrogen bonds in the network, which may provide alternative viewpoint for the design of multifunctional tough hydrogels. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2018, 56, 1294–1305

The importance of the active complexes of 6 - mercaptopurine with Bi(III) with regards to kinetics and electrode mechanism changes in the presence of non-ionic surfactants

The presence of mixed adsorption layers affects the mechanism and kinetics of irreversible Bi(III) ions electroreduction process in 2 mol·dm−3 chlorates(VII). Triton X-100 and Tween 80 change the dynamics of the catalytic activity of 6-mercaptopurine (6MP) on Bi(III) ions electroreduction with the tendency of inhibition. Above the critical micelle concentration of Triton X-100 and Tween 80, the irreversibility of Bi(III) ions electroreduction decrease to the size comparable to the irreversible reduction of Bi(III) in 2 mol·dm−3 chlorates(VII) which can be associated with the electrode surface blocking by formed hemispherical surface micelles. It was proved that the unstable complexes of Bi – 6MP or mixed Bi – 6MP – TritonX-100 and Bi – 6MP – Tween 80 intermediating in electrons transfer, play a significant role in the multi-stage mechanism of the electrode process. The hydration shell and composition of active complexes change as well. The obtained regularities indicate that in this case confirmed changes in entropy are a decisive factor.

Physical and Chemical Stability Test of SNEDDS (Self-nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System) and Nanoemulsion Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Garcinia mangostana L.

The mangosteen peels (Garcinia mangostana L.) has high free radical scavengers activity. This study aims to determine the physical and chemical conditions that are formulated in SNEDDS and nanoemulsion preparations. SNEDDS was made with various concentrations of Tween 80, PEG 400, and Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) with a ratio of 4,98:1,02:1. Nanoemulsions were made with the addition of water to SNEDDS. Stability observation results were analyzed by statistics. The results of physical stability test show that all test samples in the research, in nanoemulsion, SNEDDS fraction, base SNEDDS, SNEDDS vitamin E did not undergo separation, precipitation, cracking, and creaming. On the chemical stability test of nanoemulsion and SNEDDS fraction there is no difference between IC50 before and after storage. While on basic SNEDDS and vitamin E nanoemulsion there is a difference between IC50 before and after storage.

Surfactant TWEEN20 provides stabilisation effect on anthocyanins extracted from red grape pomace

Red grape pomace, a wine-making by-product is rich in anthocyanins and has many applications in food and pharmaceutical industry. However, anthocyanins are unstable during processing and storage. This study aimed to investigate the stability of anthocyanins obtained by hydroalcoholic extraction (with and without sorbic acid) and colloidal gas aphrons (CGA) separation; a surfactant (TWEEN20) based separation. Anthocyanins in CGA samples showed higher stability (half-life = 55 d) than in the crude extract (half-life = 43 d) and their stability increased with the concentration of TWEEN20 in the CGA fraction (6.07–8.58 mM). The anthocyanins loss in the CGA sample (with the maximum content of surfactant, 8.58 mM) was 34.90%, comparable to that in the crude ethanolic extract with sorbic acid (EE-SA) (31.53%) and lower than in the crude extract (44%). Colour stabilisation was also observed which correlated well with the stability of individual anthocyanins in the EE and CGA samples. Malvidin-3-o-glucoside was the most stable anthocyanin over time.

Nonionic surfactant enhanced biodegradation of m-xylene by mixed bacteria and its application in biotrickling filter

ABSTRACTIn this study, m-xylene biodegradation was examined in bacteria-water mixed solution and biotrickling filter (BTF) systems amended with the nonionic surfactant Tween 80. The mixed bacteria were obtained from the activated sludge of a coking plant through a multisubstrate acclimatization process. High-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that Rhodanobacter sp. was the dominant species among the mixed bacteria. In the bacteria-water mixed solution, the bacterial density increased with increasing Tween 80 concentration. Hence, Tween 80 could be utilized as substrate by the mixed bacteria. Tween 80, with concentrations of 50–100 mg L−1, could enhance the bioavailability of m-xylene and consequently improve the degradation efficiency of m-xylene. However, further increasing the initial concentration of Tween 80 would decrease the degradation efficiency of m-xylene. At concentrations exceeding 100 mg L−1, Tween 80 was preferentially degraded by the mixed bacteria over m-xylene. In BTF systems, when the m-xylene inlet concentration was 1200 mg m−3 and the empty bed residence time was 20 sec, the removal efficiency and elimination capacity of BTF1 with Tween 80 addition were at most 20% and 24% higher than those of BTF2 without Tween 80 addition. Overall, the integrated application of the mixed bacteria and surfactant was demonstrated to be a highly effective strategy for m-xylene waste gas treatment.Implications: The integrated application of mixed bacteria and surfactant was demonstrated to be a promising approach for the highly efficient removal of m-xylene. Surfactant can activate mixed bacteria to degrade m-xylene by increasing its bioavailability. Besides, surfactant can be utilized as carbon source by the mixed bacteria so that the growth of mixed bacteria can be promoted. It is expected that the integrated application of both technologies will become more common in future chemical industry.

Diagnostics of Malassezia Species: A Review

Abstract Yeasts from the genus Malassezia belongs to normal commensal skin flora of warm-blooded vertebrates. These yeasts may act as opportunistic pathogens and cause skin diseases in humans and animals under certain conditions. The identification of Malassezia species is based on the phenotypic or genotypic diagnostics. The methods used for the phenotypic identification is determined by: the growth on Sabouraud agar, growth on selective media (Leeming-Notman agar, Dixon agar, Chrom Malassezia agar), the ability to utilise different concentrations of Tween, monitoring of the growth on CEL agar (soil enriched with castor oil) and TE agar (Tween-esculine agar), and the catalase test. The genotypic identification uses molecular methods like: the pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment lenght polymorphism (AFLP), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and the DNA sequence analysis.

In vitro digestibility of normal and waxy corn starch is modified by the addition of Tween 80

Aqueous dispersions of normal and waxy corn starch (3% w/w) were mixed with Tween 80 (0, 7.5, 15, 22.5 and 30 g/100 g of starch), and gelatinized (90 °C, 20 min). Optical microscopy of the gelatinized starch dispersions (GSDx; x = Tween 80 concentration) revealed that the microstructure was characterized by a continuous phase of leached amylose and amylopectin entangled chains, and a dispersed phase of insoluble remnants, called ghosts, on whose surface small granules were observed, imputed to Tween 80. The apparent viscosity of the GSDx decreased as the concentration of Tween 80 increased (up to about 70–90%). FTIR analysis of dried GSDx indicated that Tween 80 addition decreased short-range ordering. The content of rapidly digestible starch (RDS) and resistant starch (RS) fractions tended to increase significantly, at the expense of a significant decrease of slowly digestible starch (SDS) fraction, an effect that may be attributed to the increase of amorphous structures and starch chain-surfactant complexes. The RDS and RS increase was more pronounced for normal than for waxy corn starch, and the significance of the increase was dependent on Tween 80 concentration. Overall, the results showed that surfactant can affect largely the digestibility of starch chains.

Bulk and dispersed aqueous behaviour of an endogenous lipid, selachyl alcohol: Effect of Tween 80 and Pluronic F127 on nanostructure.

Tween 80 has been reported to provide a means of targeting drug nanocarriers to the blood- brain barrier. This study investigated the influence of addition of Tween 80 on the formation of different bulk and dispersed lyotropic liquid crystalline phases in selachyl alcohol-based systems. The effect of increasing concentrations of Tween 80 and Pluronic F127 (as a control) (0-25% w/w relative to SA) on the bulk phase behaviour and dispersions of selachyl alcohol (SA) were investigated using small angle X-ray scattering, dynamic light scattering, and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. The addition of Tween 80 to SA bulk phase samples triggered concentration-dependent phase changes with the structure sequentially evolving from a reverse hexagonal phase (H2) to a mixed H2 and inverse bicontinuous cubic (V2) then a V2 phase alone. In contrast, the addition of Pluronic F127 resulted in a phase change from H2 phase to a mixed lamellar and H2 phase system. The mean particle size of internally structured particles was 125-190 nm with low polydispersity indices (0.1-0.2). Nanoparticles retained the bulk phase internal structure in the presence of Tween 80, whereas in the presence of Pluronic F127, the additional lamellar phase that formed in bulk phase systems was not observed. Cryo-TEM revealed the formation of cubosomes and hexosomes by SA in excess water in the presence of Tween 80 and Pluronic F127 respectively. In summary, it was shown that stabilisation of SA dispersions using Tween 80 resulted in a decrease in negative curvature leading to a change in internal structure from H2 to V2 phase. The studies provide the core understanding of particle structure to progress these structured lipid nanocarriers into delivery studies with Tween 80 as a mechanism to target the blood-brain barrier.

Changes in Hydrocarbon Composition and Autochthonous Microorganism Growth of Contaminated Mining Soil During Bioremediation

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of high Tween 80 concentrations on hydrocarbon contaminants and hydrocarbonoclastic microorganisms present in contaminated mining soil during a bioremediation process. The independent variables included Tween 80 concentration and process time. The elected response variables included concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), the chemical composition of contaminants, viable microbial count, and CO2 production. These were measured at various time points during the bioremediation process, which was conducted at room temperature. Higher removal of pollutants occurred at low Tween 80 concentrations. An analysis of the normalized variables shows that the rate of TPH degradation depended on microbial growth rate, which depended on Tween 80 concentration. The addition of Tween 80 changed the concentration and type of the residual hydrocarbon contaminants present, as well as the count and genus of the hydrocarbonoclastic microorganisms that grew during the bioremediation process. Higher concentrations of Tween 80 increased the levels of the chemical compounds present in the bioremediated soil while reducing the viable count and microbial diversity during the bioremediation process. Conversely, low Tween 80 concentrations produced only monoethylhexyl phthalate, which is not a petroleum hydrocarbon derivative. Overall, these results prove that the removal of TPH is dependent on the count and genus of active indigenous hydrocarbonoclastic microorganisms in soil, and these conditions may be controlled by modulating the concentration of Tween 80 that is applied.

α-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITY AND FORMULATION OF SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLE CONTAINING ETHANOL 70% STANDARDIZED EXTRACT OF KUMIS KUCING LEAVES (Orthosiphon stamineus Benth.)

Kumis kucing leaves (Orthosiphon stamineus Benth.) are one type of plants that is able to inhibit the activity of α-glucosidase enzyme. This study aims to formulate Solid Lipid Nanoparticle from ethanol 70% standardized extract of kumis kucing leaves and which give α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity. The result of SLN characteristic for particle size of formula I, II and III shows the result of 51,60 nm; 12.81 nm; 11.87 nm and zeta potential of formula I, II and III show the results -27.67; -10,7; -15.0, respectively. The results of the α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity of the standardized extract, SLN formula I, II and III respectively showed IC50 of 132.9 ppm; 130.3 ppm; 131.4 ppm; 132.2 ppm and Acarbose as comparison showed IC50 of 50.0 ppm. Data processing using t-test statistically at α = 0,05 showed that extract and SLN of formula I had significant difference, thus the best SLN formula was formula I with concentration of tween 80 and propylenglycol of 6% and 10%.

Fabrication of benzylisothiocynate encapsulated nanoemulsion through ultrasonication: Augmentation of anticancer and antimicrobial attributes

The present work has been conceded with an observation to support the inherent advantages of nanoemulsions over microemulsions. This simply involves comparison of the difference in the synthesis of two formulations. Firstly, lemon oil/miglyl 812, oil in water and water in oil microemulsions were synthesized using tween 80 as a stabilizer. Secondly, the same formulation was used for the preparation of nanoemulsions. However, low concentration of Tween 80 failed to stabilize the nanoemulsion with simple stirring, shaking etc. Therefore, non toxic surfactant decyl-β-d-glucopyranoside was incorporated in the nanoformulation. Further, high energy ultrasound was utilized in the fabrication of nanoemulsion. The average size of nanoemulsion and microemulsion was found to be 31.68 ± 1.78 nm and 20.98 ± 2.88 nm, respectively. After the successful comparison of the systems, nanoemulsion was chosen for further study for encapsulation of Benzylisothiocynate. The system was characterized at pH (2−12) and various salt concentrations (0–500 mM) for 60 days. Time kill kinetics revealed that benzylisothiocynate nanoemulsion has stronger antibacterial/antifungal activity as compared to pure nanoemulsion. The cell viability of developed formulation tested on MDA-MB 231 cell lines have been found to be non toxic below concentration 4 μg/ml.